Cherry stone cutter
| Cherry stone cutter | ||||||||||||
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Cherry stone cutter |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Anthonomus rectirostris | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The cherry stone engraver , Kirschstein Stecher , cherry glasses or cherry Stecher , also stone fruit borer or Stone Fruit Weevil ( Anthonomus rectirostris ) is a beetle from the family of weevils . The genus Anthonomus is represented in Europe with five subgenus, the cherry stone cutter belongs to the subgenus Furcipus ( synonym Furcipes ), which is classified as a genus by some authors. The cherry stone cutter is therefore also called Furcipus rectirostris or Furcipes rectirostris .
The widespread beetle is not threatened and enjoys no protection. It can occasionally appear as a pest.
Notes on names and synonyms
The beetle was already described in 1758 under the name Curculio rectirostris in the famous 10th edition of Linnés Systema Naturae . In the short description, the species is assigned to the long-probed weevils, but the description contains no reference to the name rectirostris . However, this is explained by the Latin réctus 'straight' and róstrum 'trunk' and indicates that the trunk is only slightly curved.
Druparum , which was also used by Linnaeus for the first time in the fauna of Svecia in 1761 , was widely used by the numerous synonyms as the species name . Linnaeus himself classifies the name as a synonym for rectirostris . In this book Linnaeus names many weevils after their host plant and specifies Cerasus padus ( common bird cherry ) as the host plant for the cherry picker . The species name druparum specifies the habitat even more precisely because it is derived from the Latin drupa (stone fruit) and indicates that the larvae develop in the core of the bird cherry. However, the beetle also occurs on the cultivated forms of the cherry, which explains the first part of the German name Kirschkernstecher. The part of the name -stecher is used for weevils that pierce young fruits to lay eggs. Unfortunately, a second weevil that damages cherries, the golden-green cherry fruit picker , is sometimes called the cherry picker.
The genus Curculio in the sense of Linnaeus was split up several times. The genus name Anthónomus goes back to Germar 1817. He is from old gr. άνθος (ánthos) for 'flower' and νομός (nomós) for 'pasture' derived and means that the beetles can be found on flowers.
The subgenus Furcipus was described and named by Desbrochers in 1868 . The name is from the Latin furca for 'fork' and old Gr. πούς (pous) derived for 'foot', analogously "forked foot". Desbrochers explains the name by its identification key : Femura evidenter bidentata (Latin for leg clearly bidentate). Bedel changes the name to Furcipes in 1884 . The second, ancient Greek root -pus has been replaced by the Latin root -pes, which also means foot . The name retains its meaning, but is consistently traced back to the Latin language. In later authors, such as Reitter , the spelling Furcipes prevails , but is replaced by the abbreviation Desbr. to Desbrochers, not to Bedel. Schenkling only gives a derivation of the name for the spelling Furcipes .
   
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| Fig. 1: Different views | |
 Fig. 2 |
Proboscis from the bottom copy partially colored green: Feeler groove blue: shaft of the antennae (antennae and antennae lobe removed) |
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| Fig. 3: Pair of claws | Fig. 4: fore leg |
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| Fig. 5: Detail from the side ; left head at eye level right wing cover base blue: epimers of the middle brus |
Fig. 6: Side label, tinted copy; red: shield green: base pronotum blue: base wing-coverts |
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| Fig. 7: Front breast front edge green, rear edge white, deflection of the front hip yellow |
Fig. 8: Section of the underside at the top, partially colored green: front hip blue: middle hip |
Characteristics of the beetle
The size of the beetle varies between 3.7 and 4.5 millimeters. The cherry stone cutter has a pear-shaped shape. It is rust-brown, the eyes black, the antennae darkened to brown, the trunk is red-brown. On the head, pronotum and the side of the body it is more or less evenly long, close-fitting and predominantly hairy yellow. On the edges and in the middle of the fore chest the hair is more abundant, on the base of the abdomen segments it is sparse. Different hairs create patterns on the wing covers.
The slightly shiny red-brown trunk is slender, cylindrical and only slightly curved. A smooth longitudinal keel runs on its upper side in the rear part. The trunk is slightly longer than the pronotum . It is roughly dotted over almost the entire length , the dotting becomes finer towards the tip. The small and hooked upper jaws sit at the tip of the trunk, but are only visible in exceptional cases (Fig. 1, bottom left). The female's trunk is barely longer than that of the male. The kneeled antennae are turned laterally in front of the middle of the trunk, in the female much further back than in the male. A groove (not visible from above) runs from the turning point towards the eyes, into which the long first antenna element (shaft) is inserted when the beetle puts on the antennae (Fig. 2). The feeler whip adjoining the shaft consists of seven links. The antenna lobe is elongated and pointed at both ends. The eyes next to the root of the trunk are moderately protruding.
The pronotum is hardly wider than it is long. It is widest at the base. Towards the front it narrows a little to over the middle, then it narrows sharply, so that it is almost half as wide in front as at the base and hardly wider than the head. A transverse impression near the front edge makes it appear slightly elevated. The pronotum is very fine and densely punctured. There are three indistinct, lighter haired longitudinal bands.
The label is large compared to other species of the genus. It is elongated and rises above the level of the elytra (Fig. 6).
The elytra are uniformly arched. They widen a little towards the rear and reach the greatest width behind the middle. They end individually rounded. The rows of dots form clear stripes, the spaces in between are almost flat and very dense, roughly dotted. Black hairy areas usually create individual elongated spots on the base of the wing cover, a wider band in the middle of the wing cover and a narrower one in the back half of the wing cover. The light hair forms a blotchy color due to the alternating length, especially between the two dark bands.
The front hips are not separated by an extension of the front chest, but rather touch (Fig. 8). When viewed from the side, their deflection is equidistant from the front and rear edges of the front chest (Fig. 7). The legs are long, especially the front legs. All thighs have two unequal teeth one behind the other on the underside, which are particularly impressive on the fore thighs (Fig. 4). The tooth, which is closer to the knee, has an elongated cross-section and is triangular, usually jagged and pointed. The tooth behind it has a rounded cross-section, is longer and ends relatively blunt. The splints are clearly curved near the knee and less clearly curved on the hind legs. The rails all have an end hook on the inner tip edge. The tarsi are all four-limbed, the limb in front of the claw limb is broadly lobed. The claws have clear teeth near their roots (Fig. 3).
The epimers of the mid-breast (blue in Fig. 5) are not visible from above. The fifth (last) abdominal sternite ends curved in the male, in the female it is broadly truncated (Fig. 1, bottom right).
Features of further stages of development
egg
The egg is about half a millimeter long and ivory white. Its shape varies with different host plants. In the most common hosts, the common bird cherry and the sour cherry, it shows the well-known elongated-oval egg shape. With the sweet cherry, on the other hand, the egg deforms. A thickened, spherical part containing the plasma is located in the endocarp , while a kind of throat is filled with watery fluid and protrudes into the egg-laying hole. The existence of transitional forms suggests that this deformed egg shape is caused by osmotic water absorption and the resulting increase in volume combined with a lack of space.
Larvae
The legless larvae are yellowish white, their head capsules brown. The three larval stages can be clearly distinguished by the dimensions of the head capsules, whereas the lengths of the larvae overlap in the stages due to the growth within each larval stage. When the first stage hatches, the larvae are 0.6-0.8 millimeters in length, shortly before the pupal stage they are 5 to 6.5 millimeters in length. The dimensions of the head capsules measured laterally between the mandible base and the back of the head are on average 0.2 millimeters for the first stage, 0.5 millimeters for the second stage and one millimeter for the third stage.
Doll
The pupae are the same color as the larvae. They are on average 4.5 millimeters long. The future parts of the body are easily recognizable. The future trunk lies on the chest and is a little more than half the length of the doll. There are thorn-like bristles on the pronotum. The rear body rings carry multiple rearward facing hooks. Hooks and thorns make it easier for the doll to hatch.
biology
In Central Europe the beetle can be found on the breeding trees from early spring to August, preferably on the bird cherry and the stone sissy . The bird cherry is also often mentioned . The invasive late-blooming bird cherry from North America has been reported from Belgium and Poland .
Preference is given to cool and moist locations in light deciduous forests, on the edges of forests, in parks and orchards, on hedges and in gardens.
In warm weather, the beetles are happy to fly; if disturbed, they let themselves fall and remain with their forelegs stretched out and next to each other and their antennae attached.
Host plants
In the book Plant Protection sorted by months from 1909 it is stated for the month of May that a footless weevil larva Anthónomus drupárum eats on the pulp of the peach . Far more often, the harmfulness of peaches is not mentioned at all or is allegedly questioned by formulations such as how should eat or eat . The same applies to the plum , which Reitter counts as one of the host plants. In the test field of the Naumburg / Saale branch of the former Biological Reichsanstalt , thirteen wild species of the genus Prunus and numerous cultivars were being cultivated at the time of the investigations into the cherry stone cutter . While the beetle was more or less common in all wild species except Prunus avium , very common in Prunus padus (common bird cherry), of the cultivated forms only the sweet cherry and sour cherry cultivated from Prunus avium were attacked, but not plums, plums and peaches or apricot. In the economically interesting varieties, egg-laying was only registered on cherries, mainly sour cherries. Accordingly, the reports of the beetle on peaches and plums go back to chance finds.
Life cycle
The finished beetles overwinter under the grass and leaves in the ground under the host trees.
After they appear in spring, they are ripened . The beetles initially use young leaves for this, with large holes being eaten in the leaf blade between the ribs or from the edge . As soon as the young side shoots begin to stretch, these are also drilled, but never pierced. After the petals have fallen off, the young fruits are preferably drilled. In the beginning, channels of the same strength and perpendicular to the core are eroded everywhere. As the core becomes lignified, the upper skin of the fruit is gnawed through in a hole corresponding to the diameter of the trunk, but underneath the pulp is eaten out on all sides as far as the trunk extends. The feeding caves can sometimes be recognized as a light halo around the puncture site, later a crater-shaped depression can form around the puncture. Different feeding cavities can overlap in such a way that a system of cavities is created in the pulp, to which only a few needle-thick drill holes correspond on the fruit skin. A feeding hole is usually created without interruption within about five minutes. Plum branches were also gnawed during feeding experiments.
Mating takes place after reaching sexual maturity.
The egg-laying tube is placed near the stem, where the distance to the core is relatively small. It always extends through the still soft core shell to the seed shell. It is made in four to five minutes. Egg-laying takes one to four minutes.
In an experiment with eight females kept in four bags, an average of 13 eggs were laid per female. In this experiment, up to four eggs per fruit were laid, while only one egg per fruit was ever found outdoors.
In another study, females were observed several times shortly after oviposition, excreting a liquid and smearing it on the fruit with their abdomen. The secretion hardens quickly. It is believed that it contains a pheromone that prevents more eggs from being laid on the fruit. According to Böhmel and Jancke, the tube into which the egg is placed is filled with secretion flowing out of the laying tube, a small amount of which emerges from the bore opening and forms a sealing membrane over it. In the opinion of these authors, it should prevent the eggs from drying out and fungus.
After the eggs are laid, the fruit is not gnawed any further.
The larvae develop in the fruit kernels. Three larval stages are passed through. An old agricultural textbook says about the larvae: [The] short and thick, yellowish-white larva lies in the end very curled up in the core, has a transparent head with a brown mouth. Instead of the legs only breast-like elevations. The larva eats up the core entirely, leaving little rubbish behind . Since the larval excrement cannot be removed from the cherry pit, the larva uses it to line the walls of its feeding cave with a uniformly thick layer that is hardened and smoothed until it hatches, so that at most superficial scraps of moult are visible, even if the core is not completely eroded. Shortly before pupation, the adult larva gnaws a hole in the core wall, which can be heard as a crackling sound.
After pupation, the beetles leave the core through the pre-made hole. At this point the fruit is not yet fully colored and is still soft. This enables the beetle to escape through relatively narrow loopholes. If the fruit is already too hard, the beetles can no longer free themselves and die in the core. The size of the loopholes depends on the food available for the larva and thus the size of the larva, pupa and beetle. With sweet and sour cherries, the holes have a diameter of 1.3 to 1.5 millimeters, with the smaller bird cherry the diameter varies between 0.9 and 1.2 millimeters. The exit holes are usually close to the handle.
Data on the time and duration of the various stages of development during the investigation in Naumburg (Saale) and observations from Picardy reflect the climatic differences between the two locations and complement each other.
In breeding bags in Germany, however, the beetles could only be found between the fallen leaves at the bottom of the bag in mid-August; it was reported from Picardy that some beetles entered diapause early .
In spring, depending on the weather, the beetles appeared from the end of April to mid-May, around the time when the flower buds of the host trees burst. The ripening process lasted three to four weeks, for Picardy about two weeks were given. Accordingly, the egg-laying was observed there from mid-May, and the first egg-laying was reported from Germany at the end of May. The length of the period in which eggs are laid depends on the degree of ripeness of the host plant. While the most developed fruits are occupied at the beginning of this period, the increasing lignification of the kernel makes egg-laying more difficult and ultimately impossible, so that towards the end eggs can only be laid on later developed fruits. Overall, one could observe egg laying for four weeks in Picardy, from Germany two to three weeks were given for this period. The larvae hatched about ten days after laying eggs, so larvae were already found towards the end of the laying period. In mid-June larvae of the third instar were already registered, from mid-July onwards no younger larval instars were found, but pupae were found. The pupal stage is short. In Picardy, beetles of the new generation were observed as early as the third week of July; in Germany, at least in the laboratory, all beetles had left the kernels at the end of July. For the entire development in the core about four weeks was given for Picardy . The report from Picardy also mentions that no natural enemies of the beetle were observed.
Harmfulness
Although the cherry stone cutter uses bird cherry and bird cherry as the main host, the beetle can be harmful in various ways. Brehm reports : I was once given dried sour cherries, in whose kernels I found larvae, pupae and beetles…. One of the beetles had gnawed its entrance hole down to a fine layer, another had already reached the flesh.
The report is twenty years younger, according to which the worthless ... bad luck cherries that were unsuitable for extracting juice as intended, became an interesting object of investigation . When 1800 sour cherries were counted, 1531 (85%) were found to be infected by the cherry picker, partly visible from the outside, partly detected by finding larvae and beetles in the stones.
The sweet cherry (which emerged from the bird cherry through breeding) and the sloe , which is also used commercially, are also damaged by the beetle.
The damage caused by ripening can be dangerous for young trees in the case of mass infestation when young shoots are drilled, but leaf damage is of no consequence. The activity of the larvae in the kernel is also irrelevant for the fruit, as the beetles only leave the kernel after the cherries have been harvested and processed. The feeding damage to the young fruits and the laying of the eggs, however, lead to a loss of quality. The fruits are partially crippled and fall off earlier. In the bird cherry, infested fruits remain green.
In the information brochure on plant protection in organic stone fruit growing , the damage caused by the beetle is described with deformed cherries with crater-shaped depressions, pits eaten out . It is said about the beetle: Only affects small-fruited varieties, hardly any practical significance . Schneider specifies: Early, large-fruited cherry varieties that are larger than ten to eleven millimeters at the time they are laid are recognized [by the beetle] as unsuitable and are not attacked. On late, large-fruited varieties, the beetle is subject to instinctual aberrations in that it pierces the fruit, but cannot lay eggs. Its trunk, which is a maximum of two millimeters long, is too short here to reach the core . Other specialist information also assess the damage in such a way that control is only necessary in exceptional cases. The fruit growing warning service recommends using a suitable insecticide eight to ten days after blooming, especially in the vicinity of the forest, after a severe infestation in the following year. For older work, shaking off the beetles during the ripening process in spring is considered to be the most effective means. It is also recommended to rework the soil under the trees in order to worsen the winter opportunities. It is also useful to make sure that there are no bird cherries near cherry plantations.
Since different types of cherry trees are used in afforestation, forestry and horticultural-oriented publications also mention damage to the seeds by the beetle.
distribution
The species is native to almost all of Europe, and in northern Asia to Japan . For Great Britain it was registered as new in 1981 and occupied with further sites in 1982, after the Fauna Europaea, however, the occurrence in Great Britain is questionable. The occurrence of the species is also questionable in North Africa, Greece and the Middle East.
literature
- Heinz joy , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 11 . Rhynchophora (end). Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1983, ISBN 3-87263-031-8 , pp. 205 . as Furcipus rectirostris .
- Klaus Koch : The Beetles of Central Europe . Ed .: Heinz Freude . tape 3 : ecology . Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1992, ISBN 3-87263-042-3 , pp. 279 . as Furcipus rectirostris .
- Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire 5th volume, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1916, p. 194 as Furcipes rectirostris .
- Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG Calwer’s Käferbuch. K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition, p. 477 as Anthonomus druparum .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Systematics and distribution of the species Anthonomus rectirostris in Fauna Europaea, accessed on February 4, 2017
- ↑ Carolus Linnaeus: Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1st volume, 10th edition, Stockholm 1758 p. 387: 383 No. 54 rectirostris
- ↑ a b Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
- ↑ Carolus Linnaeus: Fauna Svecica… Editio altera augmenta (2nd increased edition), Stockholm 1761 p. 230: 181 No. 617 Curculio druparum
- ↑ The new genus was announced and delimited by specifying three associated species in Germar : Magazin der Entomologie Vol.2 Halle 1817 p. 340 List of new genera , the description of the genus was given in the next but one issue of the magazine (Vol.4 Halle 1821) p 320 Description of the new genus Anthonomus
- ↑ a b Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus)
- ↑ a b M. J. Desbrochers des Loges: Monograph des Balaninidae et Anthonomidae de l'Europe et des confins méditerranées 2nd part, in Annales de la Société entomologique de France 4th series, 8th volume, Paris 1868 p. 414 Furcipus as a subgenus, P. 416 Species description
- ^ Systematics of the subgenus Furcipus in Fauna Europaea, accessed on February 11, 2017
- ↑ Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire , Volume V, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1916 p. 194
- ↑ Table of coleo-net to Anthonomini
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i W. Böhmel, O. Jancke: Contribution to the knowledge of the stone fruit cutter Furcipes rectirostris in work on physiological and applied entomology from Berlin-Dahlem Volume 2, p. 1935, pages 65-78, open access
- ↑ Kalina Nowakowska, Aleksandra Halarewicz: "Coleoptera found on neophyte Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) Within forest community and open habitat" in Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities 2006, Vol. 9, issue 1 [1]
- ↑ Vanhellemont, et al .: "Spatio-temporal variation in seed predation by a nativ weevil in the invasive Prunus serotina " in Flora Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants Vol. 209, Issue 10, October 2014, p. 541– 546 abstract
- ↑ L. Hiltner: Plant protection sorted by months Stuttgart 1909 p. 161
- ^ E. L Taschenberg: Entomology for gardeners and gardeners or the natural history of harmful insects ... Leipzig 1871 preview in the Google book search
- ^ Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica, the beetles of the German Empire, 5th volume, KGLutz 'Verlag, Stuttgart 1916 p. 194 as Furcipes rectirostris
- ^ MW Kozlowski, P. Borkowski: Egg laying by Furcipus rectirostris and deposition of marking pheromone in Centralna Biblioteka Rolnicza / Central Agricultural Library 1991 Abstract
- ↑ H. Nördlinger: The small enemies of agriculture Stuttgart and Augsburg 1855 p. 170 Curc . ( Anth .) Druparum in the Google book search
- ↑ a b R. Coutin, J. Gumez: The wild-cherry Anthonomus, a destroyer of seeds destined for forest nurseries in Phytoma 1987 No. 3, pp. 50-52 abstract
- ↑ Brehms Tierleben 3rd edition insects 9th edition Leipzig and Vienna 1900 p. 160
- ↑ Manzek "Numerous occurrences of Anthonomus rectirostris L." in Entomologische Blätter, 16th year, Berlin 1920 p. 187, no. 180
- ^ A Häseli, C Daniel: Plant protection in organic stone fruit growing 2009 orgprints.org [2]
- ↑ Fritz Schneider: "Biological observations on the cherry picker Anthonomus rectirostris L. (Curculionidae, Coleop.)" Digitized version ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Plant protection information center for the garden of the state of Hesse
- ↑ Mainfranken fruit growing page
- ↑ Obstbau Warndienst des Kanton Aargau 06/2016 Archived copy ( memento of the original dated February 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kono, Hiromichi: "New and unknown beetles of Japan, 6th genus Anthonomus (Col. Curc.)" In eprints 2008 p. 76
- ↑ RWJ Read Records of Curculionidae (Coleoptera), mainly from West Cumbria in Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society Vol. 15, London 1982 p. 69
