Gold-green cherry fruit cutter
| Gold-green cherry fruit cutter | ||||||||||||
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Cherry fruit cutter ( Rhynchites auratus ), male |
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| Rhynchites auratus | ||||||||||||
| ( Scopoli , 1763) |
The golden-green cherry fruit cutter or just cherry fruit cutter ( Rhynchites auratus , not to be confused with the cherry stone cutter or cherry cutter Anthonomus rectirostris ) is a beetle from the leaf roller family , which belongs to the weevils in the broader sense. The genus Rhynchites , which is classified in the subfamily Rhynchitinae or Triebstecher, is represented in Central Europe with eight species . The cherry fruit cutter belongs to the subgenus Epirhynchites , which is represented in Europe with five species, of which, in addition to the cherry fruit cutter , Rhynchites giganteus and Rhynchites lenaeus are reported from Central Europe.
The name of the genus Rhynchites is from Altgr. ῥύγχος, rhýnchos, "trunk" derived and refers to the long trunk. The species name auratus ( Latin aurātus, a, um) means "gold-colored". The cherry fruit picker is also available in a gold-green color variant, but the name auratus may be due to the fact that the species Rhynchites auratus was separated from Rhynchites bacchus due to the different color of the trunk. In Rhynchites bacchus this is dark blue to black, whereas in Rhynchites auratus half of it is “golden purple”.
The beetle, which also occurs as a pest, shows a morphological adaptation in the structure of the upper jaw in connection with a simple type of brood care .
Characteristics of the beetle
The beetle, which is hairy all over, reaches a length of just under five to nine millimeters (without a trunk). The antennae, legs and tip of the trunk are black, the rest of the body is metallic purple or gold-green.
The head is extended like a trunk forward. Without this trunk, it is about as long as it is wide. The proboscis is dense and clearly dotted at the base, almost unpunctured in front of the antennae deflection and covered with hair everywhere, sloping forward sparsely. It has a fine central keel on the basal half, which is indistinguishable in color. The central keel branches fork-shaped forwards and then flattens out. In the female, the proboscis is a little longer than the pronotum, hardly curved, broadened at the tip and about the front half of the proboscis is blackened. In the male, however, the trunk is slightly curved, only black at the tip, about the same length as the pronotum and hardly broadened at the tip. At the tip of the trunk, the head shield merges into the upper lip without a seam . This is bulged at the front, the two lateral boundaries of the bulge are drawn out into a tooth. The upper lip is so small that it leaves the upper jaw uncovered.
The upper jaws are asymmetrical and built differently in the males than in the females. In the latter, each upper jaw has two large outwardly curved teeth on the outside with sharp cutting edges on the back. With intensive use, these external teeth will wear out, but they will not break off. The left mandible ends in a simple point, on the right mandible another small point is set off from this on the belly side. The male has only one external tooth per upper jaw, which is longer than that of the female, but breaks off very easily and then leaves a clear fracture scar. Instead of the second external tooth of the female, the male has a very variable cusp. The muscle that opens the upper jaw (abductor) is more powerful in the female than the muscle that closes the upper jaw against each other (adductor). In the male, however, the adductor is more powerful than the abductor. The four-part jaw probes and the three-part lip probes are short and taper conically towards the outside, they are hidden from above by the upper jaw.
The eleven-limbed antennae are turned about halfway along the trunk at its narrowest point, in the male a little in front of it, in the female exactly in the middle or a little behind. The antennae are straight and end in a three-part elongated and loosely articulated club. The end member of the club is curled, which simulates a four-membered club. The medium-sized, moderately curved eyes each consist of eight hundred to a thousand individual eyes . They are rounded and sit slightly forward and upwards near the base of the trunk.
The pronotum is seamlessly fused with the front breast. Seen from above, this is about as long as it is wide. It is dense and confluent, dotted and hairy, the hair is inclined slightly forward. In the male, a long thorn rises above the front hip on the front chest, which is also clearly visible from above. This thorn is absent in females. The front chest tapers only slightly to the front and back. Laterally it is slightly arched and it reaches the greatest width behind the middle.
The wing covers have well-developed shoulders and are together significantly wider than the pronotum. They are less than 1.5 times as long as they are broadly and horizontally wrinkled together. They are long hairy, the hair is inclined backwards unevenly and forms an angle of about 60 ° with the wing cover. This differs from the species of Rhynchites giganteus in which the hairs stick out less steeply. The dots standing in rows are difficult to distinguish from the dots that are disordered in the wide intervals between the rows, so the elytra as a whole appear densely and irregularly dotted. This distinguishes them from the similar species Rhynchites cupreus and Rhynchites giganteus . The label is large and hairy. There is no short row of dots next to the tag that ends a little behind the tag (without a row of scutellar dots).
The splints have one small end spike in the male and two in the female. The tarsi are all four-limbed, the third limb is deeply split and bilobed to accommodate the claw limb. The claws are not fused at the base and are toothed on the inside.
biology
The beetle can be found from April to early July on various hawthorn and prunus species , especially sloe , furthermore on plums and cherries , exceptionally also on pears and apples . As the name suggests, the beetle can be harmful to cherry cultures ( sour and sweet cherries ). The cherry fruit picker can also cause damage in the cultures of apricots and almonds . The damage consists on the one hand in the ripening of the buds, flowers and young fruits, on the other hand through the laying of the brood and larvae in the fruits. Damage from regeneration corrosion also occurs, in which relatively large feeding channels are gnawed into the fruit. When the area is eaten, the surface of the buds, leaves and young fruits is scraped off. The head is slowly lowered from a stretched forward position. The plant material is gnawed off by closing the jaw at the tip. In the case of deep feeding, on the other hand, the proboscis, which is held perpendicular to the body axis, is sunk radially into the fruit. The gnawed pulp is swallowed. Lateral head movements can also be performed to widen the avalanche laterally. The trunk can be sunk into the fruit up to the edge of the eye. The antennae then lie to the rear in a less clearly defined longitudinal depression of the trunk.
After they have matured, mating takes place in May. The egg-laying begins about a week later. The timing of the development depends on the climate zone, the information in various sources does not always match.
Development in sloe
The flesh of the sloe is so thin that the female can reach the core with her proboscis. The wall of the core is drilled through or at least drilled in the form of a shallow pit. To do this, the head is pressed against the drilling surface by pulling the legs attached to the fruit surface. By spreading the mandibles, the duct to the egg cavity is expanded with the external teeth. Pieces of fruit that have been scraped off are pulled out and then eaten. The female then turns around, presses her abdomen onto the feeding duct and, with the help of the laying tube, lays a single egg in the pit in the core. Without changing position, the female closes the passage with feces. This faeces around the egg is still dry, and then increasingly incompletely digested faeces are used. By tapping the abdomen, the feces are compacted and the egg cavity is filled almost to the brim. Then the female turns again. A ring-shaped pit gnaws around the egg cavity, which is only separated from the egg cavity by a thin ring wall. The crushed pulp is used to completely fill up like the egg cavity, unless this has already been done with feces. Inside the ring-shaped pit, the filled egg cavity protrudes as a central pin. The female takes between forty and sixty minutes for the entire process. The fruit stalk is not gnawed. Drilling into the stone core is a prerequisite for the survival of the larva.
Development in cherry
The females live about three months. In a study in Persia, they laid between 29 and 193, an average of 99.3 eggs, according to other sources fewer. They gnaw a passage into the young fruit to close to the not yet lignified cherry stone and expand the end of the passage into an egg chamber. With the laying tube, a single egg is laid at the bottom of the passage. The duct is then closed with faeces . The egg is whitish, rounded to oval with a length of 0.8 mm and a width of 0.5 mm. After the egg is deposited, the female gnaws a ring-shaped trench around the hole with the egg. A shallow pit is created in which the remaining dried up fruit skin of the ring wall remains. This allows you to distinguish the egg tunnels from other bites. The larvae hatched in Persia in the laboratory after three to five days, outdoors after about ten days, according to other sources, embryonic development takes longer. The larvae penetrate the not yet lignified kernel in about 24 hours and develop inside the cherry pit. During the investigation in Persia, a length of 1 - 1.5 mm was determined for the first larval stage and a length of 7.3 to 11 mm for the last larval stage with a mean of 9.3 mm. In favorable cases, the caterpillar leaves the infested fruit after three to five weeks to pupate in the ground. It uses the hole in the core shell that it created when it penetrated the core, but has to widen it. If the fruit has not already fallen off, the larva drops to the ground and digs itself in. The doll's chamber is created at a depth of five to eight, occasionally up to twelve centimeters. Its saliva-soaked walls are waterproof. The finished beetle can hatch in autumn after the pupa has been resting for about three weeks. He winters in the doll's room and only leaves it in the following spring. According to another source, it climbs up the fruit trees that autumn and hibernates there in crevices or under loose bark. Due to the diapause of the larvae in the cherry pit, the development can be extended to two years. In the study in Persia, the last larval stage always overwintered in the field experiment, the larval stages covered a period of 18 to 20 months.
Development in apricot
Because of the size of the fruit, apricots develop a little differently than cherries. Despite deep penetration, the female's trunk is much too short to get close to the nucleus. The eggs are laid in the pulp. The larva eats passages through the pulp, it cannot penetrate the core. The females prefer fruits infested by Monilia and contribute to the spread of the fungal disease through the feeding tunnels.
Combat
In biological control , Pyrethrum FS shows good results. It is also recommended to collect fallen fruit and plow the soil around the infested trees. In the case of integrated pest control in cherry crops in Bulgaria, an article from 2004 against the cherry fruit beetle with a pest density of at least three adults per ten branches during the flowering period indicated manual collection and 1 liter of Bensultap (Bancol) per hectare and after flowering again with the same pest density Recommended amount of Bensultap and an additional 2 l of Phosalon (Zolone 350 EC) per hectare.
distribution
The species occurs from Siberia and the Middle East , southern and central Russia as well as in southern Europe and southern Central and Eastern Europe . In Central Europe, the beetle is common in warm areas, but not common.
literature
- Heinz joy , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 10 : Bruchidae – Curculionidae 1 . Goecke & Evers , Krefeld 1981, ISBN 3-87263-029-6 .
- Hans Gønget: The Nemonychidae, Anthribidae and Attelabidae (Coleoptera) of Northern Europe. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2003 ISBN 90-04-13265-1 . ( Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Volume 38)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Rhynchites auratus in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved September 6, 2011
- ↑ Epirhynchites (subgenus) in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved September 6, 2011
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names.
- ^ Hermann von Nördlinger The small enemies of agriculture ... JG Cotta, Stuttgart 1869, p. 175.
- ↑ Picture gold-green color variant
- ↑ a b Antonio Brack Egg : The head of Rhynchites auratus Scop. (Curculionidae) A construction morphological study with a contribution to brood care behavior. In: Zoological Yearbooks. 1973, Vol. 91 pp. 500-545.
- ↑ a b A. Dezianian: Investigation on Biology of Cherry Weevil Rhynchites auratus (Scop) In Sharood Region. In: Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. September 2005, 73 (1), pp. 105–117 Scientific Information Database (SID) ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Howard Everest Hinton Biology of insect eggs. Pergamon Press, 1981.
- ^ DV Alford: Pests of fruit crops: a color handbook. Academic Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-12-373676-5 .
- ↑ Lemma cherry fruit cutter in the hoarding grant
- ^ Hungarian newspaper "Új Szó", edition of July 15, 2005 Editing of the section "Kertészkedő": Aranyos eszelény - már a kajszin is. (Golden-green cherry fruit cutter, now also on apricots) as a website
- ↑ Andreev, Kutinkova, Baltas: Non-Chemical Control of some important Pests of Sweet Cherry. In: Journal of Plant Protection Research. Vol. 48, No. 4 (2008) as PDF ( memento of the original dated December 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Zolone (Phosalone)
- ↑ Kutinkova, Andreev: Integrated Pest Management in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Orchard in Bulgaria. In: Orchard Management in Sustainable Fruit Production. Vol. 12, 2004 Special ed. As PDF
