Manitu

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The word manito in Cree syllabary (in both Cree and Ojibwe )
Kitchi-Manitu in Cree syllabary : Kicemanito (New Testament on Cree 1876), Kisemanitô (Bible on Cree 1862), Kisemanitow (New Testament on Cree 1908), Kishemanito (New Testament on Ojibwe 1988), Chisamanitu (New Testament on Naskapi 2007 )

Manitu , Manito , Manitou or Manit is a central term in the Algonquian languages ​​of North America from the traditional religion of the Algonquian-speaking Indians . Analogously, Manitu means the all-embracing mystery or the great power that is contained in all beings, things, activities and appearances. If a cloud or an object of daily use is called a manitu, it is because the spirit has (temporarily) assumed this form or lives in it (see also: animism ) . Many records show that this idea was always associated when everyday things had outstanding or unusual properties. In many groups the term was used both in the singular - for the "one, highest power" - and in the plural - for the supernatural, personally thought "owners" of beings or objects.

The superordinate “sum of all forces” is referred to as Kitchi Manitu : This is mostly presented as a pantheistically pervasive - not personal, “physically perceptible” - high deity or “ world soul ”.

Originally (Kitchi) Manitu denotes neither an "unconscious" natural law power, nor a personally thought, anthropomorphic god. The rapid adaptation of the Christian God, however, makes it probable that the manitu concept was originally also regarded as the “highest being”. The northern Algonquians used the expression "Lord of Life". The German ethnologist Werner Müller assumes that Manitu was previously both the highest being and the sum of everything supernatural. In today's Pan-Indianism , the term is often translated as “Great Spirit” and used synonymously with similar concepts from other tribes as a creator god in the sense of the Christian God with “Indian influences”.

Missionaries - especially among the Cree and Anishinabe - usually equated Kitchi Manitu with the Christian conception of God , thus reasserting the term and spreading this concept, which deviated from the original concept, also in English and French-speaking countries. However, the distinction between the terms Kitchi Manitu (Great Manitu), Mino Manitu (Good Manitu, the Christian God) and Matchi Manitu (Evil Manitu, the Devil) testifies that the Algonquin and Christians used to have different ideas about God.

The descriptions in ethnographic texts, some of which differ from one another, are based on misinterpretations (especially among missionaries) and translation errors, but also on the very different ideas of the widely scattered Algonquin tribes.

Word stem in the Algonquin languages

In Massachusett manit , Narragansett manìt , Pequot-Mohegan manto , Mi'kmaq mntu (today negative connotation , see below), Cree manito or manitow and Ojibwe manidoo , each with the meaning "God" or "Spirit". In the Unami language of Lenni Lenape , the numerous non-human spirits are called manëtu (older spelling Manétto ; plural manëtuwak ) and in Shawnee manito . In Cheyenne , “God” or “All-Father” means Maheo and “Spirit” màtasooma .

In the sense of "Great Spirit", "Great God" (Cree kihci-manito , Ojibwe gichi-manidoo ), the word is combined with gichi (Ojibwe) or kisci or kihci (Cree) "large". Semantically corresponding formations on Cheyenne are Maxemaheo and Maxemàtasooma . In the Lenape Unami language, the name of the “great spirit” is a three-word contract with Kètanëtuwit , from ket- “great”, manëtu “spirit” and -wi-t “being”.

The Shawnee , on the other hand, do not know a corresponding “great spirit”, but rather worship “our grandmother” Kohkumthena or Kuhkoomtheyna , a female creator deity who communicates with people through the spirits (manitowak, singular manito) . But there is a "good spirit" Wishemenetoo .

Place names

The name of the Canadian province of Manitoba and the lake of the same name have their origins in the name Manitoowapaaw ("Street of Manitu", "Canal of Manitu") in the language of the Cree . The name of the island of Manitoulin goes back to the Ojibwe name Manitoowaalink ("in the lair of Manitu"), whereas the island is now called Ojibwe Manidoo-minis or Manidoo-minising ("Island of the spirits", "Island of Manitu").

Dakota equivalent

The Dakota and Lakota , whose Sioux languages ​​are not related to the Algonquin, have similar ideas of a Great Spirit who is called Wakan Tanka in the Dakota and Lakota languages . Note the reverse order of nouns and adjectives in Lakota compared to Algonquin: wakan means "spirit" or "mysterious" and tanka means "great".

Corresponding to the Iroquois

The Iroquois and Hurons refer to a similar mythical power in all living beings and things as Orenda .

Manitu among the Algonquin

They view manitu as neither positive nor negative. Manitus can appear in dreams and give special protection, special powers or abilities. Sick Algonquin Indians asked Manitu for help. According to Paul Radin and I. Hallowell, it is an always personal force that has been imposed on animate or inanimate beings by persons (who can be both human and non-human). This can be the person or part of the person who has assumed a different form, or part of that person's strength. Similar to Hinduism, Manitu did not see himself as "chief god", but was the flora and fauna themselves, while a warrior received his own Manitu protective spirit and was allowed to worship other forces of nature.

Gichi-Manidoo / Kitchi-Manitu and the Christian conception of God

In the Bible translations the name of God is on Cree Kice-Manito : Here the beginning of the Gospel of John ( Joh 1,1-6  EU ), God (Kice-Manito) is highlighted in yellow.

Gichi-Manidoo or Kitchi-Manitu refers to the Cree , Ojibwe , Algonkin (in the narrower sense), Odawa , Potawatomi , Naskapi and Innu (Montagnais) the highest spiritual being that stood above all other spiritual beings . This was already used by Christian missionaries in the 17th century to explain and spread the idea of ​​their God. With this explanation they have achieved success with many tribes. In the Bible translations and catechisms - be they Catholic or from one of the numerous Protestant churches - there is Kicemanito (New Testament 1876), Kisemanitô (Bible 1862), Kisemanitow (New Testament 1904) on Cree and Kishemanito (New Testament 1856 and New Testament 1988 ), Kesha-Muhnedoo (New Testament 1854) or Gesha-Muhnedoo (New Testament 1937) in Ojibwe, Kije Manido (New Testament 1998) in Algonquin, Kshe'mune'to (Gospel of Matthew 1844) in Potawatomi, tshishe Manitu (Catholic Catechism 1767 ) on Innu (Montagnais) and Chisamanitu (New Testament 2007) on Naskapi the name for God .

In 1663, John Eliot used the English word God almost continuously in his Bible in the Massachusett language and only exceptionally the Algonquian word Manit , for example twice in the first verse of the Gospel of John , but again God in the second verse . John Campanius contrast used in his translation of the Small Catechism of Martin Luther in what he called "American-bobwhite language" in New Sweden (published posthumously in 1696), it is in order Delaware Pidgin acted consistently the name of God Manetto . The Moravian missionary David Zeisberger again names God in Delaware in his Lenape / Munsee translation of the “History of Jesus Christ”, completed in 1806 but only published posthumously in 1821 - a summary of all four Gospels by Samuel Lieberkühn - Getanittowit (“Great Spirit”, modern spelling Kètanëtuwit - the etymological and semantic equivalent of Kitchi-Manitu -, in a revision of the work by the Baptist pastor ID Blanchard from 1839 Kejrlumwrt ). In addition, God is also called Patamawos (from pataman “to pray”) by the Moravians in Delaware , as in Abraham Luckenbach's excerpts from the Old Testament. In the sparse texts of Mohegan is Manto used as a Christian name of God - as in the diaries of the last Pequot-Mohegan -Muttersprachlerin Fidelia Fielding late 19th century - while Gladys Tantaquidgeon Káwtántowit (. See Getanittowit) as creator and Manto as "our Owner ”.

In the translations of the New Testament (and parts of the Old Testament) into other Algonquin languages ​​- complete translations of the Bible do not (yet) exist there - the term manitu has not been used, but other Algonquin terms have been transferred to the Christian concept of God , so on Shawnee Tapalamalikwa , on Muhheconnuk (Muh-he-con-neok = Mahican , Stockbridge, not Mohegan) Pohtomnowwaus ("to whom we pray", according to the Delawarian Patamawos ), on Mi'kmaq Nikscąm , Nĭkskam or Niskam (traditionally "spirit", cf. Kji-Niskam "great spirit") and accordingly on Malecite-Passamaquoddy (Maliseet) Nukskam , on Abenaki Kchi Niwaskw or ktchi-Niwaskw ("great spirit"), on Cheyenne Maheo or Ma ' heo'o (All-Father), on Arapaho Hejavaneauthau and on Blackfoot Ap'isto-tok-iu-a .

Matchi-Manitu (devil) in Cree syllabary : Macemanito (New Testament on Cree 1876), Macemanitô (Bible on Cree 1862), Michiminitu (New Testament on Naskapi 2007)

Mntu as a devil among the Mi'kmaq

Among the Mi'kmaq , Catholic missionaries transferred the meaning of the Algonquian word for "spirit" mntu ( word equation of Manitu) to the devil, and in this sense it is also found in the form mundo in a translation of the Gospel of John from 1854 by the Protestant Micmac Missionary Society and as mǔndoo in Silas Rand's translation of the Gospel of Matthew 1871. This is seen as a significant obstacle to a revival of the Mi'kmaq culture, since believers, including tribal elders, fear going to hell by worshiping the devil and mntu therefore reject a return to old indigenous values.

Maji-Manidoo / Maci-Manito

The term “evil spirit”, in Cree macimanito and Ojibwe maji-manidoo , a combination of the word manito with maci or maji “evil”, denotes the devil in many Bible translations. The devil is called Macemanito (New Testament 1876) or Macemanitô (Bible 1862) on Cree, Mvjimanito (New Testament 1856) on Ojibwe and Michiminitu (New Testament 2007) on Naskapi, also Miceminato on Shawnee and in the contracted forms Mattannit on Massachusett ( Bible 1663) and Machtando on Lenape / Munsee (“Geschichte Jesu” 1821, modern spelling in Unami mahtan'tu , contracted from machti-manitto ).

Adaptation in English and German-language literature

Jesse Edgar Middleton used the term Gitchi Manitou for God in 1926 in its English version of the Canadian Christmas carol Jesous Ahatonhia ( Jesus, he is born ), which in the 17th century by the Jesuit missionary de Jean Brebeuf in the Huron language of Wyandot was written. However, the word does not appear in the Huronian original, because Wyandot does not belong to the Algonquin languages , but to the Iroquois languages . In terms of content and images, the English text differs from the Christmas story, the Huronian template and the religious ideas of the Wyandot.

In German-speaking countries , especially due to the wide range of uses in Karl May's novels , “Manitu” is understood to be a central deity of the North American Indians; the reference to the Christian god, which May used intensively, would be more accurate. The Mescalero - Apaches , whose fictional chief Winnetou is the main hero, are the focus of Karl May. In fact, in the Apache religion there is no “Great Spirit” corresponding to the Gichi-Manidoo or Manito of the Algonquin. The main deity is rather the “creator of all things” and “life giver” or more precisely - since neither male nor female - the “everything that creates, gives life”, Ussen, Usen, Yus'n or Ysun , with the Mescalero Yusn , the opposite was hardly worshiped to deities like the mountain spirits Ga'n, Gan or Gah'e . The topic is also taken up in a report about today's Mescalero Apaches in the " ZEIT ", where the interviewed medicine man says (although different from the name): "Manitou? Our creator is called Bik'egu'in Dán. In your language: Who gives us life. ” Bik'ehgo'ihi ' n ań is also the name for God that is used in the West Apache translation of the New Testament.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Christian F. Feest : Animated Worlds - The Religions of the Indians of North America. In: Small Library of Religions , Vol. 9, Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-451-23849-7 . Pp. 74-77.
  2. ↑ Nils Olav Breivik: Høygud og bearer of culture. To Werner Müller's förståelse av de central skogsindianeres religioner. In: Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift. No. 12, 1988, pp. 3-24, especially 5-6.
  3. ↑ Thomas Schweer: Keyword natural religions. Heyne, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-453-08181-1 . P.56.
  4. ↑ John Eliot : The Indian grammar begun: or, An essay to bring the Indian language into rules, for the help of such as desire to learn the same, for the furtherance of the Gospel among them . Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1666: Manit, God. (pl. :) Manittòg , p. 9 .
  5. ^ Roger Williams : A Key into the Language of America: or, An help to the Language of the Natives in that part of America, called New-England . Gregory Dexter, London 1643: manìt, manittówock - God, gods , p. 114 .
  6. ↑ Mohegan Language: Mohegan English Dictionary ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.8 MB): manto, NA god, spirit @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.moheganlanguage.com
  7. ↑ Ralph T. Pastore: Traditional Mi'kmaq (Micmac) Culture . Archeology Unit & History Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1998.
  8. ↑ Nehiyaw Masinahikan / Online Cree Dictionary : Manito ᒪᓂᑐ N The Creator, God. (MD); manito ᒪᓂᑐ NA Sacred power or God; the basic mysterious quality in the universe. (Northern). Old. manitow (Plains). (AE); manito ᒪᓂᑐ NA God The great positive good force in the universe (abbreviation) (EC); manitow ᒪᓂᑐᐤ NA the basic mysterious quality in the universe (EC); manitow ᒪᓂᑐᐤ NA spirit, spirit being; God (CW); manitow ᒪᓂᑐᐤ NA Sacred power or God; the basic mysterious quality in the universe. (Plains). Old. manito (Northern). (AE)
  9. ↑ Anishinaabemowin: Ojibwe-English Wordlist : manidoo (g) - god; spirit; manitou
  10. ^ Delaware Tribe of Indians (Lenape) - Lenape Talking Dictionary: English: God; the Greatest Spirit, Lenape: Kètanëtuwit ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.talk-lenape.org
  11. ^ Johannes Campanius Holmiensis: Lutheri Catechism. Öfwersatt på American-Virginiske Språket . Tryckt vthi thet af Kongl. Maytt. privilege. Burchardi Tryckeri, af JJ Genath, f. Stockholm 1696. P. 135: Manétto: Gud, Ande, Engel [God, Spirit, Angel] .
  12. ^ Chief Robert Red Hawk Ruth, Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania: Stories of the Lenape People, with translations in the Lenape language (PDF; 922 kB). The Creation of Names (Transcribed and translated into Lenape by Julie Ershadi), p. 8.
  13. ^ John Bierhorst : Mythology of the Lenape: Guide and Texts . University of Arizona Press, 1995. p. 8
  14. ↑ Edward J. Lenik: Making Pictures in Stone: American Indian Rock Art of the Northeast. University of Alabama Press, 2009. p. 6.
  15. ↑ a b David M. Lucas (2001): Our Grandmother of the Shawnee. Messages of a Female Deity (PDF; 144 kB), pp. 3, 18, 22.
  16. ^ A b English-Cheyenne Dictionary : God: Maheo, Maxemaheo [...] which means "Allfather" , p. 516.
  17. ↑ a b Legendary Native American Figures: Maheo (Maheu)
  18. ↑ English-Cheyenne Dictionary : spirit: màtasooma, pl. màtasoomao , p. 1000.
  19. ↑ gichi- - (see: chi-) big; great; very
  20. ↑ kisci- ᑭᐢᒋ IPV big (CW); kihci-mihti ᑭᐦᒋ ᒥᐦᑎ NI big club, big stick (CW)
  21. ^ Delaware Tribe of Indians (Lenape) - Lenape Talking Dictionary: English: God; the Greatest Spirit, Lenape: Kètanëtuwit ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.talk-lenape.org
  22. ↑ Gilwell.com, The Lenape / English Dictionary - G : Getanittowit. Great Creator. God: (rather, the great spirit. A.)
  23. ^ Allen W. Eckert: The Frontiersmen . Jesse Stuart Foundation, 2011. Without pagination, at the end of the book. From this, cf. Glossary of Shawnee words and phrases : Wishemenetoo: the Great Spirit or Good Spirit (cf. kitche “great”, wishe “good”).
  24. ^ Collins American English Dictionary: Manitoba . Cree, manitoowapaaw, the narrows (of Lake Manitoba), lit., god narrows .
  25. ^ Collins American English Dictionary: Manitoulin Island . earlier Manitoualin <18th-c. Ojibwa dial. manitoowaalink, lit., at the god's den.
  26. ↑ translateojibwe.com: Manitoline Island = Manidoo-minis, Manidoo-minising
  27. ↑ translation of God with Wakantanka in the Bible in Dakota the Santee Sioux : Dakota wówapi Wakan. The Holy Bible in the language of the Dakotas. Translated by Thomas S. Williamson and Stephen Return Riggs into the Santee dialect. American Bible Society, 1879. 1304 pages. See. John 1.1 to 9 ( Jn 1,1  EU ) on Worldscriptures.org.
  28. ^ Frank J. Ball Sr. aka Frank WOLF: Lakota Language Classes - Learn a Native American Language, Native American History, 2009.
  29. ↑ Marcel Mauss : Sociology and Anthropology: Volume 1: Theory of Magic / Social Morphology. Series: Classics of the Social Sciences, 1st edition, VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-17002-2 . Pp. 145-146.
  30. ↑ Hallowell, I .: Ojibwa ontology, behavior and world view . In: Diamond, S. (ed.): Culture in History: Honor of Paul Radin . Columbia University Press, New York, 1960, pp. 19-52
  31. ^ Dtv Lexikon: Volume 11 (Len-Mec) page 240 Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag Mannheim and Munich 1997
  32. ↑ Meyer large pocket lexicon: Volume 9 (Grie-Hn) page 43 (entry "Großer Geist") Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim, Mannheim 1983
  33. ↑ THE BROCKHAUS. In three volumes .: Volume 2 (Go-Pah) page 607 FA Brockhaus Leipzig Mannheim, Leipzig 2004
  34. ↑ a b The New Testament, translated into the Cree language, by the Right Rev. John Horden, DD, Bishop of Moosoner (PDF; 41.3 MB). London: Printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society, Queen Victoria Street, EC, 1876. Kicemanito Kicemanito.jpg
  35. ↑ a b Oski testement ketipeyichikeminow mina kipimachiyiweminow Chisas Knist . Kanachi | kichi masinaikan, | kayasi testement | mina | oski testement | ketipeyichikeminow mina kipimachiyiweminow | Chisas Knist. | Emiskochiitasinahat neiyawewinik isei | William Mason | ayamiewikimaw. Old Testament 1861, New Testament 1862. Printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society, London. Bible in Cree syllabics. Kisemanitô Kisemanito.jpg
  36. ↑ The Gospel of John in Cree language (PDF; 1.6 MB). Revised version, first published in 1904 by British & Foreign Bible Society, London (cf. John 1: 1-8 on Worldscriptures.org from an edition from 1990 , Canadian Bible Society, Toronto and a version in Latin script ; PDF; 2, 5 MB). Kisemanitov Kisemanitow.jpg
  37. ↑ a b Iu Otoshki-Kikinduin au Tebeniminvng Gaie Bemajiinvng Jesus Christ: ima Ojibue Inueuining Giizhitong (PDF; 46.2 MB). The New Testament of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ: translated into the language of the Ojibwa Indians . American Bible Society, New York 1856. Kishemanito [in Latin script as written in the USA].
  38. ↑ The Gospel of John in Northern Ojibwa language (PDF; 1.7 MB), 1998. Kishemanito Kishemanito.jpg
  39. ↑ Ewh oowahweendahmahgawin owh tabanemenung Jesus Christ: keahnekuhnootuhbeegahdag anwamand egewh ahneshenahbag Ojibway anindjig: keenahkoonegawaud kuhya ketebahahmahgawaud egewh mahyahmahwejegajig Society foredewaing London and Christian Ewa Promotion . Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Great Britain), translated by Frederick O'Meara. H. Rowsell, Toronto 1854. Cf. Kesha-Muhnedoo in John 1 and John 3: 16-17 (in Latin script).
  40. ^ Bible in Southern Ojibway. Revised version, first published in 1937 by Northern Gospel Mission, Virginia, MN. See Gesha-Muhnedoo and Kesha-Muhnedoo in John 1: 1-8 on Worldscriptures.org from a 1964 edition, American Bible Society, New York (in Latin script) .
  41. ↑ Kije Manido Odikido8in Ocki Mazinaigan / New Testament in Algonquin . Canadian Bible Society, Toronto 1998 (2nd ed. 2006): Min8adjimo8ini kagi ojibiag kitcit8a John (The Gospel of John in Cree language) (PDF; 1.6 MB). ISBN 0888344228
  42. ↑ The Gospel according to St. Matthew translated into the Putawatomie language (PDF; 290 kB), adapted from: The Gospel according to Matthew, and the Acts of the Apostles: tr. Into the Putawatomie language . Translated by Johnston Lykins, American Indian Mission Association, American and foreign Bible society, American and Foreign Bible Society. WC Buck, Louisville (Kentucky) 1844. In the original Klrminrto (but inconsistent spelling) with corresponding sound values ​​such as Kshe'mune'to .
  43. Jump up ↑ Jean Baptiste de La Brosse: Nehiro-iriniui aiamihe massinahigan : Shatshegutsh, Mitinekapitsh, Iskuamiskutsh, Netshekatsh Misht ', Assinitsh, Shekutimitsh, Ekuanatsh, Ashuabmushuanitsh, Piakuagamitsh, Paiiakuagamitsa kaui kaui kihati ashi ashi ashi ashu a, Gaieiro-missi67, Gaieiro-missi ). See p. 7f .
  44. ↑ a b God’s Word in Naskapi. New Testament (PDF; 2.4 MB). The New Testament in Naskapi of Quebec. Naskapi Development Corporation and Wycliffe Bible Translators, 2007. Chisamanitu Chisamanitu.jpg
  45. ↑ Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God, naneeswe Nukkone testament kah wonk Wusku testament . “The Holy Bible containing the Old Testament and the New, translated into the Indian language.” Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1661–1663; 2nd edition 1685. Translator: John Eliot ( 1st edition 1663 , 2nd edition 1685 online at archive.org ).
  46. ↑ Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God (1663): cf. the title and Genesis 1
  47. ↑ Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God (1685): John 1
  48. ^ Ives Goddard: Pidgin Delaware. Sarah G. Thomason (Ed.): Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective , pp. 43-98. John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam. P. 44.
  49. ↑ Martin Luther, Johannes Campanius Holmiensis: Lutheri Catechism. Öfwersatt på American-Virginiske Språket . Tryckt vthi thet af Kongl. Maytt. privilege. Burchardi Tryckeri, af JJ Genath, f. Stockholm 1696. See p. 2f .: Chiutte Chísbo Simóckan. Thet Första Budet; Nissa Chísbo Simóckan. Thet Andra Budet [The First Commandment; The second commandment].
  50. ↑ David Zeisberger: Elekup Nihillalquonk woak Pemauchsohalquonk Jesus Christ . The history of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ: comprehending all that the four evangelists have recorded concerning him: all their relations being brought together in one narration, so that no circumstance is omitted, but that inestimable history is continued in one series, in the very words of scripture . Ed .: Samuel Lieberkühn. Daniel Fanshaw, New York 1821. The first sentences correspond to the beginning of the Gospel of John .
  51. ^ The History of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ , comprehending all that the four Evangelists have recorded concerning him, translated into the Delaware language in 1806, by Rev. David Zeisberger, Missionary of the United Brethren. Re-translated, so as to conform to the present idiom of the language, by ID Blanchard. J. Meeker, Printer, Shawanoe Baptist Mission, 1837. The first sentences correspond to the beginning of the Gospel of John .
  52. ↑ Gilwell.com, The Lenape / English Dictionary - P : Pataman, to pray. Patamauwan, to pray to somebody, to worship. Patamawos, God.
  53. ^ Abraham Luckenbach (translator): Forty-six select scripture narratives from the Old Testament, embellished with engravings, for the use of Indian youth . Daniel Fanshaw, New York 1838. p. 4: First verses of Genesis 1 : Patamawos , see also in the introduction, opposite p. 3: Patamawos is used several times , once Gettanittowit .
  54. ↑ Mohegan Language Project: Phrase Book ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (doc, 219 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / moheganlanguage.com
  55. ↑ a b The Gospel According to Saint Matthew, translated into the Shawanoe Language ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Johnston Lykins Missionary of the Amer. Bap. Vol. Of For. Missions, Aided in Revising and Comparing with the Greek by James Andrew Chute, MD Shawanoe Baptist Mission Press JG Pratt, Printer 1842. Owase Opeaticemowa Ceses Kliest, Tapalamalikwa Okwebile Mabew Otiwekiti, Cinstin Liekins Lieipiwekitiki. Ealimapeaskiki, Chena Pinete, Chena Cose, Nieitimiwicke 1842. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shawnee-bluejacket.com
  56. ↑ Translation of John's Gospel (into the Shawanoe Language) ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , from the Original Greek e Editionibus Greenfield et Bloomfield by Francis Barker. Missionary of the Amer. Bap. Vol. Of Foreign Missions. Press Of Am. Baptist Vol. Of For. Missions Stockbridge, Ind. Ter. 1846. Owase Opeaticemowa. Ceses Kliest, Tapalamalikwa Okwebile, John Otiwekiti Francis Barker Lieipiwekitiki Kiliweheki, Chena Pinete, Chena Cose Nieitimiwicke. 1846. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shawnee-bluejacket.com
  57. ^ JE Luebering (ed.): Native American History. Educational Britannica Educational. Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010. p. 51. The authors point out at this point that even serious authors often confused the Mahican with the Mohegan , cf. " Mohicans ".
  58. ^ Translation of the 19th Psalm into the Muh-he-con-neok language, done at the Cornwall Shool under the superintendance of Rev. John Sergeant . Quoted in Jonathan Edwards: Observations on the language of the Muhhekaneew Indians , 1823, p. 74 .
  59. ↑ Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Mohican dictionary, compiled by Lion G. Miles (based chiefly on sources from the years 1740 to 1830) ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : God (see Prayer) Pohtommouwaus, Pohtommauwaus . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mohican-nsn.gov
  60. ^ Evan T. Pritchard: Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Council Oak Books, San Francisco 2002. p. 281.
  61. ^ The Gospel of St. John in the Micmac language. Halifax 1854. Compare John 1: 1-2 , John 3: 16-17 .
  62. ↑ Wooleagaeunoodaeumaeakaeun tan taeulåa Sanaeekaeu. Weaegumoweesiaemk [Gospel of John in Micmac]. Megaeumagåeåa 'Ledakaeun-weekaeuglmkåawåa moweome, Chebooktook 1872. John 1: 1-2 , John 3: 16-17 .
  63. ↑ Angela Robinson, Bryan D. Cummins, John L. Steckley: Ta'n Teliktlamsitasit (Ways of Believing): Mi'kmaw Religion in Eskasoni, Nova Scotia. Pearson Education Canada, 2004, p. 142.
  64. ↑ Cape Breton University: Mi'kmaw Spirituality - Ktlamsitasuti ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Kji-Niskam (Great Spirit). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cbu.ca
  65. ↑ Silas Tertius Rand, 1810–1889: The Ten commandments, the Lord's prayer, etc., in the Maliseet language . Micmac Missionary Society, Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1863, Bible excerpt with John 3:16 on p. 12 , cf. in John Sharp (Ed.): The Gospel in many tongues . British and Foreign Bible Society, London 1912, p. 58: Maliseet .
  66. ↑ Jos Laurent, Sozap Lolo: New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues. Quebec 1884. p. 13. Kchi Niwaskw, God, The Great Spirit. Niwaskw, Spirit.
  67. ↑ In the Ave Maria ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , cowasuckabenaki.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cowasuckabenaki.com
  68. ↑ Zemona hoemao maheon-hoestomohestova. Zeēnano ninitaehaman na nivostanevstomanehaman Jesus Maheonxostaanasz (The New Testament in Cheyenne) . Translated by Rev. Rodolphe Petter, from the Greek, with careful comparison with the Latin Vulgate, and other versions. American Bible Society, New York 1934. 666 pp.
  69. ↑ Ma'heonemóx'éstoo'o. Cheyenne Scripture (PDF; 4.7 MB). Cheyenne Bible Translation Committee (Wayne Leman, Elena Leman et al.), Busby (Montana) 2007.
  70. ↑ Hethadee Waunauyauau hece Hejavaneauthusau Henayauthâhe Vadan Luke Hewauthaunauhanau. Hethadenee Waunauyaunee Vadan luke Vanenâna. The Gospel according to Saint Luke (PDF; 5.0 MB). American Bible Society, New York 1903.
  71. ↑ The Gospel according to St. Matthew translated into the language of the Blackfoot Indians (PDF; 5.4 MB). British and Foreign Bible Society, London 1890. Compare Matt 1:23, Matt 2:12.
  72. ↑ a b Simone Poli Andri: First Nations, Identity, and Reserve Life. The Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia . University of Nebraska Press, 2011. p. 147.
  73. ^ The Gospel of St. John in the Micmac language. Halifax 1854. Compare John 10:21 , John 13: 2 .
  74. ↑ Pelåa kesagaeunoodaeumaeumkåawåa tan taeulåa uksakaeumamenoo waeestowoolkw 'Såasoogoole Claeiståawaeit ootenaeink. Megaeumoweesaeimk . Translator: Silas Tertius Rand. Megaeumagåea 'Ledakaeun-weekaeugaeemkåawåa moweome, Chebooktook 1871. Matthew 4: 1 .
  75. ↑ Nehiyaw Masinahikan / Online Cree Dictionary : maci ᒪᒋ evil (EC); maci- ᒪᒋ IPV bad, evil, wicked, wrong, ill (CW); [...] macimanito ᒪᒋᒪᓂᑐ NA Satan Negative power in universe (EC)
  76. ↑ Anishinaabemowin: Ojibwe-English Wordlist : maji- - bad (cf maazhi-); maji-izhiwebizi - he behaves badly; he has bad conduct; maji-manidoo (g) - bad spirit; devil
  77. ↑ Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God (1685): Luke 4
  78. ↑ David Zeisberger 1821, pp. 16f., Section 12 .
  79. ↑ The three epistles of the Apostle John . Fanshaw, 1818. 1. Letter from John 3: 8. P. 10 .
  80. ↑ Delaware Tribe of Indians (Lenape) - Lenape Talking Dictionary: English: devil, Lenape: mahtan'tu ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.talk-lenape.org
  81. ↑ Gilwell.com, The Lenape / English Dictionary - M : Machtando, devil; (machtan'to, a shortened form of machti-manitto. A.)
  82. ↑ Beth Maxwell Boyle: The Huron Carol .
  83. ↑ CL Sonnichsen: The Mescalero Apaches. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman (Oklahoma) 1979. p. 30.
  84. ↑ Jessica Dawn Palmer: The Apache Peoples. A History of all bands and tribes through the 1880s. McFarland & Co. Inc., Jefferson (North Carolina) 2013. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7864-4551-6
  85. ↑ Henning Sußebach: If Winnetou only knew , page 3 and 4 . Die Zeit, March 29, 2012.
  86. ^ New Testament in Western Apache, Edgerton / Hill version, first published in 1966 by American Bible Society, New York. John 1: 1-8 on West Apache, 1988 edition, American Bible Society, New York , on worldscriptures.org.