Knyaz Potjomkin Tavrichesky

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flag
As Panteleimon in 1906
As Panteleimon in 1906
Overview
Type Ship of the line
units Single ship
Shipyard

Black Sea Shipyard , Nikolayev

Keel laying October 8, 1898
Launch October 9, 1900
delivery 1904
period of service

1905-1918

Whereabouts Scrapped in 1923
Technical specifications
displacement

12,582  ts

length

115.30 m over everything

width

22.25 m

Draft

8.2 m

crew

730 men

drive

22 Belleville boilers
2 triple expansion steam engines
10,600 HP
2 screws

speed

16 kn

Range

1,750 nm at 16 knots
3,400 nm at 10 knots

Armament
Armor
  • Belt armor: 127-228 mm
  • Main towers: 127-254 mm
  • Casemates: 152 mm
  • Command post: 228 mm

The Knjas Potjomkin Tawritscheski ( Russian Князь Потёмкин Таврический Knjaz 'Potëmkin Tavričeskij , German ' Prince Potemkin of Taurien ' ) was a ship of the line of the Russian Navy that belonged to the Black Sea Fleet . It is known from Sergei Eisenstein's film " Battleship Potemkin " about the 1905 revolution. The wrong ship class is due to a translation error. To erase the memory of the mutiny, the ship was renamed Panteleimon .

The Knjas Potjomkin Tawritscheski was built by the state shipyard in Nikolajew and put into service in 1904/1905. It was named after the Russian Field Marshal Grigory Alexandrowitsch Potjomkin , Prince of Tauria , (1739-1791). As Panteleimon , she took part in the First World War. It was scrapped from 1923 to 1925.

Construction of the ship

In October 1898 the keel of the ship was laid at the Black Sea shipyard in what was then Nikolajew, which was set up in 1897 with Belgian capital for naval orders. The ship was a further development of the single ship Tri Svjatitelja and repeated some elements of the Peresvet class under construction for the Baltic fleet . The distribution of the armor was based on the British ship of the line HMS Majestic . The ship's plan also served as the basis for the order for the Retwisan liner in the United States, which was to be used in the Far East. In October 1900 the ship was christened and launched. It was named after the Russian field marshal Grigori Alexandrowitsch Potjomkin, who set up the first shipyard in Nikolajew in 1789 for building warships against the Turks. Trials of the ship began in October 1903. It was the first Russian ship of the line with a central fire control and an oil furnace, which, however, was replaced by a pure coal furnace after the tests because of a fire. Many improvements and the fire delayed the takeover into the fleet service until spring 1905.

mutiny

After the beginning of the Russian Revolution of 1905 , July 14th took place . / June 27, 1905 greg. a mutiny took place on this ship off the island of Tendra and later that day in the port of Odessa . It was directed against the imperial officers on board, namely against the commandant Captain Golikow (called "the dragon" by the sailors). The reason was the sailors' displeasure with a piece of rotten meat that the ship's doctor had declared edible. When the sailors complained to the captain, he had their spokesman shot, which started the mutiny. Seven officers were killed and the ship went to Odessa, where at that time - as in the whole of the Russian Empire - there was violent unrest . The shot speaker was laid out at the foot of the marble staircase shown in a scene from the movie Battleship Potemkin , and thousands of city residents came to honor him. The sailors were offered food; as darkness fell, however, troops moved into the city and fired at random at the crowd on the marble stairs, thus staging a massacre. The mutiny was arguably the most prominent example of the insubordination that took place throughout the Russian army in 1905. The ship was soon sailing on from Odessa. After the coal supply was exhausted, the mutineers left on June 25th . / July 8th, 1905 greg. disembarked in the Black Sea port of Constanța and surrendered to the Romanian authorities. The floods drove the ship to the bottom. It was soon pumped out and towed to Odessa. The crew of over 600 men were initially interned in Romania and were later able to live in the country under certain conditions. After Russia issued an amnesty, the leader of the mutineers Matyushenko returned to his homeland in 1907 and was hanged. The majority of the crew returned to Russia after the February revolution of 1917.

The mutiny of 1905 is the subject of Sergei Eisenstein's 1925 silent film Battleship Potemkin . However, the filming did not take place on the ship that had already been scrapped at that time, but on the dismantled barbed ship Dwenadzat Apostolow (German: "Twelve Apostles"), which served as a depot ship for mines in 1925 , and on the cruiser Comintern . The confrontation of the ship with a squadron loyal to the emperor (eleven ships - five battleships and six destroyers) at the end of the film is a fiction. The Russian ships in the Black Sea in 1905 were obsolete and could never have seriously expected a fight with the Potjomkin .

Further service time

To erase the memory of the mutiny, the ship was for the Holy Pantaleon in Panteleimon renamed. It operated under this name until April 1917 and took part in the First World War. When there was further unrest in the fleet in Sevastopol in November 1905, the ship was involved again. In 1910 the Panteleimon in Sevastopol was completely overhauled and modernized . On November 2, 1911, she ran aground while leaving Constanța , the damage to the ship's bottom was repaired in 1912 in Sevastopol.

During the First World War, the Panteleimon was used in conjunction with the other old ships of the line. The liner brigade consisted of five ships: Jewstafi , Ioann Zlatoust , Panteleimon , Tri Svjatitelja and the liner II class Rostislav . The Russians tried to work together in order to have superior strength against the battle cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim (formerly Goeben ) in the event of an attack . Two weeks after the Russian declaration of war on November 2, 1914 against the Ottoman Empire , the Black Sea Fleet ran on November 15 to a bombardment of Trabzon with the liners Yevstafi , Ioann Slatoust , Panteleimon , Rostislav , Tri Swjatitelja , the cruiser Almas and the sister ships Pamiat Merkurija (ex Kagul ) and Kagul (ex Ochakov ), three destroyers and eleven torpedo boats . The bombardment took place on the morning of November 17 and the Russian squadron turned west to sink Turkish ships on the coast of Anatolia before returning to Sevastopol in the afternoon . The following day, around noon, in foggy conditions, the Russian squadron met the battle cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim and the cruiser Midilli , the former German ships Goeben and Breslau , which wanted to intercept the Russian fleet (naval battle of Cape Sarytsch ).

On January 9, 1915, the Russian fleet encountered the Turkish cruisers Midilli and Hamidiye in the eastern Black Sea , which were returning from a mission. The Midilli hit the Jewstafi with a 10.5 cm bullet on the front tower and temporarily put it out of action. With their superior speed, the two Turkish cruisers managed to escape.

Between March 18 and May 9, 1915, the Russian fleet attacked the fortifications on the Bosporus three times . During the third attack on May 9, the Yavuz Sultan Selim reacted and tried to intercept the ships of the line Yevstafi and Ioann Slatoust discovered by the Turkish destroyer Numune-i Hamiyet . Both units ran in parallel and opened the battle at a distance of 16 km. The Russian commander, Admiral Andrei Eberhardt , let his two ships run slowly and in a zigzag to allow the ships of the line Tri Swjatitelja and Panteleimon to unlock. The Yavuz Sultan Selim did not manage to sit in front of the Russian association despite high speed. The Panteleimon scored two hits on the battle cruiser before it broke off after 22 minutes. Eberhardt's attempt to follow the battle cruiser in turn was unsuccessful.

On August 1, 1915, all Russian ships of the line were organized in a second brigade after the first capital ship, the Imperatriza Marija , had been put into service. They were now used mainly for coastal bombardments. On October 1, the Panteleimon, together with the Ioann Slatoust Zonguldak, fired at the nearby Kozlu with little success, despite the use of over 1000 rounds and with the Jewstafi , while the Imperatriza Marija gave cover to sea. On October 18, Panteleimon was unsuccessfully attacked by the German submarine UB 7 when she was involved in a similar operation against the Bulgarian coast. After another overhaul, the Panteleimon took part in the Trapezunter operation from February 5, 1916 to April 18, 1916 in the bombardment of the Turkish coast and supported the capture of Trapezunts by Russian troops. In May she was moved to Batumi with the other two liners Yevstafi and Ioann Zlatoust , where the three ships were in continuous use during the summer of 1916 to support the land forces.

Whereabouts

In April 1917 , after its occupation had joined the revolution , the Panteleimon was renamed Potjomkin Tawritscheski and in autumn 1917 under the Ukrainian flag it was renamed Borez sa Swobodu (German: "Freedom Fighters"). On December 29, 1917, the ship was included in the Red Sea Fleet, but was always in the port of Sevastopol . From April 1918 the ship changed hands several times. Only occupied by the Red Army, it became the property of the Ukrainian People's Republic. On May 1, 1918, Sevastopol was occupied by German troops. They were followed on November 24, 1918 by the British who, when they withdrew, together with the French in April 1919, rendered the ship unusable. During the Russian Civil War it became part of the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army on April 29, 1919, was captured by Denikin's troops on June 24, 1919 , and after being recaptured on November 15, 1920, it finally became part of the Soviet Navy. The ship was canceled from 1923 and removed from the lists of the Red Fleet on November 21, 1925.

literature

  • Robert Gardiner: Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905. Mayflower Books, New York 1979, ISBN 0-8317-0302-4 .
  • Richard Hough: The Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin , 1961
  • JP Kardashev: Vosstanie. Bronenosez "Potjomkin" i ego komanda. Moscow 2008, ISBN 978-5-7897-0193-5 .
  • Stephen McLaughlin: Russian & Soviet Battleships. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD 2003, ISBN 1-55750-481-4 .
  • Robert Rosentreter : Armored cruiser Potjomkin. The ship. The riot. The film. Ingo Koch-Verlag, Rostock 2011, ISBN 978-3-86436-012-1 .

Web links

ship

Commons : Knjas Potjomkin Tavritscheski  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

mutiny

Individual evidence

  1. Orlando Figes: Russia. The tragedy of a people. Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-8270-1275-3 , pp. 199f.
  2. Sergei Eisenstein : About me and my films. Henschelverlag, Berlin 1975, p. 69 ff. And caption 7