Coal-Täubling
| Coal-Täubling | ||||||||||||
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Russula anthracina var. Semicrema |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Russula anthracina | ||||||||||||
| Romagn. |
The coal deafening ( Russula anthracina ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . As is customary for the black pigeon, the old pigeon has a brown-black hat. Its flesh blackens if you cut it without turning red and the lamellas usually have a pinkish tint. That is why it is also called the salmon-leaved black-blotch .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 5–10 (–12) cm wide. Young the hat is convex and whitish, but soon the middle deepens and the hat first discolours cream-colored, then blotchy smoky gray and finally black-brown to blackish with age. The hat skin is dry and matt and a quarter peelable. The unrubbed edge remains curved for a long time and is creamy white for a long time and later marbled with brown spots.
The crowded and often forked lamellae are broadly attached to the stem or run down slightly. They are whitish or cream-colored and usually have a pink reflex. When injured, they turn black-brown. The spore powder is white.
The quite short, cylindrical and sometimes tapered stalk is 4–6 (–7) cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide and finely wrinkled. It is colored similar to the hat, initially whitish and black-brown with age. It blackens when touched.
The flesh of the hat is quite thick, firm to hard and blackens very quickly in the cut or in the event of an injury without reddening beforehand. The smell is slightly fruity and the taste in the lamellas is sharp to pungent. The meat of the hat reacts salmon-pink with iron sulfate , gray-green with guaiac and purple-brown with phenol.
Microscopic features
The elliptical spores are 6.5–9 µm long and 5.5–7 µm wide. The fine and rather low warts are connected like a network by thin lines.
The coal-deadening differs from other black-deadening birds by its dark brown, vacuolar pigment, which is arranged like a string of pearls in the blunt, 3–6 (-10) µm wide hyphal end cells.
Species delimitation
The black tarnishing blubber ( Russula albonigra ) is very similar , whose lamellae have no pink reflex and whose flesh tastes bitter like menthol.
ecology
The coal pigeon, like all pigeons, is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiosis with both deciduous and coniferous trees. At least in Germany, spruces are clearly preferred as partners, followed by firs and beeches .
The Kohletäubling can be found in beech and beech coniferous forests on fresh, constantly watered, medium to deep soils. The fungus prefers moderately nutrient-rich, but base-rich and more or less calcareous, sandy-loamy to loamy brown earth soils over lime. Romagnesi specifies wet or boggy mixed deciduous forests in the vicinity of swamp holes as the location for the type and names red beech , field maple and spruce as possible mycorrhizal partners. The fruiting bodies appear between August and October. Colline to montane locations are preferred.
distribution
The coal deaf is a meridional to temperate species and occurs in North America (USA), Japan, North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Europe, it occurs mainly in southern, western and central Europe, but southern Scandinavia is also part of its distribution area. He was also found in Cameroon.
In Germany the fungus is very rare north of the 51st parallel, in southwest Germany it is widespread. In the red list, the species is listed in the hazard category RL3.
Systematics
Inquirerous classification
In the sub-genus Compactae, the coal-deafening is a typical representative of the subsection Nigricantinae , a subsection within the section Compactae . In the subsection, deaflings are grouped together whose flesh turns red, gray or black when injured.
Subspecies and varieties
There are several varieties of the Kohletäubling, which can be determined with the following key (after Bon).
| 1a | The lamellas taste mild and have a salmon pink to brick-colored tone. The spores are up to 11 (12) µm long. | var. insipida |
| 1b | The lamellae taste hot and are pink, cream-colored or whitish in color. The spores are smaller than 10 µm. |
2
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| 2a | The lamellae are distinctly pink (reminiscent of Clitopilus prunulus) | var. carneifolia |
| 2 B | The lamellas are whitish or cream, but not pink. |
3
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| 3a | The hat is blackish and brownish spotted or marbled. The fruiting bodies smell faintly fruity. The ends of cap skin hyphae are more or less thick or short, the limbs measure up to 30 (50) x 6–8 (10) µm. | var. anthracina |
| 3b | The hat is whitish and unchangeable, only the flesh tends to blacken. The odor is insignificant and spores measure 9-10 × 8-8.5 µm and are finely ornamented. The cap skin hyphae are slender and 4 (5) µm wide. | var. semicrema |
Russula anthracina var. Anthracina Romagn.
The type always has a distinct and long-lasting sharp taste. The hat changes color from whitish to dark brown-blackish. The slats are white or cream, but never pink. The spores measure 8-10 × 6.5-8 µm. The warts are up to 0.37 µm high and are partially connected like a network. It prefers moist to boggy deciduous and mixed deciduous forests and likes to be found near water.
Russula anthracina var. Caneifolia Romagn.
The variety has smaller pores (6.7–8.5 × 5–5.7 µm), but also tastes hot. It occurs in the deciduous forest on silicate rock. Its lamellas are distinctly pink in color.
Russula anthracina var insipida Romagn.
This variety is probably more common in Germany than the type. The spore size corresponds to the type, but the warts are clearly more networked and protrude more clearly. They are about 0.5 µm high. There are no laticifers in the stem bark . This Romagnesi found this variant under hazelnut and oak on weakly acidic soil.
Russula anthracina var. Semicrema Bon
The hat does not change color, only the flesh of the hat tends to blacken. Hat skin epicutis only weakly differentiated with narrow hyphae 3–5 µm wide. The spores are finely ornamented. The variety occurs under deciduous trees.
Other related species
In 1992 Sarnari described a form closely related to var. Insipida as Russula atramentosa . He found it in the Mediterranean maquis over lime. The spores are slightly smaller and the warts are no higher than 0.5 µm.
Two related species with dubious species rank are also known from North America, which are possibly only varieties of the coal-deaf. Russula sordida Peck and Russula michiganensis Shaffer.
meaning
The coal deaf mushroom is not an edible mushroom, young and mild forms such as the insipida variety are probably edible to a limited extent.
literature
- Russula anthracina. Partial Russula Database. In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed August 17, 2011 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Russula anthracina. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved August 17, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Russula anthracina. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 7 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved August 17, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
- ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhart (Hrsg.): Pilze Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 268 .
- ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 176 .
- ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 134.
- ^ A b c d e German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- ↑ a b German Russula key ( MS Word ; 197 kB) on the website of the Latvian Mycological Society ( Memento of the original from November 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Russula anthracina. In: Pilzoek database / pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 17, 2011 .
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula anthracina. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula viscida. Retrieved on June 9, 2012 (Täubling very rare!).
- ↑ Jan Holec & Miroslav Beran: Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. (PDF; 404 kB) In: wsl.ch. 2007, accessed September 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Russula anthracina. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 16, 2011 .
- ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis & E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 4. (PDF; 599 kB) Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 104 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, pp. 39–42 , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
- ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN 0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mushrooms and Fungi of Poland Index: R. . In: / grzyby.pl . Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 54 .
- ↑ Varieties of Russula anthracina . In: Russulales News /mtsn.tn.it . Retrieved on September 1, 2011: "Russula anthracina" ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Russula anthracina. In: Partial Russula species database of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center . Retrieved on February 4, 2014 (English, spore drawing and tabular listing of the macro- and microscopic features (based on H. Romagnesis "Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord" )).
- H. Romagnesi: Russula anthracina. Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (1967). In: mycobank.org The Fungal website. Retrieved August 17, 2011 (French).
- Russula anthracina. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin description).
- Photos of Russula anthracina. In: database / fungiworld.com. Retrieved August 17, 2011 .
