Kolyma hydroelectric power station
| Kolyma hydroelectric power station | |||||||||
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| Coordinates | 62 ° 3 '15 " N , 150 ° 24' 30" E | ||||||||
| Data on the structure | |||||||||
| Construction time: | 1970-1994 | ||||||||
| Height of the barrier structure : | 134.5 m | ||||||||
| Building volume: | 10 000 000 m³ | ||||||||
| Crown length: | 683 m | ||||||||
| Crown width: | 15 m | ||||||||
| Power plant output: | 900 MW | ||||||||
| Data on the reservoir | |||||||||
| Altitude (at congestion destination ) | 451.5 m | ||||||||
| Water surface | 441 km² | ||||||||
| Reservoir length | 148 km | ||||||||
| Reservoir width | 6 km | ||||||||
| Storage space | 14.56 km³ | ||||||||
| Catchment area | 61 500 km² | ||||||||
| Design flood : | 20th 900 m³ / s | ||||||||
The Kolyma Hydroelectric Station "JI Refreshed" ( Russian Колымская гидроэлектростанция имени Ю. И. Фриштера / Kolymskaja gidroelektrostanzia imeni Ju. I. Frischtera ) located on the River Kolyma above the urban-type settlement Sinegorye in Jagodninski rayon of the oblast Magadan in Russia . It is the region's most important electricity producer, producing around 95% of the oblast's electricity. The power plant represents the upper stage of the Kolyma cascade and was the only one to be completed in 1994. 177 river kilometers downhill, the construction of the somewhat smaller Ust-Srednekansker hydroelectric power plant began in 1991, the completion of which is planned for 2016. The construction of the Kolyma hydropower plant began under the harsh climatic conditions of the permafrost zone in 1970. It has the highest bulk dam in Russia, and at the same time it is the most powerful hydroelectric power plant with an underground engine room in the country. It is owned by Kolymaenergo , a subsidiary of RusHydro . Since 2010 the power plant has been named after its site manager and first director Juri Iossifowitsch Frischter (1928–2010).
Environmental conditions
The Kolyma hydropower plant is 1854 km from the mouth of the Kolyma River and is located on the site of the Kolyma rapids, which are now flooded by the water of the reservoir . At the height of the hydroelectric power station, the river valley narrows and forms a gorge with steep slopes . Before the construction of the hydropower plant, this area was completely uninhabited and isolated, the next road (the Kolyma route ) leads past it at a distance of about 40 km. The Kolyma is characterized by a strong unevenness of the water flow at the height of the hydroelectric power station. Much of the water flow occurs in summer and autumn in the form of two flood waves: the first when the snowmelts with the peak in June and the second when the summer and autumn rains between August and September. 95 to 97% of the flow falls in the warm season. In winter the flow practically comes to a standstill: the average water runoff during this period drops to 3–5 m³ / s, the smallest observed flow was 0.3 m³ / s. The average annual flow at the level of the hydropower plant is 461 m³ / s, which corresponds to an average volume flow of 14.2 km³ per year. The maximum flood used for the measurement (occurrence once in 10,000 years) is 20,900 m³ / s, the maximum observed discharge is estimated at 12,200 m³ / s. The Kolyma usually freezes at the beginning of October, and the ice breaks in the second half of May. The river is frozen over for 200 to 270 days on average.
The climate is strongly continental , with very cold winters and moderately warm summers. The annual amplitude of the air temperature reaches 98 ° C: the minimum temperature in winter is -62 ° C, the maximum summer temperature is +36 ° C. The heating season lasts 270 days. The average annual rainfall is 449 mm, which is relatively evenly distributed over the year. For the region of the Kolyma hydropower plant, almost constant winds are typical in winter, which cause a high wind chill .
The Kolyma hydropower plant rests on severely broken granite, which is covered with a layer of loose sediments 3 to 20 m thick. Alluvial sediments 2 to 5 m thick lie in the river bed. The surrounding mountains are in a state of permafrost to a depth of 300 m, with the exception of the river bed, where there is continuous frost soil. The region's seismic activity reaches the seventh level on the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Kárník scale .
Construction of the power plant
The Kolyma hydropower plant is designed as a high-performance high-pressure dam. It consists of a stone embankment embankment, an underground engine room with water intake, overflow, production technology complex and closed control unit. The Kolyma hydropower plant has a large number of permanent and temporary underground facilities with a total length of 7.2 km and an excavated volume of 425,000 m³. The installed capacity of the power plants is 900 MW, the guaranteed capacity 224 MW, an average of 3.325 billion kWh of electrical energy is fed into the network every year .
dam
The Kolyma hydropower plant has a stone embankment dam with a core seal . The maximum construction height of the dam is 134.5 m, making it the highest embankment dam in Russia. The dam crest is 683 m long and 15 m wide. The dam consists of an upstream and downstream support body made of granite fill , a core seal made of clay and sand and filters made of sand and gravel , which are stored between the core and the support bodies. In the lower part of the dam there is a temporary dam with a height of 62 m and its own core seal; it was used during the construction phase of the power plant. The volume of the dam is 10 million m³, of which the fill 8 million m³, the core 1.2 million m³ and the filters 0.8 million m³. A reinforced concrete gallery is located at the foundation of the dam. The stone base under the dam is lined with concrete. In addition, a temporary flood relief is installed on the right side of the dam at its base , which was used during the construction of the station and which has now been concreted. The water resistance of the surrounding slopes at the base of the dam was ensured with cement injections to a depth of 60-100 m.
Flood relief
The flood relief of the hydropower plant is surface-guided, lies on the bank to the left of the dam in a rocky depression and borders on the water inlet of the power house, with which it shares a common supply channel. The flow capacity of the flood relief is 11,300 m³ / s. It is made of concrete, has three openings and chutes that end in ski jumps. Each of the three openings of the flood relief has a width of 13 m and is closed with a 21 m high gate. The gate valves are operated with winches with a lifting force of 200 t each; there are two winches per gate valve. The winches are installed in a special room on the bridge. There are also three flat repair slides that are placed in front of the locking slides and that are moved with a gantry crane. The firing channels are separated from each other by pillars and start at different heights, the highest is on the left under number 1. The length of the channels is different, the longest is number 1 at 220 m. The end section of the flood relief is equipped with entrenchments that are at an angle to the chute in such a way that the flow is broken and the water can be led through a catch basin into the river bed, where the kinetic energy is also destroyed.
During the construction of the power plant, a temporary flood relief was installed, which was built on the right bank on the base of the dam. Their total length is 1060 m. It consists of a 300 m long inflow canal, an overflow head in the shape of a tower with four openings, a reinforced concrete pipe with a length of 350 m, a width of 22 m and a height of 29.5 m, a 360 m long curved drainage channel, stilling basin and a Drainage floor made of concrete. The flow capacity of the temporary flood relief is 10,700 m³ / s. It took eight years to build, it devoured 400,000 m³ of concrete (30% of the total concrete consumption in the construction of the hydropower plant), the estimated cost was 80 million rubles at 1984 prices. There are no plans to use temporary flood relief during continuous operation of the power plant , it is currently concreted over. This decision in relation to such a complex and expensive construction is considered by some experts today as a planning error.
Power house
The power plant's generator room is underground and broken out of the rock on the left bank. It has a length of 130 m and a width of 24 m. It consists of a fixed installation and five modular units. Hydropower units with a capacity of 180 MW each are installed in the generator room. Four of them have Kaplan turbines of the type PLD-45-2256W-420 and another works with a Francis turbine of the type RO-868M-W-410. The turbines work with a hydraulic potential of 108 m and drive generators of the type SW 812 / 240-28UHL4. The turbines were manufactured in the Leningrad Metallurgical Plant , the manufacturer of the generators is Sibirelectrotyashmash . The connection between the machine room and the surface is ensured by a transport tunnel with a length of 300 m and an elevator shaft.
The water is led through five pressure tunnels, each 262 m long and 6 m in diameter, from the water inlet to the turbines. The water inlet is on the left bank, near the flood relief. The water inlet connects to the dam and is separated from it by a retaining wall. It is divided into five sections with a width of 18 m, to which the pressure tunnels connect. The water inlet equipment includes flat emergency slides, maintenance slides and water rakes. The emergency slides are driven by hydraulic cylinders. The equipment is housed in a heated building, which also has an indoor crane with a lifting capacity of 200 t. During the temporary operation of the hydropower plant at reduced pressure, a replacement water inlet and the replacement pressure tunnels are used for the first three units. If the replacement inlet is shut down and flooded, the replacement pressure tunnels are closed with concrete plugs.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Когадовский О. А., Фриштер Ю. И. (OA Kogadowskij, JI Frischter): Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. (Hydroenergetics of the Far Northeast) . Energopromisdat, Moscow 1996, ISBN 5-283-01259-X , pp. 42-44
- ↑ a b c d e ОАО "Колымаэнерго" (Kolymaenergo AG): Колымская ГЭС. Общие сведения. (Kolyma hydropower plant, general information) , visited on February 10, 2013.
- ↑ Когадовский О. А., Фриштер Ю. И. (OA Kogadowskij, JI Frischter): Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. (Hydroenergetics of the Far Northeast) . Energopromisdat, Moscow 1996, ISBN 5-283-01259-X , pp. 154-155
- ↑ ОАО «РусГидро» (RusHydro AG): Энергетическое сердце Колымы (The energetic heart of Kolyma) , visited on February 10, 2013.
- ↑ Когадовский О. А., Фриштер Ю. И. (OA Kogadowskij, JI Frischter): Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. (Hydroenergetics of the Far Northeast) . Energopromisdat, Moscow 1996, ISBN 5-283-01259-X , pp. 71-73.
- ↑ Когадовский О. А., Фриштер Ю. И. (OA Kogadowskij, JI Frischter): Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. (Hydroenergetics of the Far Northeast) . Energopromisdat, Moscow 1996, ISBN 5-283-01259-X , pp. 122-124.
- ↑ Когадовский О. А., Фриштер Ю. И. (OA Kogadowskij, JI Frischter): Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. (Hydroenergetics of the Far Northeast) . Energopromisdat, Moscow 1996, ISBN 5-283-01259-X , pp. 109-114
- ↑ Гордон Л. А. (LA Gordon): "Золотая" Колыма: Герои не нашего времени. (The "golden" Kolyma: heroes of earlier times). Aleteja. Saint Petersburg 2010. ISBN 978-5-91419-378-9 , pp. 148-151.
- ↑ Когадовский О. А., Фриштер Ю. И. (OA Kogadowskij, JI Frischter): Гидроэнергетика Крайнего Северо-Востока. (Hydroenergetics of the Far Northeast) . Energopromisdat, Moscow 1996 ISBN 5-283-01259-X , pp. 124-129.