Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame

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Drawing of a Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame
Krauss-Helmholtz frame on a 1:10 model of the 44 series in the Nuremberg Transport Museum
Rear Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame of a TKt48 of the PKP
Krauss-Helmholtz frame as an exhibit in the traditional Staßfurt depot

The Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame is a device used in steam locomotives and also some electric locomotives in the frame construction to improve cornering properties by connecting a radially adjustable running axle with a laterally displaceable drive axle via a drawbar frame . In other words, the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame was called a combination between a swivel and a sliding wheel set. The axles connected via the drawbar lever have the function of a bogie when cornering, so that the wheels of the leading Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame are steered to the outside of the bend, while the bogie with its wheels behind it is steered to the inside of the bend. Return springs are used to reset the axes to the zero position. In order to prevent the wheel flange of the drive axle from sharpening when entering a curve (caused by the drawbar), the drawbar must also be mounted in a springy manner at the pivot point.

Thanks to the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame, the lateral forces when cornering are absorbed in roughly equal parts by the wheel flanges of both axles, which means that the running properties approach those of a bogie and the wear on wheel flanges and rails is reduced. The steering frame is named after the Krauss locomotive factory and its chief designer Richard von Helmholtz , the inventor of the device.

In contrast to the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame , a Bissel frame is connected to only one wheel set, which enables purely radial lateral mobility. The distribution of the guiding forces depends on the respective curve radius.

Because the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame can show its advantages particularly in tight curves, it was initially used in branch, local and narrow-gauge locomotives. One of the first locomotives with the steering frame was the Bavarian D VIII from 1888. The initial sharpening of the wheel flanges was avoided by means of suitable pivot bearing play and return springs. The frame of this tank locomotive was at the rear; in the majority of cases, however, it was arranged at the front or - if the locomotive was to run equally well in both directions - at both ends of the locomotive. In the case of fast-moving locomotives, the smoothness that could be achieved was initially very controversial. The most famous locomotives with leading Krauss-Helmholtz steering frames before 1930 were the kkStB 310 and the BBÖ 214 .

Later, the steering frame was also used in larger and more powerful locomotives such as the standard locomotives of the Deutsche Reichsbahn , especially because the design made it possible to save an additional running axle like the bogie; z. B. with the five-fold coupled series 44 , 45 , 50 and 85 . The Tender -Lokomotiven of series 41 and 45 had only one front Krauss-Helmholtz bogie; the trailing axle was stored in a Bissel frame. The tank locomotives of the 85 series, on the other hand, like some of the 64 and 86 series, had two Krauss-Helmholtz steering racks. Over time, the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame turned out to be the form of axle arrangements with a leading running axle, which had the greatest smoothness. It was only not used where the construction did not allow it to be used, e.g. B. as a trailing axle under the ash pan .

The electric locomotives of the Reichsbahn series E 04 , E 17 , E 18 and E 19 were also equipped with comparable steering racks, called AEG Kleinow racks . Because the drives are equipped with a spring cup drive and the axles were surrounded by a hollow shaft , the steering lever had to be articulated on the outside, a characteristic detail of these locomotives.

Both wheel sets of the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame had lateral deflection or lateral play, which often meant that locomotives equipped with this frame did not have a fixed wheelbase. This shape was ideal for winding routes. A well-known representative of this design is the DR series E 36 for the Freilassing – Berchtesgaden railway line , which, in addition to the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame , was also equipped with a Krauss-Lotter frame . The standard locomotives of the class 84 also had no fixed wheelbase due to the Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt steering racks.

In the case of Swiss electric locomotives, the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame was further developed into the Java frame , in which the driving axle adjusts radially thanks to the Buchli single-axle drive . In the case of the Zara frame , which is widely used in Italy , the leading running axle and the first coupling axle were also supported in a separate frame, which was supported on the running wheel on the springs of the running axle, and on the coupling wheel on the transverse spring of the coupling gear set. This design found a preferred application in many steam locomotives of the FS .

  • Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame of the DR locomotive 52 8079

  • Front part of the steering frame with centering spring

  • Elastically mounted pivot

  • Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame of a 44 in the Bochum Railway Museum

See also

literature

  • Wolfgang Messerschmidt: Locomotive technology in the picture . Steam, diesel and electric locomotives . Motorbuch, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-613-01384-3 , p. 50-52 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Definition of the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame at DBAG
  2. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Messerschmidt, Lokomotiv-Technik im Bild , Motorbuchverlag Stuttgart, 1991, ISBN = 3-613-01384-3, description of the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame
  3. ^ Description of the Krauss-Helmholtz steering frame on a specialist page in the Eisenbahn-Journal
  4. ↑ Dieter Baetzold, Günther Fiebig, Ellok archive , transpress , 5th edition, Berlin 1984
  5. ↑ Report on the functioning of the steering racks ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the DR series 99.23-24 on a website at the Harzquerbahn @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ig-hsb.de
  6. ↑ Swiss website about bogies with a description of the Java frame