Kreuzberg (Kaiserswerth)

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Kreuzberg ( Cruitzburg; top left) in a detail of a map by Willem and Joan Blaeu ( Atlas Maior : Iuliacensis et Montensis Ducatus ; 1645)

Kreuzberg was a historic parish on the right Lower Rhine, which was northeast and near Kaiserswerth . In the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern era, the place was the seat of an important main court in the county and the later Duchy of Berg . In the section of a map by Willem and Joan Blaeu from 1645, the place is marked with the words Cruitzburg . During the siege and conquest of Kaiserswerth in the War of the Spanish Succession , the village was completely destroyed in 1702 and, as there was no reconstruction, it lost its independence as a settlement area. Currently, only the Kaiserswerther Kreuzbergstrasse , which leads east to Kalkum, is still a reference to the former parish.

Main course Kreuzberg

Presumably already at the beginning of the High Middle Ages under the Ezzone there was a court in Kreuzberg, which was responsible for the county district between the Rhine, Ruhr and Wupper, which is called " Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft " by recent research . At the beginning of the High Middle Ages, Kreuzberg can already be proven as the seat of a main and consulatory court. In the middle of the 12th century, Count Hermann von Hardenberg was deputy to the Rhineland Count Palatine Hermann von Stahleck in this Gau. As a district administrator, Hardenberg was also head of the district court. In 1148 he was documented as a judge in Kreuzberg. The court consisted of a count from the knighthood as chairman and seven lay judges appointed for life.

The Counts of Berg were not able to acquire sovereign rights in these northern areas of Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft until the middle of the 12th century and also took over the main court in Kreuzberg. A Bergische management of the court can already be proven for 1212 and from 1288 Bergische officials for the district court, which now functions as Bergisch, can be proven. This was both as a "count's court" for the nobility and as a lay judge for all other residents of the area from the later office of Angermund in the county. As Bergisches main course and blood court north of the Wupper, Kreuzberg was responsible for the Duchy of Berg.

Although Kreuzberg was close to Kaiserswerth, the Bergisch main course was not responsible for the city. When Düsseldorf became a city in 1288, the city received a jury that was only allowed to hear simple crimes. As in 1148, Kreuzberg remained the main court responsible for serious crimes such as theft, manslaughter and rape. However, a Düsseldorf lay judge was now allowed to be present at the court during such negotiations.

In the middle of the 14th century, Kreuzberg was still the main court in the Bergisch Amt Angermund and the higher court instance for the other regional courts there in Mülheim an der Ruhr and Homberg . For example, the lay judges at the court in Mülheim had to consult the Kreuzberg court at that time. In 1371, the city of Düsseldorf received permission from Count Wilhelm II to set up its own gallows in the city. As a result, theft, manslaughter and rape could now also be dealt with by the city court. However, in the case of such crimes, the bailiff von Angermund had to preside over the court hearing.

In 1634, in addition to the main court in Kreuzberg, the district courts in Mülheim, Homberg, Angermund, Mintard and "In der Brüggen" as well as the city court in Ratingen existed in the Angermund office . The Angermund office included the localities and honors Bockum , Ehingen , Einbrungen , Huckingen , Kalkum mit Zeppenheim , Lohausen , Mündelheim , Rath , Rheinheim , Serm , Stockum and Wittlaer , for which the main court in Kreuzberg was responsible. Although the village of Kreuzberg no longer existed after 1702, the main court Kreuzberg still existed. For example, the tax book for the Angermund office was kept by this main court from 1734 to 1735. The end of the main court in Kreuzberg came at the beginning of the 19th century with the end of the Holy Roman Empire , when the feudal system and its judiciary were replaced.

Parish of Kreuzberg

The first chapels in the Kreuzberg area were St. Walburgis and St. Georg, which were built at the end of the 11th century and were subordinate to the monastery in Kaiserswerth. St. Walburgis was later expanded into a parish church, while St. George remained a small chapel. The parish church and the chapel in Kreuzberg belonged to the deanery of Neuss in the 13th century . At this time, the dean of Kaiserswerth continued to claim responsibility for the parishes in Itter near Himmelgeist and in Kreuzberg. An old documentary evidence for the parish of Kreuzberg dates from 1383. In this, the parishes in the office of Angermund are listed with "Bei den Brüggen" (or: In den Brüggen), Homberg, Mülheim and Kreuzberg in the Rhine-Franconian dean's office Neuss.

The parish of Kreuzberg existed until 1702. Considerable damage to the Church of St. Walburgis occurred as early as 1688 during the occupation of Kaiserswerth by French troops. During the siege and bombardment in 1689, the city and imperial palace were badly damaged and the French forced to withdraw. During another siege of Kaiserswerth in 1702, Kreuzberg, including the remains of the church, was completely destroyed by the effects of the war. Neither the place nor the church were rebuilt after the end of this war. The existing corporal and feudal rights were largely taken over by Kaiserswerth. The former church property was leveled and leased as a garden in 1800. After the secularization of the churches at the beginning of the 18th century, the remnants of former church assets on the Lower Rhine were sold by the Prussian government from 1818 onwards. This concerned, for example, Kreuzberg tithe rights, which Kaiserswerth had taken over, and the Kreuzberg churchyard garden mentioned above. The former was sold in 1822 and the latter in 1825.

literature

  • Heribert Houben: The main course Kreuzberg. Studies on the court organization of the Bergisches Land up to the regional reform in the 16th century. In: Edmund Strutz (ed.): Zeitschrift des Bergisches Geschichtsverein , Volume 78, born in 1961, Neustadt an der Aisch 1961, pp. 1–106.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sönke Lorenz : Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 48 .
  2. ↑ a b Binterim, AJ, Mooren, JH In: The Archdiocese of Cologne up to the French state upheaval. III. The Rhine Franconian decanates . 1822, p. [287] 265. Online version
  3. ↑ a b Wisplinghoff, Erich. In: Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century . In: Chapter I. Political history, the judiciary (Kaiserswerth) . 1990, 2nd edition, Schwann 1988 Patmos Verlag, p. 318. ISBN 3-491-34221-X
  4. ↑ a b Albrecht Brendler: In: The development of the Bergisch Office Angermund. University of Bonn, Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Jhg. 63, 1999, p. [145] 131.
  5. ↑ Klaus Grossmann. In: The medieval court organization in Kaiserswerth. University of Bonn, Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . 1995, ed. 59, p. [423] 407.
  6. ↑ Wisplinghoff, Erich. In: Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century . In: Chapter V. Administrative and judicial systems . 1990, 2nd edition, Schwann 1988 Patmos Verlag, p. 258. ISBN 3-491-34221-X
  7. ^ Hengstenberg, Hermann. In: The former Duchy of Berg and its immediate surroundings . 1807, p. [35] 25. Online version
  8. ↑ Honestly, Otto. In: Memorandum for the centenary of the city of Mülheim ad Ruhr . In: Basics of the political history of Mülheim and its surroundings . 1908, p. [29] 17. Online version
  9. ↑ Düsseldorf History Association. In: History of the City of Düsseldorf, commemorative publication for the 600th anniversary . 1888, p. [38] 31. Online version
  10. ^ In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Rent book of the Angermund winery (1634) . 1890, Volume 5, pp. [116] - and [117] 113. Online version
  11. ^ In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. The tax book of the main court Creutzberg in the Amte Angermund from 1734–1735 . 1890, Volume 5, pp. [125] -. Online version
  12. ↑ Wisplinghoff, Erich. In: Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century . In: Chapter III. Church conditions (Kaiserswerth) . 1990, 2nd edition, Schwann 1988 Patmos Verlag, editor: Hugo Weidenhaupt, p. 342. ISBN 3-491-34221-X
  13. ↑ a b Binterim, AJ, Mooren, JH In: The old and new Archdiocese Cologne divided into deaneries or the Archdiocese of Cologne. Note . 1828, Mainz, p. [298] 276. Online version
  14. ↑ Wisplinghoff, Erich. In: Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century . In: Chapter III. Church conditions (Kaiserswerth) . 1990, 2nd edition, Schwann 1988 Patmos Verlag, editor: Hugo Weidenhaupt, p. 343. ISBN 3-491-34221-X
  15. ^ In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Miscelles . 1890, volume 5, p. [165] 161. Online version
  16. ↑ Binterim, AJ, Mooren, JH In: The old and new Archdiocese Cologne divided into deaneries or the Archdiocese of Cologne. VI. Sale of church property . 1828, Mainz, p. [560] 571. Online version

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Deanery Düsseldorf was not formed until 1621 and was separated from Neuss. Proof: Finger, Heinz. In: Reformation and Catholic Reform in the Rhineland . 1996, p. [139] 137. Online version
  2. ↑ The occupation was triggered by a successor dispute for the Archbishop of Cologne between Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg and Joseph Clemens von Bayern . The former was supported by France, which temporarily occupied the Electoral Cologne areas on the left bank of the Rhine and also Kaiserswerth from 1688 to 1689 by French troops.
  3. ↑ In the description of the administrative district of Düsseldorf von Stahl 1817, Kreuzberg was listed under the mayor's office of Kaiserswerth with 82 residents, who, however, belonged to the parish of Kalkum (Chapter: Territorial division of the Regbz. Düsseldorf, p. [15] 7). On the other hand, there was no reference to Kreuzberg in JG Viebahn's statistics on the statistics of the Düsseldorf government district in 1836 (Second Part, Düsseldorf, p. 76).