Duisburg-Kaiserswerther County

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The Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft was an early and high medieval county district on the right Lower Rhine .

Naming

The term "Duisburg-Kaiserwerther County" recent research appoint a the Duchy or Großgau Ripuarien belonging Count District between the Rhine , Ruhr and Wupper whose Earls Court is the latest from the mid-12th century in the dialed today place Kreuzberg east of Kaiserswerth was . The term "Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft" was coined in 1993 by historian Sönke Lorenz , who deliberately set himself apart from the outdated theory of the Gaugrafschaften and instead of the traditional Gau / district names Ruhrgau and pagis Diuspurch (often wrongly with " Duisburggau " instead of "District Duisburg" translated) the two early and high medieval suburbs of this county used:

In the early Middle Ages, Duisburg was the central place on the right bank of the Rhine on the Lower Rhine. Although it was attacked and destroyed by Vikings in 883/4 , it enjoyed a rapid recovery due to its convenient location for trade on the Rhine and at the beginning of the Westphalian Hellweg . This was also reflected in the Duisburg imperial palace , which arose in the 10th century from a royal court that had existed since the middle of the 8th century, which in turn was apparently based on ancient Roman buildings, in which the royal court of the little Franconian king Chlodio is assumed. In the 10th century, Duisburg was twice the scene of larger gatherings. In 929 Heinrich I held an imperial assembly in Duisburg and in 944 Otto the Great summoned the feudal men of Franconia and Lorraine in Duisburg. A total of 17 royal and imperial stays in Duisburg are also documented between 929 and 1129. Around 1000 the Rhine shifted its main stream away from Duisburg. The resulting arm of the Old Rhine remained navigable for a long time, but at the beginning of the High Middle Ages the center of imperial power politics shifted from Duisburg to Kaiserswerth.

Ruins of the Kaiserpfalz in Kaiserswerth

Kaiserswerth arose from the Rinthusen royal court, located on an island in the Rhine ( Werth ) , which the Franconian houseman Pippin the Middle gave to the monk Suitbert at the intercession of his wife Plektrudis . He founded a Benedictine monastery there . At the beginning of the High Middle Ages, Kaiserswerth became the new suburb of the area after the Salian Emperor Heinrich III. In the middle of the 11th century the imperial palace Kaiserswerth was built there, which was replaced by a new Hohenstaufen building in the 12th century under Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa . A large number of royal and imperial stays are also documented for Kaiserswerth.

location

The county bordered in the south on the Deutzgau , which also belongs to Ripuarien , in the west along the Rhine on the Ripuarian Nievenheimer Gau / Neusser Gau and the downstream Gilde- / Keldagau belonging to the Hatturarian county around the former fort Gelduba in Krefeld - Gellep as well in the north and east to the Westfalengau belonging to the tribal duchy of Saxony .

history

After the incorporation of the Rhineland ( Francia R (h) inensis ) into the Frankish Empire by Merovingian King Clovis I at the end of the 5th century and the Frankish divisions of the 6th and 7th centuries, the Rhineland was part of the Frankish Eastern Empire ( Austrasia ) with the Countries / Großgauen Hattuarien ( terra Hattuariorum ) and Ripuarien ( terra Riboariense ) in the border area to the tribal duchy of Saxony . At that time, Hattuaries was still an area to the left and right of the Rhine, to which the lower Ruhr also belonged. At the beginning of the 8th century, this area came under massive Saxon expansion pressure from the east, so that the Franks lost a large part of Hattuaria on the right bank of the Rhine. Although Karl Martell († 741) and Pippin the Younger († 768) were able to prevent the Saxons from advancing further through a series of campaigns, Hattuaries were now divided into a Franconian Hattuaries on the left bank of the Rhine and a Saxon / Westphalian Hatterun on the right bank of the Rhine . The Franconian Ruhrgau, which up to this point belonged to Hattuaries, was then assigned to the Land of Ripuarien at the beginning of the 9th century, which apparently formed a bulwark against the Saxons as a duchy until the division of the empire in 843 ( Treaty of Verdun ). With the division of the empire in 843, the area between the Rhine, Ruhr and Wupper came to the middle empire of Emperor Lothar I ( Lotharii Regnum ), through the division of Prüm in 855 with Lotharingia to his son King Lothar II and in 870 through the Treaty of Meerssen , in the Lotharingien was divided between the West Franconian King Karl the Kahlen and the East Franconian King Ludwig the German , to the East Franconian Empire of Ludwig. From 895 to 900 the area belonged to the lower kingdom of King Zwentibold , from 911 to western France and from 925 permanently to the East Franconian-German Empire.

In the Merovingian and early Carolingian times nothing is known of a county organization in Ripuaria on the right bank of the Rhine, but one can assume that with the introduction of the Carolingian county constitution in the transition from the 8th to the 9th century, but certainly before the above-mentioned Carolingian divisions of the empire County district between the Rhine, Ruhr and Wupper existed, which also included the Ruhrgau. But it wasn't until 904 that Otto, brother of the later King Konrad I († 918), the earliest traditional count in the Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft, here pagis Diuspurch , d. H. (Official) district of Duisburg, called. The Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft was part of a power complex of the Konradines in the Lorraine and Lower Rhine region , because Otto's uncle Gebhard was Duke of Lorraine from 903 until his death in 910 . Otto's brother Eberhard von Franken († 939) owned the county in the Gilde- / Keldagau on the left bank of the Rhine to the Duisburg-Kaiserswerther county . In addition, Konrad was lay abbot in the Kaiserswerth monastery in 904 and 910, and he was his brother Eberhard's successor as count in Gilde- / Keldagau in 910. The Lower Rhine power complex of the Konradines was replaced by the Ezzone in the middle of the 10th century . The Ezzone Erenfried II. († before 970) was in 950 and 956 count in the Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft, previously already count in Zülpichgau (942), in Bonngau (945), in Großgau Hattuarien (947) with its Untergauen Düffelgau (947) , Mühlgau (966) and thus probably also in Gilde- / Keldagau as well as 946/959 Graf in the county of Huy . Erenfried II was followed by his son Hermann I called Pusillus († 996), who was Count Palatine of Lorraine from around 985 . In 970, 992 and 993 he was Graf im Bonngau, 975 and 978 Graf im Eifelgau , 976 Graf in Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft, 991 Graf im Zülpichgau and 996 Graf im Auelgau . According to this, there is a gap in the tradition of the counts in the Duisburg-Kaiserswerth county, but one can assume that the Ezzonian count palatine continued to exercise this rule, especially since the count palatine Ezzo († 1034) was given the royal courts of Duisburg and Kaiserswerth around 1016. In the meantime, Ezzo even considered moving an Ezzonian house monastery and thus also the Ezzonian burial place near Duisburg. The monastery was eventually built in Brauweiler , but Ezzo's consideration alone shows that the Ezzo zones in the area between the Rhine, Ruhr and Wupper must have owned extensive goods and rights of domination.

In 1019 a Count Hermann appears, but he cannot be identical with the Ezzonian Hermann I, although the text of the document was copied from the text of the 976 document. Since the name of the count was added later in the 1019 document, it must have been a count Hermann in office in 1019. Lorenz suspects that this Count Hermann was a representative of Ezzo, as this has been proven analogously for a later appearing Count named Hermann von Hardenberg. Hermann von Hardenberg (documented 1145–1151) is expressly referred to in 1148 as a representative ( uice ) of the Count Palatine at Rhein Hermann von Stahleck . Hermann von Hardenberg also appears in 1145, 1147 and 1150, a. a. as Kaiserswerth city bailiff and deputy of King Konrad III . While Hermann was on the Second Crusade , his brother Nivelung von Hardenberg (documented 1148–1158) acted as a representative in the Duisburg-Kaiserswerther county. So Nivelung appears in 1148 as uice eius fratre suo Niuulungo de Hardenberg . He is also mentioned in a document from the Archbishop of Cologne in 1154 and as Kaiserswerther Vogt in 1158.

With the assassination of Nivelung von Hardenberg, the counts of Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft, acting on an official basis, disappeared. In the following time, the imperial and imperial church property in the area was reorganized. The southern part of the county became part of the developing territory of the Counts of Berg. The parts on the lower Ruhr and in the Niederbergischen came under a Hohenstaufen imperial procuration after the loss of the Palatinate count's position on the Lower Rhine in 1164 (Rheinecker feud) . After the collapse of the Hohenstaufen royal dynasty in 1250, these parts also gradually fell to the Bergisch counts. By the 14th century at the latest, the areas of the former Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft were largely part of the Bergisch territory.

literature

  • Sönke Lorenz: Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 17-48 .
  • Michael Buhlmann: Duisburg, Kaiserswerth and the Ezzonian Count Palatine (in the 1st half of the 11th century) . In: Contributions to the history of Kaiserswerth, issue 5, Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth 2008. ( PDF, 0.7 MB )
  • Michael Buhlmann: Political structure of the Duisburg-Düsseldorf area in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Huckinger Heimatbuch, Volume III, Duisburg 2015, pp. 61–75.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Albrecht Brendler: The development of the Bergisch office Angermund. In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter , Vol. 63, Bonn 1999, p. 129 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Bonn ).
  2. ↑ Axel Kolodziej : Duke Wilhelm I von Berg (1380-1408) , Neustadt an der Aisch 2005, pp. 23, 65 and 159.
  3. ^ Michael Buhlmann: Duisburg, Kaiserswerth and the Ezzonian Count Palatine (in the 1st half of the 11th century) . In: Contributions to the history of Kaiserswerth, volume 5, Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth 2008, p. 8 ff. ( PDF, 709 KB )
  4. ↑ Albrecht Brendler: On the way to the territory. Administrative structure and officials of the Grafschaft Berg 1225-1380 , inaugural dissertation, Bonn 2015, pp. 53, 55, 58, 107, 114 and 205 ( PDF, 3.87 MB ).
  5. ^ Sönke Lorenz: Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 48 .
  6. ↑ Joseph Milz : New findings on the history of Duisburg , In: Duisburger research. Volume 55. Mercator-Verlag, Duisburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-87463-439-7 , p. 16 ff.
  7. ^ Joseph Milz: History of the City of Duisburg. Volume 1 ( From the Beginnings to the End of the Old Kingdom ). Wohlfarth et al., Duisburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-87463-522-6 , p. 19 ff.
  8. ↑ Michael Buhlmann: Political structure of the Duisburg-Düsseldorf area in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Huckinger Heimatbuch, Volume III, Duisburg 2015, pp. 61–75, here p. 66.
  9. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 83, p. 45. ( digitized version ).
  10. ↑ Ulrich Nonn : Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 86 .
  11. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Oediger (arr.): The regests of the archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume 1 (313-1099), Düsseldorf 1978, p. 113, no. 343. ( aliquem locum in Uueinesuualde et in comitatu Eremfridi comitis situm Hupoldesroth dictum )
  12. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica , DD OI, No. 180, p. 262 f., Line 40 ( digitized version ) ( in Crucht et in Calechheim et in Hliurithi in comitatu Irmenfridi )
  13. ^ Sönke Lorenz: Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 24 .
  14. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD OI, No. 89, p. 171 f. ( Digitized version ) ( in villa Mundulingheim in pago Hatteri in comitatu Erenfridi )
  15. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD O II, No. 153, p. 173 ( digitized version ) ( in comitatu videlicet Herimanni comitis sitas )
  16. ^ Sönke Lorenz: Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 24 f .
  17. ↑ Michael Buhlmann: Political structure of the Duisburg-Düsseldorf area in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Huckinger Heimatbuch, Volume III, Duisburg 2015, pp. 61–75, here pp. 70 f.
  18. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD H II, No. 415, p. 530 ( digitized version ) ( in comitatu videlicet Hermanni comitis sitas ).
  19. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD H II, No. 415, p. 530 ( digitized version ) (see editor's commentary).
  20. ^ Sönke Lorenz: Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 25, note 65 .
  21. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 364, p. 250 ( digitized version ) ( comite Herimanno de Hardenberg ).
  22. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD K III, No. 135, p. 245 ( digitized version ) ( Hermannus comes des Hardenberch )
  23. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD K III, No. 136, p. 247 ( digitized version ) ( comes Herimannus de Hardenberg eiusdem loci advocatus )
  24. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 358, p. 245 ( digitized version ) ( misso tunc temporis comite Herimanno ).
  25. ↑ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (Ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 368, p. 253 ( digitized version ) ( per manum Herimanni comitis de Hardenberg ).
  26. ↑ William Crecelius : traditiones Werdinenses. Second part. In: Journal of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein , Volume 7, Bonn 1871, pp. 27 f., No. 133. ( digitized version )
  27. ^ Sönke Lorenz: Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 41 f .
  28. ↑ William Crecelius: traditiones Werdinenses. Second part. In: Journal of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein, Volume 7, Bonn 1871, p. 27, No. 132. ( digitized version )
  29. ^ Richard Knipping (arr.): The Regests of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages . Volume 2 (1100-1205), Bonn 1901, p. 96, no. 572 ( digitized version of the Internet Archive ) ( Nivelungo de Hardenperch ).
  30. ^ Heinrich Kelleter (arr.): Stift Kaiserswerth. In: Document books of the spiritual foundations of the Lower Rhine, Bonn 1904, No. 14, p. 23 ( digitized version of the Internet Archive ) ( laicis: Nivelungo advocato nostro ).
  31. ↑ Michael Buhlmann: Political structure of the Duisburg-Düsseldorf area in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Huckinger Heimatbuch, Volume III, Duisburg 2015, pp. 61–75, here pp. 71 ff.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Gerstner and Lewald incorrectly locate the 950 mention of Hubbelrath (and thus also the county of Erenfried II.) "In the southern Ruhr or Keldachgau" (Ruth Gerstner: The history of the Lorraine and Rhenish Count Palatine from their beginnings to the formation of the Palatinate Kurterritoriums. In: Rheinisches Archiv, No. 40, Bonn 1941; Ursula Lewald: Die Ezzonen. The fate of a Rhenish princely family . In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter, Vol. 43, Bonn 1979, pp. 120-168, here: p. 121). Kluger, on the other hand, clearly locates Hubbelrath in the “political administrative district” of Duisburg, “which formed a county that included the old Ruhrgau,” and sees the Gilde- / Keldagau as part of Hattuaria (Helmuth Kluger: Propter claritatem generis . In: Hanna Vollrath , Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in Church and Empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday . Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 1993, pp. 223-258, here p. 230).