Gildegau

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The Gildegau (also Gellepgau or Keldagau (but overtaken Keldachgau or Keldaggau )) was an early medieval district on the left Lower Rhine .

Naming

The name of the Gilde- / Keldagau is derived from the Roman fort Gelduba near Krefeld - Gellep . As part of the Lower Germanic Limes, the Gelduba fort secured a Rhine crossing that had been in use since prehistoric times. Archaeological finds show that the castle was taken over by the Franks after the Romans left and that it was inhabited until the early 8th century (see, for example, the finds from the grave of the Merovingian prince Arpvar ).

The replacement of the initial G in Gildegau by the Upper German K in Keldagau is apparently due to the Swabian Chancellor Ernustus.

Documentary evidence

The first documentary mention of the Gilde- / Keldagaus comes from the so-called testament of Adela von Pfalzel from the year 732/33, which is only available in an interpolated version from the beginning of the 11th century. It contains a donation sitas in pago que dicitur Gildegavia . While Wirtz equated this Gildegau with the Kelda (ch) gau of the documents mentioned below as early as 1913/14, Wampach (1930) and Levison (1948) spoke out against this agreement. The most recent research, however, follows Wirtz, so Ewig (1954), Rotthoff (1974) and Nonn (1983). However, these contradict the equation of Gildegau and Gillgau postulated by Wirtz .

The next chronological mention of the Gilde- / Keldagaus comes from the year 904. In a document from Ludwig the Child , various goods in comitatibus Ottonis et Eburharti in pagis Diuspurch et Keldaggouwe sita are assigned to the Kaiserswerth monastery . Including goods in Kaiserswerth , Kierst , Ilverich , Gellep, Himmelgeist , Mettmann , Neurath and Herisceithe . While Kierst, Ilverich and Gellep undoubtedly belonged to the Gilde- / Keldagau, the location of the places Himmelgeist, Mettmann, Neurath and Herisceithe, which are located far away from Duisburg, was long disputed. In the past, this led to the false assumption that the Keldagau also included areas on the right bank of the Rhine, although Mooren recognized the area around Gellep in the “Keldachgau” as early as 1861. In fact, however, the above-mentioned places on the right bank of the Rhine belonged to a large, right bank district belonging to Ripuarien , which is called pagis Diuspurch in the 904 document . The associated count's court was settled in Kreuzberg, east of Kaiserswerth, which was lost at the beginning of the 18th century . More recent research has coined the term “ Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft ” for this county district on the right bank of the Rhine .

Another document from Ludwig the Child from the year 910 contains the third and last surviving document for the Gilde- / Keldagau, this time in a Latinized form (in pago Keldocense) .

location

The Gilde- / Keldagau was west of the Rhine with Gelduba as the eponymous capital. The Mühlgau joined to the west, the Nievenheim Gau to the south and the Düffelgau to the north . Gilde- / Keldagau, Mühlgau and Düffelgau together formed the Franconian county and Großgau Hattuarien , which is also mentioned in the Treaty of Meerssen (870) ( Hattuarias ).

Thus the Hatsuarian Gilde- / Keldagau bordered the Großgau Ripuarien in the south as well as in the east, namely in the south on the Ripuarian Nievenheimer / Neusser Gau and in the east, along the Rhine, on the Ripuarian Ruhrgau or the Pagus Diuspurch (Duisburg- Kaiserswerther Grafschaft).

Count

The two counts in Gilde- / Keldagau that are definitely documented were:

Another person is believed to have been a count in Gilde- / Keldagau:

  • Erenfried II. (Documented 942–966, † before 970), 942 Graf im Zülpichgau , 945 Graf im Bonngau, 947 Graf im Großgau Hattuarien with its Untergauen Düffelgau (947), Mühlgau (966) and therefore probably also in the third Untergau, the Gilde- / Keldagau, 950 and 956 Graf in Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft, 946/959 Graf in Grafschaft Huy ( Ezzonen )

Various other Gilde / Keldagau counts from the Ezzonen family are not documented in the literature. For example in Gewin (1962):

  • Erenfried I., according to Gewin documented 866 to 904 and ancestor of the Ezzonen, is referred to by Gewin as Graf im Keldachgau on the basis of a diploma from Otto I of April 21, 956, in which Otto I confirms an older donation to the Gandersheim monastery. Erenfrieds I. Grafschaftsrechte in Keldachgau he derives from the text passage in Cruft et in Calechheim et in Hliurithi in comitatu Irmenfridi , because he assumed Kalkum in a "Keldachgau" on the right bank of the Rhine and for him the people Erenfried and Irmenfridi were identical.
  • Everhard I., according to Gewin documented from 904 to 937 and Erenfried's son, was also listed by Gewin as a count in the "Keldachgau" with reference to the year 904. Profit obviously relates to the above. Document of Ludwig the child and the Count Ebuhart mentioned therein .

Kluger (1993) rejected these and other interpretations of Gewins and described them as "blooming imaginations which unfortunately found followers." According to Kluger, Erenfried I, who was married to an Adelgunde, was the 888 count in Bliesgau and possibly 895 count in pago Scarmis ( Gau and Grafschaft Charpeigne) was not a Graf in Gilde- / Keldagau. Nor is his alleged son Everhard I, who, according to Kluger, is not to be counted among the Ezzone , but rather with the Konradiner clan (see above Eberhard von Franken).

literature

  • Guido Rotthoff: Gildegavia - Keldaggouue - Gellepgau . In: Renate Pirling (ed.): The Roman-Franconian grave field of Krefeld-Gellep 1960–1963 , Berlin 1974, pp. 215–223.
  • Guido Rotthoff: Studies on medieval history in the Krefeld area . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 41.Bonn 1977, p. 1-39 .
  • Ulrich Nonn : Pagus and Comitatus in Lower Lorraine . In: Bonn historical research . tape 49 . Bonn 1983, p. 78-82 .
  • Guido Rotthoff: Pros and Cons of Gellepgau . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 54.Bonn 1990, p. 251-254 .

Individual evidence

  1. Eugen Ewig: The Civitas Ubiorum, the Franca Rinensis and the land of Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter , vol. 19, Bonn 1954, p. 17 f., Note 14.
  2. Guido Rotthoff: Gildegavia - Keldaggouue - Gellepgau . In: Renate Pirling (ed.): The Roman-Franconian grave field of Krefeld-Gellep 1960–1963 , Berlin 1974, pp. 215–223.
  3. Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 79 f .
  4. Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 78, note 222 .
  5. Ludwig Wirtz: Studies on the history of Rhenish districts . In: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch . No. 26 . Düsseldorf, S. 65–238, here p. 65 ff . (1913/14).
  6. Camillus Wampach: History of the manorial rule Echternach in the early Middle Ages . Volume I / 2 (source volume). Luxembourg 1930, p. 25, note 28 .
  7. ^ Wilhelm Levison: The meaning of the Rhenish millennium 925–1925 . In: From early Rhenish and Franconian times . Düsseldorf 1948, p. 182, note 1 .
  8. Eugen Ewig: The Civitas Ubiorum, the Franca Rinensis and the land of Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter , vol. 19, Bonn 1954, p. 17 f., Note 14.
  9. Guido Rotthoff: Gildegavia - Keldaggouue - Gellepgau . In: Renate Pirling (ed.): The Roman-Franconian grave field of Krefeld-Gellep 1960–1963 , Berlin 1974, pp. 215–223.
  10. Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 78 f .
  11. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 83, p. 45. ( digitized version ).
  12. Guido Rotthoff: Studies on medieval history in the Krefeld area . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 41.Bonn 1977, p. 9 .
  13. Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 80 f .
  14. ^ Sönke Lorenz : Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 48 .
  15. ^ Michael Buhlmann: Duisburg, Kaiserswerth and the Ezzonian Count Palatine (in the 1st half of the 11th century) . In: Contributions to the history of Kaiserswerth, issue 5, Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth 2008, p. 8 ff. ( PDF, 0.7 MB )
  16. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 85, p. 46 f. ( Digitized version ).
  17. Ulrich Nonn : Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 81 .
  18. Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 74-89 .
  19. Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Capit. II, p. 194 ( digitized version ).
  20. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 83, p. 45. ( digitized version ).
  21. Helmuth Kluger: Propter claritatem generis . In: Hanna Vollrath, Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in church and empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday . Köln, Weimar, Wien 1993, pp. 223–258, here p. 232, note 58.
  22. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 85, p. 46 f. ( Digitized version ).
  23. Helmuth Kluger: Propter claritatem generis . In: Hanna Vollrath , Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in church and empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday . Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 1993, pp. 223-258, here p. 229 f.
  24. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, DD OI, No. 180, p. 263 ( digitized version ).
  25. JPJ Gewin: The Origin of the Counts of Limburg Stirum. The Count Palatine of Lorraine. The Counts of Berg and their Progenitur up to the beginning of the 13th century. In: Geschiedenis der Graven van Limburg Stirum , Part I / 2, Assen and Münster 1962, p. 18 and family table at the end of the book.
  26. JPJ Gewin: The Origin of the Counts of Limburg Stirum. The Count Palatine of Lorraine. The Counts of Berg and their Progenitur up to the beginning of the 13th century. In: Geschiedenis der Graven van Limburg Stirum , part I / 2, Assen and Münster 1962, p. 9, panel B and family tree at the end of the book.
  27. Helmuth Kluger: Propter claritatem generis . In: Hanna Vollrath, Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in church and empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday . Köln, Weimar, Wien 1993, pp. 223-258, here pp. 231 ff.

Remarks

  1. The form of the name Keldaggouwe , which appeared in 904, led in the past to the Gau being incorrectly called Keldachgau instead of Keldagau. In fact, the doubling of the gutturalis can be explained by the composition with -gouwe . (Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonner Historische Forschungen . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 79 f . )
  2. Note: After the Saxon incursions into the Franconian Lower Rhine area in the course of the 8th century, in the 8th and 9th centuries there was also a Saxon part of Hattuaria on the right bank of the Rhine in addition to the Franconian Hattuaries on the left bank of the Rhine. This is reflected in various place names and narrative sources. (Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonner Historische Forschungen . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 76 f . )
  3. Otto, count in the Duisburg district, also named in the 904 document, was another brother of Eberhard and Konrad I (Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonner Historische Forschungen . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 86 . )
  4. Gerstner and Lewald incorrectly locate the 950 mention of Hubbelrath (and thus also the county of Erenfried II.) "In the southern Ruhr or Keldachgau" (Ruth Gerstner: The history of the Lorraine and Rhenish Count Palatine from their beginnings to the formation of the Palatinate Kurterritoriums. In: Rheinisches Archiv, No. 40, Bonn 1941; Ursula Lewald: Die Ezzonen. The fate of a Rhenish princely family . In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter, Vol. 43, Bonn 1979, pp. 120-168, here: p. 121). Kluger, on the other hand, clearly locates Hubbelrath in the “political administrative district” of Duisburg, “which formed a county that included the old Ruhrgau,” and sees the Gilde- / Keldagau as part of Hattuaria (Helmuth Kluger: Propter claritatem generis . In: Hanna Vollrath , Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in Church and Empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday . Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 1993, pp. 223-258, here p. 230).