Ripuars

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Ducatus Ribuariorum as part of the Duchy of Lower Lorraine

Ripuarien (also Ribuarien ) was a Merovingian - Carolingian territory in the early Middle Ages . The area, which in historical sources appears as land ( terra ), province ( provincia ), duchy ( ducatus ), (Groß) Gau ( pagus ) and county ( comitatus ), extended in the south to the Moselle and the Ardennes , in the west to the Meuse and the coal forest , in the north to the Waal , to the east it bordered on the tribal duchy of Saxony .

history

Ripuaria as the empire of the Rhine Franconia

Statue of Sigibert von Ripuarien at the Cologne town hall tower

Ripuarien, the francia rinensis , was the settlement area of ​​part of the Rhine Franks , which were called Ripuarian Franks or Ripuarier ( river bank inhabitants ) and formed their own tribe. The core area was the area around Cologne, the civitas Agrippinensium . The center was Cologne, since 459/461 finally in Franconian possession. The Cologne Praetorium , the seat of the former governor, was the residence of the Ripuarian king.

According to Gregory of Tours , Sigibert was king of the Rhine Franks at the end of the 5th century . The first king, Sigibert's father, was an officer in the service of the Romans , a federate that established its own rule after the retreat of the Romans. In 508/509, King Clovis I of the Merovingian family is said to have instigated Sigibert's son Chloderich to kill his father, who fought on Clovis's side in the Battle of Zülpich in 496 . Then he had Chloderich murdered. After Clovis had himself proclaimed king by the Rhine-Franconian greats in Cologne, the Rhine-Franconian Empire was incorporated into the Merovingian Empire.

Franconian Duchy of Ripuaria

After Clovis's death in 511, his son Theuderich I inherited the eastern part of the empire, called Austrasia or Austria, whose core was Ripuaria. Theuderich I resided in Reims . Cologne remained a royal residence and had a special position as a bishopric.

A duchy of Ripuaria is mentioned by name for the first time in the Lex Ripuaria , a code of law compiled in Latin in the 7th century, partly from older legal texts, which was mainly edited in the time of King Dagobert . Ripuarien is referred to as a province ( provincia ), Gau ( pagus ), but also as a duchy ( ducatus ). Ripuarien was therefore divided into county counties, which were presided over by counts with military and judicial power on behalf of the king. Within the Gaue, which were subdivided into hundreds ( centenae ), there were special royal districts as crown property , royal forests and Villikationsverband , called fisci , which were administered by domestici . The Lex Ripuaria names duke ( dux ), patrician ( patricio ), count ( comites, grafiones ) and centurion ( centenarius / centurius ) as judges . In the series of offices ( optimatis , maior domus , domesticus , comes , grafio , cancellarius ), however, the duke is missing.

The Lex Ripuaria was a codification of the traditional law of the Ripuarians, who thereby secured the continuation of their own Rhine-Franconian law. After Eternal, with the Lex Ripuaria, the Ripuarians were incorporated into the Merovingian imperial culture.

The Lex Ripuaria was updated under the Carolingians. In 803, with the Incipit nova legis constitutio Karoli imperatoris, qua in lege Ribuaria mittenda est of the Aachen Reichstag with the participation of Charlemagne, an extensive chapter (chapter) was added.

In documents from the late Merovingian and Carolingian times, Ripuarien appears as land ( terra ), Gau ( pagus ) and duchy ( ducatus ). In narrative works, such as the Liber Historiae Francorum written around 726/727 and the Vita of St. Gertrude (around 760), Ripuarien terra ribuariensis is mentioned, whereas in a deed of donation from King Pippin from 762 pagus riboariensis . This is followed by mentions of Ripuarina as a duchy. For example in 819 as part of a donation to the Werden Abbey in the Ruhrgau ( in pago ruricgoa in ducato ripuariorum ). Likewise in a deed of gift from Louis the Pious , the son of Charlemagne , from the year 836, in which the Duchy of Ripuarien is specified as the location of the place Wissersheim ( quas in ducato ribuariensae. Id est in uilla quae dicitur uuistrikisheim ). In addition, the Duchy of Ripuarien ( ducatus ribuariorum ) appears in the annals of St. Bertin , which tell of a division of the empire carried out by Louis the Pious in 839.

While the Duchy of Ripuaria is documented by a number of written sources, the names of the dukes of this Duchy are not known. However, 782 was a Theodericus comes (782-93) leader of a Ripuarian contingent in the Saxon Wars of Charlemagne . According to Hlawitschka , he was related to Bertrada the Younger , the mother of Charlemagne . Theodoric appears in the sources only as comes , but according to Ewig he may have been “a grand count in the position of dux ”, so that at the end of the 9th century the poeta Saxo called both comes and dux . In addition, the older literature reports of a Hermann I, who appears from 944 as a military count, "soon to be called Dux, soon Comes".

Governor (on behalf of the king) was the Count Palatinate (Palatinus Rheni Comes). In 1129 a Wilhelmus Comes Palatinus (de Ripuaria) is a witness in a document from Emperor Lothar III. called.

After the death of Louis the Pious there was a division of the empire among his sons in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . Emperor Lothar I received the Middle Kingdom, the Lotharii Regnum , to which the left bank of the Ripuariens also belonged. It has always been assumed that the Duchy of Ripuaria was dissolved at this point in time because the boundaries of the part of the empire cut the Duchy in two halves. Also Nonn is the resolution of the duchy Ripuarien made at that time.

Land and Großgau Ripuarien after the dissolution of the Franconian duchy

In the 855 that followed, by the meanwhile seriously ill Lothar I among his sons, the division of the kingdom of Prüm , Lothar II received the part of the kingdom named after him, Lotharingien . Ripuarien was no longer referred to as a duchy ( ducatus ), but as a Gau ( pagus ripuariensis ), such as B. in a document of January 17, 866, in which the church in Bachem was located in pago Riboariense . After Lothar's death, Lotharingia was divided in the Treaty of Meerssen in 870 . During the division, u. a. the diocese of Cologne with Ripuarien, which had five counties on the left bank of the Rhine ( in ribuarias comitatus quinque ) and hattuaries as well as the imperial estate district of Aachen to the east of France of Louis the German . In addition to the comitates, the Meerssen partition agreement lists two special districts, one of which is referred to as districtum aquense . According to Nonn, the district was a demarcated special district that had been taken out of the county and included the Aachen market immunity including the settlement and the free people living in it and the customs district. He was under a royal official, a comes , who surely had the same sovereign rights in his district as the counts in their counties. In 928 the East Frankish King Heinrich I converted Lotharingia to the Duchy of Lorraine . The Duchy of Lorraine was put on an equal footing with the other duchies of the East Franconian Empire and together with them formed the East Franconian Empire. Under King Otto I , his brother, Archbishop Brun of Cologne , became Duke of Lorraine in 953. This divided the duchy in 959 into two administrative districts, the southern Upper and northern Lower Lorraine including Ripuarien.

From the end of the 10th century, the count's rights over the Gaue Ripuariens were often associated with the Lorraine Count Palatinate . Prominent representatives of these powerful Count Palatine were the Ezzone Hermann I and Ezzo . Hermann I. Count Palatine since 985, was Count in Ripuarien in Bonngau, Eifelgau, Ruhrgau, Zülpichgau and Auelgau. He oversaw the forest counties ( comitatus nemoris ), to which all the great royal forests belonged, and was responsible for protecting the major roads, several of which ran through Ripuarien. Hermann's son Ezzo (Erenfried), count palatine from 1020, was count in Auelgau and Bonngau, but he also had counties outside Ripuariens. The last count palatine from the house of the Ezzonen, Hermann's grandson Heinrich II. And his son Hermann II. Turned to their family property in the Moselle area around the castle of Cochem , even if Hermann Graf was in Auelgau, in Zülpichgau and Ruhrgau / Duisburg Gau. Hermann's widow married Heinrich II von Laach in 1085 , to whom King Heinrich IV entrusted the office of Count Palatine. Heinrich von Laach called himself "Count Palatine near Rhine" and thus documented the shift of the Palatinate from the Lower Rhine to the south.

After the dissolution of the Duchy in 843, the Gaue Ripuariens remained as counties in which counts, such as B. in many cases the Count Palatinate, who officiated on behalf of the King, but Ripuarien was no longer a coherent area of ​​rule or office. This is also reflected in the written sources of that time. The pagus ripuariensis is mentioned a few times in documents from the 9th century and in the narrative sources . However, places are now increasingly localized solely by specifying the Gaugrafschaft (without specifying the Großgau Ripuarien). For example in a document dated December 20, 866, in which Lothar II records Bachem's membership in the Kölngau ( in pago coloniensi in uilla bacheim ). This trend continued in the 10th century, for example in a document from 941 in which Bocklemünd in the Kölngau is located ( in pago coloniensi in loco qui dicitur bugchelmunti ). Ripuariens, on the other hand, is now only mentioned as pagus or terra . For example, the formula in pago ripuariensis appears in some documents , which was taken from old templates in the registry lists . If the name is used without any additional additions, it is difficult to decide whether the country Ripuarien is meant as a landscape unit or as an administrative district. For example, in the world chronicle of Regino von Prüm from the beginning of the 10th century, it is reported that the Normans invaded the Ribuariergau ( Ribuariorum pagum ) in 892 and devastated it. In this case it will be the land of Ripuaries.

After the 10th century, the name Ripuarien disappeared from documented sources, but the name was retained in oral tradition.

Staufer re-creation of the duchy

In the middle of the 12th century, the Duchy of Ripuarien experienced a revival when in 1151 the Archbishop of Cologne Arnold von Wied was given by King Conrad III. ducal rights ( ducatus regalibus ) were transferred, which also applied to his successors. This Rhenish-Ripuarian ducal dignity, a Staufer new creation, corresponded to the borders of the diocese, as can be seen in a document from Archbishop Philipp von Heinsberg , who gave the Kamp monastery an island on the Rhine between Rees and Wissel on the borders of the diocese and duchy in 1188 . These new ducal rights, whose task was to secure the peace , included the right of fortification and the right of escort . The archbishops used the new ducal dignity in the 12th and 13th centuries to further expand their sovereignty. By acquiring large land complexes such as the county of Hochstaden , building or acquiring castles, founding cities and city fortifications, a coherent territory was to be created and the expansion to a duchy advanced. The Limburg succession dispute brought the decline of the ducal power . The city of Cologne and the counts and dukes of the adjacent territories allied themselves against Archbishop Siegfried von Westerburg , who suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Worringen in 1288 . His successors succeeded in rounding off the dismembered area of ​​the archbishopric through acquisitions on the Lower Rhine and in Westphalia in some places, but not in transferring the ducal power to their territory, creating a "Cologne Duchy" and a connection with the Cologne archbishops 1180 transferred Duchy of Westphalia to establish.

structure

Riparian districts / counties

The country of Ripuarien was divided into 8 counties of different sizes, which are also called Gaue. The terms Gau ( pagus ) for a county and county ( comitatus ) were often used synonymously. Gaue and Grafschaft were not fixed districts. They were able to enlarge through increased regional development and increasing settlement, and new Untergaue could arise within a county. They were called Gaue, but were not political districts. It was also possible to merge several districts and counties or to change names.

Ewig has identified the 5 counties named in the Treaty of Meerssen, as well as three others in the right bank of the Rhine in Ripuaria. On the left bank of the Rhine there were Kölngau , Bonngau , Jülichgau , Zülpichgau , Eifelgau , on the right bank of the Rhine were Ruhrgau , Deutzgau and Auelgau .

Kölngau, including Nievenheimer Gau, Kützgau, Gillgau

The Kölngau, which is only mentioned in 864, is already documented by a count ( comes ) Emundus, who appears in 825 as a messenger ( missus ) of Ludwig the Pious and in 844 confirmed a donation to the St. Martin monastery in Cologne.

Three administrative units emerged in the Kölngau, the Nievenheimer Gau , the Kützgau and the Gillgau . The Nievenheimergau is attested in 796, when priest Ludger donated land on the Erft in Nievenheimergau to the Abbey ( in pago niuanheim in ripa fluuii arnapea ). In a donation from King Swentibold to the Essen Abbey in 898, the location of the places in the Kützgau and the Kölngau is given ( in pago cuzzihgeuue et in coloniensi ), and for Andermahr evidence of an Untergau of the Kölngau. The Gillgau is documented as a county in 962, when the Archbishop of Cologne, Brun, gave the Cäcilienstift in Cologne a Fronhof zu Stommeln with a church and other accessories ( in pago Gelegoui in comitatu Gotfridi comitis in uilla uel marcka Stumbele ). The name Gillgau, in which large areas of the Kölngau were absorbed, carried over to the Kölngau after the count's rights in the city of Cologne had passed to the archbishop and the counts had left the city of Cologne in the course of the 10th century.

Bonngau / Ahrgau

Like the other counties, the Bonngau is referred to as a Gau as well as a county, as in 722/23 a location in the Bonngau ( in pago bonnensi ) in the county ( in pago ribuariense in comitatu bonnense ). The Bonngau and the Ahrgau ( Arachgouue ) named in 769 were originally two districts that existed next to each other and were administered jointly by a count as early as the 9th century. Between Bonngau and Ahrgau were two small-scale districts, the Odangau and the Swistgau. They were not separate political districts and were co-administered by the Count of Bonngau. It is not possible to decide where the Odangau, which was only occupied in 830 and 840, belonged, as it encroached on both the Bonngau and the Ahrgau. The Swistgau is mentioned in Lorsch documents in 771 and in 853 in the donation of a farm in Meckenheim to the Cassius Foundation in Bonn ( in pago tustense in villa aut marca mechedenheim ).

Jülichgau

The Jülichgau is documented as a county by a donation from Emperor Lothar I to the chapel in Güsten 846 ( in pago ribuariensi in comitatu juliacensi capellam nostri que est dicata in honore beate justine ). The change of the names in the documents, 846 in comitatu juliacensi , 867 in comitatu juliacense , 871 in pago juliacense shows the synonymous use of pagus and comitatus .

Zülpichgau

The Zülpichgau is already occupied in 699 in an Echternach donation ( in pago tulpiacensi ). Lothar II's documents of 856 ( hoc est in comitatu tulpiacensi ) and 867 ( in pago tulpiacensi ) also show the synonymic use of county and district.

Eifelgau

The Eifelgau is attested in 762 as a Gau ( in pago ), 855 as a county ( in pago efflinsi in comitatu matfridis ). From 943 the Eifelgau was co-administered by the Count of Zülpichgau ( in pago heflinse in comitatu scilicet tulpiacensi ).

Ruhrgau / Pagus Diuspurch / Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft

The Ruhrgau originally belonged to the Hattuarias neighboring Ripuarien, which after the invasion of Saxony in 715 and the reconquest in 718 split up into a Saxon and a Franconian part. The subdivision of the Franconian Hattuariens was changed at the latest by the time of Charlemagne and the Ruhrgau was occupied in 811 with a donation of arable land to the Werden monastery in pago Ruracgauue , and the Duisburg district was turned into riparians . The Ruhrgau, a county that stretched from the Ruhr to the Wupper, and the Duisburg district became a unit after Nonn, which was referred to as a county in 904, when King Ludwig gave the child away goods for a canon who was trying out two counties locations ( in comitatibus Ottonis et Eburhartis in pagis Diuspurch et Keldahgouue ). The county comprised the entire area including the Ruhrgau. According to Nonn, the name change from Ruhrgau to pagus Diuspurch is explained by the growing importance of the imperial city of Duisburg since the 10th century, which once again experienced an economic boom after the Normans invaded in 883/884.

Recent research has given this district, located between the Rhine, Ruhr and Wupper regions, the name “ Duisburg-Kaiserswerther Grafschaft ”.

Deutzgau

There is a written gap in the tradition of the Deutzgau. It is first mentioned in a document in 1015 ( in pago tucinchoue et in comitatu Ottonis ).

Auelgau

The Auelgau is named in 842 when it was donated to the Cassius Foundation in Bonn ( in pago auelgawe ) as a Gau, in 948 as a county ( in villa qui est dicitue pleisa in pago auelgauense in comitatu herimanni comitis ).

It is not yet clear how small-scale districts developed within the Gaue, which were called Gaue, but did not develop into county districts. Nonn and Ewig assume that they emerged from hundreds. Andermahr also considers the emergence of the Nievenheim Gaus, mentioned in the years 796 to 817, which comprised only a small area, was made up of a hundred ( centena ) of the Kölngau and the later large Gillgau. He also considers the emergence of new districts from special districts of royal villages to be possible, as he shows using the example of the Kölngau. Then the Gillgau emerged from former crown estate districts.

Großgrafschaft or Großgau Ripuarien

Binterim describes in the history of the Archdiocese of Cologne a. a. the deaneries in the Rhenish part of the archbishopric, which largely coincided with the districts or counties of Ripuaria. From the duchy he differentiates the county of Ripuarien ( Comitatus Ripuariensis ), which was also called Ripuariergau ( Pagus Ripuariensis ). The Ahrgau, the Kölngau, the Nievenheimer Gau (Neusser Gau), the Jülichgau, the Zülpichgau and the Eifelgau are counted as part of this Grand Counties. Several count offices were exercised by one count. Its distinction only applies to the period after the dissolution of the Duchy in 843 until the Treaty of Meerssen in 870. After that, the counties on the right bank of the Rhine in Ripuaria also belonged to the Grand Counties.

literature

  • Gottfried Eckertz: The extension of the Franconian Ripuarland on the left bank of the Rhine . In: Annual report on the condition of the Royal Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Cologne during the school year 1853–54 . Cologne 1854. ( Google books )
  • Gottfried Eckertz: The Franconian Ripuarland on the left bank of the Rhine . In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine . 1st year. Cologne 1855, p. 19-46 . ( Digitized version )
  • Eugen Ewig: The Civitas Ubiorum, the Franca Rinensis and the Land of Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter . Born 19. Bonn 1954, p. 1-29 .
  • Christoph Jacob Kremer: The Ripuarian Province . In: Acta Academiae Theodoro-Palatinae . Volume IV. Mannheim 1778, p. 178-189 . ( Google books )
  • Ulrich Nonn : Pagus and Comitatus in Lower Lorraine . In: Bonn historical research . tape 49 . Bonn 1983, p. 164-189 (on ribuaries) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Anton Joseph Binterim , Joseph Hubert Mooren : The old and new Archdiocese of Cologne divided into deaneries or the Archdiocese of Cologne with the monasteries, deaneries, parishes and vicarages, together with their income and collators as it was: with a chart of the deaneries and parishes. First epoch, Mainz 1828, p. 16 ( Google books ).
  2. ↑ Edwin Mayer Homber: The Frankish people's rights in the Middle Ages . Volume I (The Franconian People's Rights and Imperial Law). Weimar 1912, p. 1 ff . ( Digitized version )
  3. ↑ Jennifer Striewski: Sigibert von Köln (circa 460–508), Frankenkönig. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
  4. ^ Carl Dietmar, Marcus Trier : Colonia, city of the Franks. Cologne from the 5th to the 10th century. Cologne 2011, pp. 51–55.
  5. ↑ Eugen Ewig : The Rhineland in the Frankish times. In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (Hrsg.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 2 (Early Middle Ages), Düsseldorf 1980, p. 18.
  6. ^ University of Cologne, Bibliotheca legum on Lex Ribuaria.
  7. ^ Karl August Eckhardt: Lex Ribuaria . In: Germanic Rights . Volume 1 (Austrasian Law in the 7th Century), New Series, 1959, pp. 34–144, here: 41 ff .
  8. ↑ Georg Heinrich Pertz : Monumenta Germaniae historica , Volume 5, Hanover 1875–1889, pp. 185 ff. ( Digitized version )
  9. ^ Karl August Eckhardt : Lex Ribuaria . In: Germanic Rights . Volume 1 (Austrasian Law in the 7th Century), New Series, 1959, pp. 34–144, here: 123 .
  10. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Civitas Ubiorum, the Francia Rinensis and the Land Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 19, 1954, p. 27 .
  11. ^ Karl August Eckhardt: Lex Ribuaria . In: Germanic Rights . Volume 2 (Text and Lex Francorum Chamavorum), New Series, 1966, pp. 83 .
  12. ^ Adrian Schmidt-Recla: Cold or warm hand? Dispositions due to death in medieval reference law sources , Cologne 2011, p. 180 ff.
  13. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 165-166 .
  14. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 37, p. 19 ( digitized version ).
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  17. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Rhineland in the Frankish times. In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (Hrsg.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 2 (Early Middle Ages), Düsseldorf 1980, pp. 50 and 108.
  18. ^ Eduard Hlawitschka: The ancestors of Charlemagne . In: Charlemagne - life's work and I afterlife . Düsseldorf 1965, p. 76 ff .
  19. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Civitas Ubiorum, the Francia Rinensis and the Land Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 19, 1954, p. 23 .
  20. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 170-171 .
  21. ↑ Treatises of the Electoral-Baier Academy of Sciences , Volume 4, Part 1, Munich 1767, p. 50 ( digitized version ).
  22. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler: Des (Schwabenspiegel) s Landrechtsbuch. For use at akad. Lectures with a dictionary ed. from Heinr. Godfr. Gengler. 2., verb. Ed., 1875, p. 296
  23. ↑ Karl Heinrich Friedrich Chlodwig “von” Reitzenstein: Regesta of the Counts of Orlamuende from Babenberger and Ascan tribe, with family tables, seal images, monuments and coats of arms. 1871, p. 33
  24. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Civitas Ubiorum, the Francia Rinensis and the Land Ribuarien . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 19, 1954, p. 29 .
  25. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 172 .
  26. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Oediger (arr.): The Regesta of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I (313-1099), Bonn 1954, No. 214, pp. 71/72.
  27. ↑ Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Capit. II, p. 194 ( digitized version ).
  28. ^ Heinz Andermahr: Kölngau and Gillgau. Attempt to solve a problem with the medieval county constitution . In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine 2016, p. 7, note 3.
  29. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Rhineland in the Frankish times. In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (ed.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 2 (Early Middle Ages), Düsseldorf 1980, pp. 125–126, p. 175.
  30. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 189-193 .
  31. ^ Egon Boshof : High Middle Ages . In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (Ed.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 3 (Hohes Mittelalter), Düsseldorf 1983, pp. 5–11 and 16–19.
  32. ^ Egon Boshof: High Middle Ages . In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (Hrsg.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 3 (Hohes Mittelalter), Düsseldorf 1983, pp. 63–66.
  33. ↑ Rudolf Schieffer : Late Salier . In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (Ed.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 3 (Hohes Mittelalter), Düsseldorf 1983, pp. 158 and 162.
  34. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Rhineland in the Frankish times. In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (ed.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 2 (Early Middle Ages), Düsseldorf 1980, pp. 125–126, p. 175.
  35. ↑ Heinrich Beyer (ed.): Document book on the history of the Middle Rhine territories now forming the Prussian administrative districts of Coblenz and Trier . First volume (from the oldest times to the year 1169). Koblenz 1860, p. 109, No. 105 . ( Google books )
  36. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 52, p. 93 ( digitized version ).
  37. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 167-169 .
  38. ^ Reginonis abbatis Prumiensis Chronicon cum continuatione Treverensi . In: Friedrich Kurz (Ed.): Monumenta Germaniae Historica . SS rer. Germ. Hanover 1890, p. 138 . ( Digitized version )
  39. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 167-169 .
  40. ^ Wilhelm Janssen : The Archdiocese of Cologne in the late Middle Ages 1191-1515 . In: Eduard Hegel (Ed.): History of the Archdiocese of Cologne, Bd. 2.1. Cologne 1995, p. 46.
  41. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 511, p. 359 ( digitized version ).
  42. ^ Monika Storm: The Duchy of Westphalia, Vest Recklinghausen and the Rhenish Archbishopric of Cologne. Kurköln in its parts . In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 1. The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 359.
  43. ^ Franz-Reiner Erkens : The Archbishopric Cologne in a historical overview (until 1288). In: Kurköln. Land under the crook. Series of publications by the district of Viersen, Volume 35a. Publication of the state archives of North Rhine-Westphalia, Series C, Vol. 22, Kevelaer 1985, pp. 19-28
  44. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 203, 253-254 .
  45. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 202 .
  46. ↑ Eugen Ewig: The Rhineland in the Frankish times. In: Franz Petri, Georg Droege (Hrsg.): Rheinische Geschichte in three volumes, Volume I, 2 (Early Middle Ages), Düsseldorf 1980, pp. 48–50.
  47. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 187 .
  48. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 7, p. 5 ( digitized version ).
  49. ^ Heinz Andermahr: Kölngau and Gillgau. Attempt to solve a problem with the medieval county constitution . In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine 2016, p. 19.
  50. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 105, p. 60 f. ( Digitized version ).
  51. ^ Heinz Andermahr: Kölngau and Gillgau. Attempt to solve a problem with the medieval county constitution . In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine 2016, pp. 16–30.
  52. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 81, p. 43 ( digitized version ).
  53. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 182-183 .
  54. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 172-180 .
  55. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (Ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 29, p. 16 ( digitized version ).
  56. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 83, p. 45 ( digitized version ).
  57. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 80-81 .
  58. ^ Sönke Lorenz : Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine . In: Studia humaniora . Volume 23. Düsseldorf 1993, p. 48 .
  59. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 161, p. 99 ( digitized version ).
  60. ↑ Erich Wisplinghoff (arrangement): Rheinisches Urkundenbuch: older documents up to 1100 , Vol. I: Aachen bis Deutz, Bonn 1972, No. 65, p. 78 ( digitized version ).
  61. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , Volume I (779–1200), Düsseldorf 1840, No. 103, p. 59 ( digitized version ).
  62. ↑ Ulrich Nonn: Pagus and Comitatus in Niederlothringen . In: Bonn historical research . Volume 49. Bonn 1983, p. 253-254 .
  63. ^ Heinz Andermahr: Kölngau and Gillgau. Attempt to solve a problem with the medieval county constitution. In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine 2016. pp. 16–30.
  64. ^ Anton Joseph Binterim, Joseph Hubert Mooren: The old and new Archdiocese of Cologne divided into deaneries or the Archdiocese of Cologne with the foundations, deaneries, parishes and vicarages, together with their income and collators as it was: with a chart of the deaneries and parishes. First epoch, Mainz 1828, p. 16 and p. 17.