Kölngau
The Kölngau was a medieval county . It existed no later than the end of the 8th century under the government of Charlemagne . The Kölngau went to the collection Bruns archbishop of Cologne and investiture of the duchy of Lorraine in the resulting Electorate of Cologne. With the privileges granted by Emperor Otto I in the 10th century , the archbishop became elector and thus also secular ruler. The Gaugrafschaft was replaced by it.
Gau and administration
In addition to the unification of the Germanic tribes in a powerful empire, the promotion of Christianization and the improvement of the legal system, Emperor Charlemagne also created the county system. So the country was divided into Gaue and these in turn split up into Centenen , which were headed by a Gaugraf or Centenarius . This count was subject to both military power and jurisdiction in the Gau. From this time on, the increasing number of documents proves Cologne as the capital of the Kölngau region .
Send-, Gau- or Pfalzgrafen
The empire fell apart under the descendants of Charles and was then divided among his grandchildren in 843. The Middle Kingdom was given to Lothar , who also retained the imperial crown. He, too, now transferred areas in his domain to the counts, in which they performed control and administrative tasks. They exercised judicial and administrative sovereignty on behalf of their ruler .
The families of the Gau- or Pfalzgrafen ( Comes ) possessed an important position of power in the Franconian and subsequent empires. It was founded through the bundling of various counts' rights (privileges). As a result of further assigned supervisory rights over imperial property of the king, such as forests, waters and roads, as well as over regalia (sovereign rights), the power of the count palatine increased considerably. After the earliest inheritance of the count's office in the 10th century, the counts had only managed imperial property over to allodial possession .
Count Emundus of Friesheim
Just as, for example, Deocar was used as Sendgraf (royal messenger) on behalf of Emperor Charles in the Ostmark , it was around the year 829 the nobleman Emundus from Friesheim who was in office as Send- and Gaugraf in Kölngau during Lothar's reign . He was the lord of the Friesheimer Höfeverband, including the main court there, the Fronhof . The Counts of Emundus came from an aristocratic Carolingian family. Count Emundus bequeathed his property, the Friesheim Villication , to the old St. Petrus Cathedral in Cologne . A memorial plaque attached to today's Cologne Cathedral near the north exit commemorates the Count, who was also buried in the old Cologne Cathedral . The Latin text refers to the original burial place in the old cathedral, it says:
- I was once famous, I was called Count Emundus
- Here I was laid down under this roof after my death
- as I wanted.
- I offer you my county of Friesheim, Saint Peter,
- and if you give me a heavenly place for it, I ask you.
- This pile of stones contains the Count's bones.
Location and neighborhood
The Kölngau corresponded roughly to the area of the Cologne Bay . It bordered (clockwise) on the Bonn and Ahrgau , the Zülpichgau , the Jülichgau , the Gillgau and the Nievenheimer Gau . Opposite him were on the right bank of the Rhine in the north of the Ruhrgau and the Deutzgau , which had its southern border on the Auelgau .
Communities
The Kölngau extended beyond the Gaugrafen's royal seat , Cologne, to some areas on the left bank of the Rhine that are not contiguous from today's perspective. Most of these still exist today. The communities in question, the extent of which is unknown at the time or which no longer exist today, were probably:
Bayen
Bayen , = Latin baia (bay, port) gives an indication of its origin. To the south of the Roman city, at the present-day border between the districts of Bayenthal and Marienburg, was the Alteburg naval fort , occupied by around 1000 men. The current street names Am Römerberg and Im Römerkastell are reminiscent of its location . The Roman Rhine fleet ( Classis Germanica ) was anchored below this elevated area on the banks of the Rhine and within sight of the camp . This was destroyed in 276 attacks by the Franks . For the choice of this site for the construction of the fort and the anchorage, a natural combination of the hill and a probable bulge of the Rhine was likely to have been decisive.
A document Archbishop Wichfrids (924-953) described the original boundaries of the parish of St. Severin , was led for the first time in the "Bayen".
The first buildings around St. Severin , around the church consecrated to St. "Zint Jan" , the presumed settlement "Everich" (later Overich, Oversburg ), as well as the settlement "Thiedenhoven" on the, not mentioned later, lay within the parish boundaries Area border with St. Pantaleon . Then the little village “Nothausen” on the Rhine (around St. Maria Lyskirchen ), the farmsteads “Beina” (later Beien or Bayen) further to the south-west, and far outside the settlements of Immendorf , with its church also dedicated to St. Severin, and the Hamlet of the small town of Höningen, which today belongs to Rondorf .
In this context, the later field name Bayen , after which the first courtyards were named, probably came about. The name of the district Bayenthal or the Bayenturm and Bayenstrasse probably derive their names from the name of the hallway.
Rumenthorp
Today's part of the Rodenkirchen district , Rondorf , developed from a donation from Archbishop Hermann to St. Ursula Abbey in 922 . The property transferred to the monastery, a Fronhof , was first mentioned in 941 in a document from Hermann's successor, Archbishop Wichfrid . It was called "Rumenthorp" and was probably the origin of today's Johannishof estate.
Palmerstorp
The Palmersdorfer Hof is located in the eastern part of Brühl . The history of the farm "zu Palmerstorp" goes back to the year 929. He was referred to as belonging to the Kölngau. The noble estate to by Giles Gelenius also have been a Roman foundation. Documentary evidence indicates that Cologne archbishops had larger possessions in this area. In 961, Archbishop Brun gave a mansus and a half in Palmersdorf to the sisters of St. Cäcilien in Cologne .
Cantenich
Kendenich was known as "Cantenich". The place is first mentioned around 941, when the Archbishop of Cologne Wichfrid donated the tithe from the manor house in Cantenich to the Cäcilienstift in Cologne . The old name of the place also refers to its prominent position in the Gau (after Rosellen a Centenarius resided in Cantenich ).
Efferne
Efferen with its landmark, a Roman chamber grave, was first mentioned as Efferne in a document from Archbishop Philipp of Cologne in 1189 . As early as the 7th century (696) Rosellen quotes a donation in Efferen by Plectrudis , the wife of Philip von Herisdahl , to the St. Maria monastery which she built in the Capitol in Cologne.
Guntheresthorp
Numerous finds from Roman and Franconian times bear witness to the earlier settlement of the place Junkersdorf , then called "Guntheresthorp". As early as 898, after the Normans had devastated Cologne and its surrounding area (881–882), there was a report of a Gunterisdorp . Junkersdorf was first documented in 962 by a donation from Archbishop Brun , who gave land in Guntheresthorp to the monastery of the nuns of St. Cäcilien zu Cologne .
Frekena and Bachheim
In Frechen , the old Frekena (877), old mansions such as the Bitz castles , Hemmerich castle ruins and Bachem castle point to an early settlement. A stream course and fertile soil offered favorable conditions for economic development. The brook, also known as Lohr , provided drinking water and irrigated the fields, drove mills, filled the trenches of the castles and gave the settlement the Franconian name Bachheim . This name was mentioned 866 in a document in which the noble woman Hiebildis their property and that of Mary church dedicated to the Holy and three mills and a manor in Bachheim the closely with the family of the Carolingian connected Monastery Prüm in the Eifel presented. The remains of the foundation wall of Hemmerich Castle and the foundations of the former castle of the knight Antonius von Bachem , on which today's Bachem Castle partially stands, are still preserved today .
Horoheim
Horrem ("Horoheim", 864) was first mentioned around 980 by the nobleman Wigmannus von Heymenbach . In 1077 the knight of Hemmersbach had his castle as vir militaris et nobilis for free ownership. Wilhelm von Hemmersbach transferred this aristocratic estate to the Archbishop of Cologne, Philipp von Heinsberg, in 1176 . At the same time he took this property as a hereditary fief . The former castle was located south of today's moated castle between the village of Hemmersbach and the Erft , within a marshy area protecting it. In a forest to the west of Horrem, the contours of the overgrown moat and the brick rubble hill of the old weir can still be seen. The complex was probably destroyed in the 14th century and not rebuilt.
Sinthern
Sinthern (962) was first mentioned in a document from Archbishop Brun of Cologne . Sinthern, like other neighboring towns to Brauweiler , which is now the center of the region , was owned by the Lorraine Count Palatine Hermann in the last quarter of the 10th century . The prominent position of the early settlement is also shown in documents from the Brauweiler Abbey in the neighboring village . So let Abt Wolfhelm , because of the disturbing layman visit during liturgical build a specially intended for the lay church acts in the spatially restricted monastery church, at the north side. This church, consecrated to St. Lawrence , was consecrated in 1085 , but was not subordinate to the monastery, but as a subsidiary church of the parish of Sinthern.
Hoeningen
Hoeningen (6th / 7th centuries) is, like Gill, a district of Rommerskirchen today . There are numerous remains of Franconian settlements in the community. The Gillbach flowing through this region as a border assigned the place Hoeningen to the Kölngau .
Buchelmundt
The town of Bocklemünd, northwest of Cologne, lies directly on the rise of the central terrace of the Rhine. It is possible that this location on the hill gave the place its early name Buggilmonte or Buchelmundt (hump-hill). Bocklemünd, mentioned for the first time in 941, was created, like many of the places discussed here, through a gift from Archbishop Wichfrid to the Cologne nuns of St. Cäcilien . Wichfrid came from the Counts of the Matfriede family , who later had close family ties to the Carolingians .
Langel
In Langel it is probably the northeastern border town of Kölngaues.
- Historic buildings in places of the former Kölngau
Efferen Castle
Hemmersbach Castle fortified tower
Friesheim, the "White Castle"
Capital of the Kölngau
The city of Cologne was the secular and ecclesiastical administrative seat for all the localities belonging to the Kölngau (often only mansions), it was the market place for the entire surrounding area. The city still benefited from the infrastructure of bygone Roman times. Trade and handicrafts continued to be very pronounced branches of industry in the city. The central geographical location on the Rhine made it a hub for long-distance trade early on . Another important aspect, which promoted its growth, but also had political significance for the country, was its fortification by means of a curtain wall, which has been used for defense since Roman times .
The temporary weakening of the empire during the inheritance disputes after the death of Emperor Charles and the subsequent partitions of the empire took advantage of Nordic tribes for raids leading too far into the empire.
The hordes advancing up the Rhine , also known as the Normans , recognized that the fortification of Cologne on the side facing the river was imperfect. There were probably some wall passages between the area where the new Rhine suburb (vicus mercatorum) and the Roman city came into being, which made access easier. In 881/882 they took the city and left heavy devastation after they moved on towards Bonn .
That is why Archbishop "Wichfrid" (924 to 953), at the king's behest, began to secure the open settlements in the suburbs of the Rhine by means of new defensive lines Rheininsel expanded to what is now the banks of the Rhine.
As in many Carolingian-Ottonian bishop's towns, a fortified church was built in the cathedral area . Below it, the suburb grew to the banks of the Rhine. More and more merchants, traders and craftsmen built their houses here, monasteries and monasteries came into being, they surrounded their immunities with their own walls and thus shaped the medieval townscape.
During the term of office of the Archbishop of Cologne "Brun" (953–965), the city, which was also called "Colnaburg" at that time, experienced a new economic boom and further changes. In the course of the first city expansion, the remains of the ailing Constantine Bridge were demolished. The bridge, no longer usable for wagons for safety reasons since the 5th century, was only passable by pedestrians on a few dangerously narrow planks.
According to tradition, the ashlars of the pillars of the building that had become unsafe were used by Bruns as material ( Carolingian / Ottonian construction phase) in the construction of the Pantaleon Church.
Brun had the ruined Palatinate restored for his brother, the Emperor Otto, as he often stayed in Cologne with his wife Adelheid . With his elevation to prince-bishop , "Brun" also released the ban of the city's jurisdiction from the territory of the "Kölngau" and now, as the new patron, ensured law and order in the new suburb as well. In the following time the "Kölngau" surrounded urban area, Cologne itself no longer belonged to it.
Decay and end of the county
The northern Rhineland belonged to Lotharingien, the former Frankish Middle Kingdom. The spread of Christianity in this region during the 8th century under the Merovingians and Pippinids continued in the Carolingian period. During the reign of Charlemagne in 795, this led to Cologne becoming an archbishopric . The county constitution, which was then further developed under the Carolingians , fell into disrepair in the 10th and 11th centuries. This was triggered by Otto I, who, with the Ottonian privileges named after him and given primarily to the bishops of the diocese towns, also granted them secular rights.
In addition to the customs and coin shelf , the Archbishop of Cologne also received the privilege of jurisdiction. The previously chaired the Count and the causae maiores competent (blood, liberty and property) thing was a matter for the chief secular court of the Archbishop. The Gaugraf became the Burgrave and was no longer directly subordinate to the Emperor, but to the Archbishop.
Transition to Kurköln
- Main article: Kurköln
From count to burgrave
Since it was impossible for the archbishop to preside over a blood court due to his clerical status , he appointed the count as his deputy. This was awarded the title of burgrave . This title with its privileges was given as a fief . The owners of the burgrave office had to belong to the noble free class. Since at least 1167 the office was in the hereditary possession of the Lords of Arberg . Economic hardship prompted the Viscount of Arberg to abandon the passage of time more and more on their rights until in 1279 Johann von Arberg office for 1,000 silver marks to the Archbishop Siegfried returned.
literature
- Hermann Keussen : Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I, Bonn 1910
- Clemens Klug: Hürth - how it was, how it was , Steimel Verlag, Cologne undated (1962)
- Robert Wilhelm Rosellen: History of the parishes of the deanery Brühl. JP Bachem, Cologne 1887
- Klaus Dresmann: Constitution and proceedings of the Cologne council courts . Dissertation in the Law Faculty of the University of Cologne, 1959
- Rudolph Sohm: The old German Reich and court constitution . (Vol. 1, the Frank. Reich and Judicial Constitution, Weimar (1871))
- F. Lau: The archiepiscopal officials of the city of Cologne during the 12th century . Lübeck 1891
- Historical Atlas of the Rhineland, 7th delivery, IV.9: The medieval Gaue, 2000, 1 map sheet, 1 booklet, edited by Thomas Bauer, ISBN 3-7927-1818-9
- Josef Schmitz: Leben am Gilbach , municipality Hoeningen with the villages Widdeshoven, Hoeningen, Ramrath and Villau 1800-1974, Neuss, 1993.
- Henriette Meynen: Moated castles, palaces and country seats in the Erftkreis, Cologne 1979, pages 88–91, ISBN 3-7927-0521-4
- Peter Schreiner: The former Benedictine Abbey of St. Nikolaus in Brauweiler , in: Erftkreis (Ed.): Monasteries and Stifts in the Erftkreis , Hürth 1988, ISBN 3-7927-1044-7 , pp. 227-254
- Thomas, Frank, Trümper, Sofie: Bayenthal-Marienburg - 150 years of living and working on the Rhine , Cologne 1985.
- Christian Schuh: Cologne's 85 districts. Emons, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-89705-278-4
- Olaf Höckmann: The Alteburg camp, the Germanic fleet and the Roman Rhine shipping. In: Kölner Jahrbuch, Vol. 31 (1998), p. 323
- Renate Thomas: Wall painting in the camp of the Roman fleet in Cologne-Marienburg , 2002
Individual evidence
- ^ According to Rosellen, a centenarius resided in Kendenich
- ↑ Clemens Klug, page 34
- ↑ Peter Schreiner, page 108
- ↑ Carl Dietmar, page 49
- ↑ Dresmann, p.1, referring to Rudolph Sohm, the old German Reich and court system . Vol. IS 17
- ↑ Olaf Höckmann Vol. 31 (1998), p. 323
- ↑ H. Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I., p. 44, reference to Lacomblet : VJ 948, UB 1, 102 (Cardauns, Niederrhein. Annalen 26 / 37,314 - 347)
- ^ H. Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I., p. 41 ff
- ↑ Thomas / Trümper
- ↑ http://www.stadt-koeln.de/leben-in-koeln/stadtbezirke/rodenkirchen/rondorf/ Rondorf on koeln.de
- ↑ Dresmann, page 1, reference to F. Lau: "Development of municipal constitution and administration of the city of Cologne until 1386", p.4
- ↑ Rosellen writes: “Gelenius, which derives the origin and name of most of the villages on the foothills from Roman greats, assumes that the aristocratic manor Palmersdorf, located east of Brühl and belonging to it, also got its name from a Roman Palmatius it is therefore Palmatii pagus "(Gelen p. 256)
- ^ Robert Wilhelm Rosellen, after:
- ↑ Clemens Klug, page 39 and Rosellen, page 175 with reference to Lacomblet Urk. IV. 639, 934
- ↑ http://www.stadt-koeln.de/leben-in-koeln/stadtbezirke/lindenthal/junkersdorf/ Junkersdorf on the website of the city of Cologne
- ↑ Henriette Meynen, page 34 f
- ↑ Henriette Meynen, page 88 f
- ↑ Peter Schreiner, page 107 ff
- ↑ Dresmann, page 1, reference to F. Lau: "Development of municipal constitution and administration of the city of Cologne until 1386", p.4
- ↑ Gerta Wolff. The Roman-Germanic Cologne. Guide to the museum and city. 5th expanded and completely revised edition, p. 263. Bachem, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-7616-1370-9 .
- ^ Carl Dietmar, page 54
- ^ Carl Dietmar, page 54
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, page 2
- ^ R. Sohm, "The old German Reich and judicial proceedings", page 424 f
- ↑ Arberg, today Aren- or Aremberg , was a mountain castle on the upper Ahr. The noble lords from there appear in 1166 in the person of Henricus de Arberg as a witness in the deed of foundation of the Meer monastery . Source: Lacomblet I. 287 no.415.