St. Severin (Cologne)

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St. Severin in Cologne
View through the nave

The Catholic parish church of St. Severin is one of the twelve Romanesque basilicas in Cologne , the preservation of which is supported by the Friends of Roman Churches Cologne . It is consecrated to the third bishop of Cologne, Saint Severin .

The pillar basilica of St. Severin is a former collegiate church .

history

St. Severin and Severinstorburg. Woodcut, detail from Woensam “Great View of Cologne” from 1531

The Church of St. Severin has Bishop Severin as patrons, and Cornelius and Cyprian as co-parons . Today's Severinstrasse , named after the Church of St. Severin, was the southern arterial road leading to Bonn in Roman times. On both sides of the street there were burial places in the immediate vicinity of the city (one of the tombs found here, that of Poblicius, is now next to the Dionysus mosaic in the Roman-Germanic Museum ). In the 4th century a small rectangular hall ( cella memoriae ) with an apse to the west was built here (under today's central nave of St. Severin) . After extensions in the 6th and 8th centuries, construction of a new Romanesque basilica began (completed around 900). The reason for the new building could be the transfer of the relics of St. Severin to the then new Carolingian crypt . When in November 799 Pope Leo III. went through Cologne to Westphalia to call on Emperor Charlemagne for help against his oppressors, he visited the grave of St. Severin and said to his companions: “Severin, the protector of this place, is at home here; I must not pass without worshiping him ”. The hall crypt, the western part of which is still preserved, was consecrated in Salian times, 1043. While the eastern part of the basilica was already completed in the first third of the 13th century, work on the southern part was not completed until 1300. Parts of the southern apse are preserved as masonry in the choir from 1237, which is still preserved today. The Romanesque west tower was demolished in 1393 in favor of the late Gothic successor building. During the period from the end of the 14th century to the 16th century, the nave was renovated in the late Gothic style. The net vault of the central nave dates from this period, around 1500. Only an octagonal labyrinth of the original floor covering of the central nave has been preserved, but it is now part of the Diocesan Museum.

Pope Pius XII On March 9, 1953, the Church raised the rank of Basilica minor with the Apostolic Letter Quae antiquitate .

Relics of Saint Severin

St. Severin (Cologne), high altar by Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg, photo taken around 1895 ( Historical archive of the Archdiocese of Cologne , reproductions from "Cöln und der Rhein", 1895)

The reliquary was opened in 1999 for a scientific investigation of the contents. It turned out that the relics are together with textiles in a separate reliquary box made of oak. The coffin has seals from previous openings, including one from the time of Archbishop Hermann III. from Hochstaden . This confirms the reburial of the bones by Bishop Wichfried of Cologne (924–953). The bones found and the precious silk fabric in which they were wrapped date, according to the investigations carried out, from around 400, i.e. from the time when Bishop Severin is said to have lived according to tradition. Based on examinations of a tooth root, the deceased must have turned 55 years old. The wooden shrine was created between 939 and 949 after the dendrochronological studies of the annual rings of the wood. Objects in the shrine are dated between the 7th and 10th centuries. The textiles as well as the Severinus disk have been exhibited in a sacrarium in the south crypt of the church since 2005 .

A bishop's staff made of chased silver and revered as the “Severinus staff” is kept in the treasury together with a Kornelius horn , which has also been containing relics of Saint Severin since 1829.

In 1888, the Cologne-based sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg designed a neo-Romanesque high altar in which the shrine with the relics of St. Severin was visible for veneration by means of a fabric canopy or could be hidden behind a curtain. Mengelberg depicted the four most important stages of the saint's life on large bronze reliefs:

  • The sermon of St. Severin
  • Severin hears the choir of angels at the death of St. Martin of Tours
  • Death of St. Severin
  • Procession with the reliquary of St. Severin

Behind the high altar stood six columns with curtains stretched between them. On the column capitals, angel figures carried the instruments of Christ's passion. The central tabernacle showed the apocalyptic Lamb of God. The stipes of the high altar depicted the Last Supper in the central field, flanked by scenes from the Old Testament, which in Catholic theology of the Middle Ages were interpreted as hidden biblical foreshadows of the Eucharist . The neo-Romanesque high altar was consecrated in 1893.

The altar design was embedded in the image program of the historicist choir painting. Based on medieval painting remains discovered in 1887, scenes from the legend of the saint were painted on the side walls between 1888 and 1895.

Construction and equipment

Choir and crucifix

The church suffered severe war damage in the Second World War between 1942 and 1945: vaults were destroyed, especially in the crossing, in the central nave and tower. The upper cladding windows were gone on the side walls and almost all the roofs. The tower was badly hit on the east side. After 1945 it was rebuilt in phases. The interior was restored by 1950, the tower secured and the roofs renewed by 1955, and the spire was finally completed by 1961. The basis for the reconstruction was the Romanesque church, which was built from the 9th to the 15th century during various construction phases. The towering two-storey west tower with an articulated helmet is the successor to a Romanesque tower in the late Gothic style. A transept is inserted between the also two-storey nave with reticulated vaults and the choir . The late Romanesque choir is two-storey and is closed on the outside by a dwarf gallery. It is flanked by two towers with late Gothic structures. Inside the choir is laid out with a pattern of black and yellow marble. Remains of the previous cloister are on the parish building.

The interior of the basilica is still rich, despite major losses in the past and during the war. In addition to the Severin's shrine from the early 19th century (the original from the 11th century was melted down in 1798 to settle the war costs in favor of the Napoleonic occupation), it houses a choir stalls from the late 13th century, a wall tabernacle from the early 17th century and a Reliquary cabinet dated to the 14th century. The Severin legend, painted by the Master of St. Severin, can be found in the church, as can two altar wings with depictions of saints attributed to him. A Romanesque glass window has also been preserved in the south aisle near the west tower. The plague cross in the south transept dates from the 14th century. Finally, there is a 15th century Pietà in the Lady Chapel . The diptych “Good Friday in Severinstrasse” (acrylic on canvas, 170 × 110 cm, 1990), a key work by the Cologne artist Jürgen Hans Grümmer , has been in St. Severin since February 2014 . Originally the church facilities belonging panel painting of St. Veronica with the handkerchief of Christ , the master of St. Veronica named after him , came to the Alte Pinakothek via the Boisserée collection . There is a mural depicting a crucifixion scene by the same artist in the sacristy .

organ

View of the organ

The organ in the tower chamber was built from 1987 to 1992 by the organ builder Willi Peter (Cologne). The slider chests -instrument today 44 registers on three manuals and pedal . The actions are electric. It was revised in 2012 by the organ builder Mühleisen , whereby the disposition was changed slightly and the organ was equipped with new couplings. A special feature is the new 8 'concert flute, which can be freely coupled to all works.

I Rückpositiv Cg 3
01. Covered flute 08th'
02. Quintad 08th'
03. Praestant 04 ′
04th Pipe pommer 04 ′
05. Octave 02 ′
06th Chamois fifth 01 1 ⁄ 3  ′
07th Sesquialtera II 0 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′
08th. Sharp IV 01'
09. Wooden dulcian 16 ′
10. Krummhorn 08th' (n)
Tremulant
II main work Cg 3
11. Drone 16 ′
12. Principal 08th'
13. Reed flute 08th'
14th Octave 04 ′
15th recorder 04 ′
16. Fifth 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′
17th Super octave 02 ′
18th Cornett V 08th'
19th Mixture V 02 ′
20th Trumpet 08th'
Tremulant
III Swell Cg 3
21st Principal 08th'
22nd Viol 08th'
23. Bourdun 08th' (n)
24. Vox coelestis 08th'
25th Principal 04 ′
26th Transverse flute 04 ′
27. Nasard 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′
28. Swiss pipe 0 02 ′
29 third 01 3 ⁄ 5  ′
30th Mixture V 02 ′
31. Basson 16 ′
32. oboe 08th'
33. Clairon 04 ′
Tremulant
Pedal mechanism Cf 1
34. Pedestal 32 ′ (n)
35. Principal 16 ′
36. Sub bass 16 ′
37. Octavbass 08th'
38. Covered bass 08th'
39. Choral bass 04 ′
40. Night horn 02 ′
41. Mixture III 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′
42. trombone 16 ′
43. Bass trumpet 0 08th'


All works Cg 3
44. Concert flute 000 08th' 0 (n)
  • Couple
    • Normal coupling: I / II, III / I, III / II, I / P, II / P, III / P
    • Sub-octave coupling (n) : III / I, III / II, III / III
    • Super octave coupling (s) : III / P
  • annotation
(n) = new register or new paddocks (2012)

Bells

Bell chamber

Until a new bell was purchased in the 18th century, the bell consisted of five bells from the 14th to 18th centuries.

In 1771, the Walloon bell caster Martin Legros from Malmedy cast four bells in the disposition ut –re – mi – fa, all of which except for the smallest bell survived both world wars; It was replaced in 1959 by a new bell of the same size with the same patronage, cast by Karl Otto from the Otto bell foundry in Bremen-Hemelingen.

No. Surname Casting year Foundry, casting location Diameter
(mm) 		Mass
(kg, approx.) 		Strike tone
(a ′ = 435 Hz )
1 Severinus 1771 Martin Legros, Cologne 1,462 1.928 of the 1 ± 0
2 Maria 1771 Martin Legros, Cologne 1,301 1,400 it 1 + 1 / 16
3 Donatus 1771 Martin Legros, Cologne 1,155 930 f 1 - 2 / 16
4th Cornelius and Cyprianus 1959 Karl (III) Otto, Bremen-Hemelingen 1,088 800 tot 1 ± 0

The tower clock strikes at half an hour on bell 3, at full hour on bell 2. For the angelus, there are initially 3 × 3 strikes on bell 1 and bell 4 rings for three minutes.

Dimensions

At 72.90 m, St. Severin is the second highest of the Romanesque churches in Cologne. Only the church Groß St. Martin, which is about 3 m below the Rhine, towers a little over it with 75.20 m. The ridge height of the main nave is 26 m, the eaves height 17.70 m.

Provosts of the collegiate church

Below is a list of the provosts up to the lifting of the pen.

Surname from to
Thiedo n.966 973
Sigizo 1003 1015
Acichius 1019
Sigebold around 1036
Engelbert 1041
Erenfrid 1041 1047
Ekezzo 1061
Everard 1070 1074
Arnold 1074 1094
Ingeram 1100 1103
Bernhard 1107
Wezelo 1109 1110
Eggebert 1115 1117
Gottfried von Xanten 1122 1132
Theobald 1135 1149
Reginbold 1149
Hermann 1152 1158
Philip 1160 1165
Konrad von Blankenheim 1165 1196
Hermann 1197 1205
Surname from to
Engelbert von Berg 1210 1216
Heinrich von Bilstein 1217 1261
Heinrich von Neuerburg 1264 1276
Konrad 1278 1279
Arnold von Solms 1279 1282
Gottfried de Fontibus 1287 1306
Adolf von der Mark 1308 1309
Johann von Houwischilt 1309 1310
Heinrich Heidenreich 1314 1331
Gottschalk von Kierberg 1331 1349
Gerhard von Amerongen 1349 1378
Bernhard von Berne 1378 1381
Huprecht Molghin 1381 1390
Elger from Deutz 1390 1398
Heinrich Sticher 1398 1420
Heinrich Bruno von Erpel 1422 1454
Wilhelm Hugo de Stagno 1454 1455
Prosper Colonna 1456 1463
Heinrich Grimont 1470
Johann Reusch 1470 1488
Surname from to
Johann Menchen 1488 1504
Johann Ingenwinkel 1504 1535
Reiner from Leiningen-Westerburg 1535 1540
Nikolaus Winkel 1540 1546
Jodokus Hoetfilter 1546 1551
Christoph von Stolberg 1555
Konrad von der Reck 1554 1556
Heinrich von der Reck 1561 1563
Johann Fonck 1563 1585
Karl Gaudenz of Madruzzo 1586 1594
Jacob Chimarrhaeus 1594 1614
Hartger Henot 1614 1637
Wilhelm of Bavaria 1637 1657
Ernst Michael von Billehé 1657 1674
Jacob Emmerix 1674 1676
Egbert von Westrenen 1676 1687
Peter Josef von Quentel 1687 1747
Johann Thomas von Quentel 1747 1776
Maximilian Johann von Fabri 1777 1802

literature

Monographs

  • Werner Beutler : The Bruno cycle in the Basilica of St. Severin in Cologne . Small art guide, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Munich, Regensburg 1993, ISBN 3-7954-5812-9 .
  • Joachim Oepen, Bernd Päffgen, Sabine Schrenk, Ursula Tegtmeier (eds.): The hl. Severin von Köln: adoration and legend. Findings and research on the shrine opening from 1999 (= studies on Cologne church history 40). Verlag Franz Schmitt, Siegburg, 2011, ISBN 978-3-87710-456-9 .
  • Bernd Päffgen : The excavations in St. Severin in Cologne (= Cologne research 5). Von Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1251-2 . At the same time, Bonn, university dissertation in 1988.
  • Wilhelm Schmidt-Bleibtreu: The St. Severin Abbey in Cologne . Schmitt, Siegburg 1982, ISBN 3-87710-096-1 (first as a dissertation, University of Bonn 1980, under the title Das Stift St. Severin in Cologne from the beginnings of the church in the 4th century until its abolition in 1802 ).
  • Rudolf Tillmann: The medieval manor in the Sauerland: The main courtyard of the Electorate of Cologne, Blintrop-Niedernhöfen, of the St. Severinstift in Cologne . Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, Saarbrücken 2011, ISBN 978-3-8381-2508-4 .

Contributions to St. Severin in books about the Romanesque churches in Cologne

  • Sabine Czymmek: The Cologne Romanesque Churches - Treasure Art , Vol. 2 (= Colonia Romanica, year book of the Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln e.V. , Vol. 23, 2008). Greven, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-7743-0422-2 , pp. 177-23.
  • Hiltrud Kier : The Romanesque churches in Cologne: Guide to history and furnishings. Second edition. JP Bachem, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-7616-2842-3 , pp. 178-193.
  • Ulrich Krings, Otmar Schwab: Cologne: The Romanesque churches - destruction and restoration (= traces of the city - monuments in Cologne 2). Bachem, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-7616-1964-3 .
  • Gerta Wolff: St. Severin . In: Hiltrud Kier, Ulrich Krings (Hrsg.): Cologne: The Roman churches. From the beginnings to the Second World War (= city tracks - monuments in Cologne 1). Bachem, Cologne 1984, ISBN 3-7616-0761-X , pp. 474-517.
  • Jürgen Kaiser (text), Florian Monheim (photos): The large Romanesque churches in Cologne . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2013, ISBN 978-3-7743-0615-8 , pp. 152-161.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm Schmidt-Bleibtreu: Das Stift St. Severin in Cologne , Cologne 1988, p. 42f.
  2. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln , Volume 1, 1990, p. 83.
  3. ^ Pius XII .: Litt. Apost. Quae antquitate , in: AAS 46 (1954), n.3 , p. 89s.
  4. ↑ The saint who came through the rain in: FAZ of August 13, 2011, p. Z4.
  5. ↑ The real bones of Saint Severin in: epoc , issue 6/2011, p. 10.
  6. ↑ Sybille Fraquelli: A Colorful Dream, Cologne's Romanesque Churches in Historicism, volume accompanying the exhibition in the Cologne City Museum, July 7th to September 16th, 2012, ed. by Mario Kramp (Revolution! Decoration ... Cologne in the 19th Century, Vol. 2), Cologne 2012, p. 75.
  7. ↑ according to the website of the Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln
  8. ^ Good Friday in Severinstrasse
  9. ↑ Werner Schäfke: The Rhine from Mainz to Cologne. DuMont, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-7701-4799-1 , p. 233; ders .: Cologne's Romanesque churches. Architecture, art, history. Emons, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-89705-321-7 , p. 262.
  10. ↑ Werner Schäfke: Cologne's Romanesque churches. Architecture, art, history. Emons, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-89705-321-7 , p. 262.
  11. ↑ Information on the organ ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.orgelbau-muehleisen.de
  12. ↑ Martin Seidler: Cologne bells and peals . In: Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln eV (Ed.): Colonia Romanica . tape IV . Greven-Verlag, Cologne 1989, p. 9-29 .
  13. ^ Gerhard Hoffs: Glockenmusikischer Kirchen Kirchen Köln , Köln 2009, p. 223, PDF-Dokument. ( Memento of the original from April 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.glockenbuecherebk.de
  14. ^ Gerhard Reinhold: Otto bells. Family and company history of the Otto bell foundry dynasty . Self-published, Essen 2019, ISBN 978-3-00-063109-2 , p. 588, here in particular pp. 556, 581 .
  15. ↑ Gerhard Reinhold: Church bells - Christian world cultural heritage, illustrated using the example of the bell founder Otto, Hemelingen / Bremen . Nijmegen / NL 2019, p. 556, here in particular pp. 511, 544 , urn : nbn: nl: ui: 22-2066 / 204770 (dissertation at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen).
  16. ^ H. Schmidt-Bleibtreu: The St. Severin Abbey in Cologne . Bonn 1980, pp. 397-417 and HH Roth: St. Severin in Cologne . Augsburg 1925, pp. 100-107.

See also

Web links

Commons : St. Severin  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 50 ° 55 '24.7 "  N , 6 ° 57' 34.9"  E