Parish of St. Severin
The old Cologne parish of St. Severin was built in medieval times in front of the southern fortifications of the city. As a monastery district, it was formally in existence until it was abolished by the secularization decreed in 1802 during the French era . The name of the parish St. Severin , known as the “ Vringsveedel ”, is known as the Severinsviertel of the city.
history
As early as the fourth century, a small oratory in an east-west orientation is said to have been built at the current location of the Severinskirche . At that time it was located in the middle of a previously pagan cemetery that was later also used for Christian burials. Adjusting to the growing number of its believers, the church grew into a larger place of worship over the centuries. The church building, originally consecrated to Saints Cornelius and Cyprianus , had been transformed into a three-aisled structure with transverse wings, an east choir , a west building and a confessional complex with a tunnel crypt , which was built especially for the grave of St. Severin , by the 10th century .
A collegiate foundation had been formed at the church very early on . Under the leadership of their provost , the canons of St. Severin acquired considerable real estate. Significant donations to the monastery as well as privileges granted , such as exemption from taxes and other charges (up to territorial integration) also contributed to this. The provosts of the monastery , who were also court lords on their estates , are known and documented as far back as the 10th century.
Comparable with other historical depictions of collegiate churches in Cologne's old town and suburbs, for example St. Pantaleon (Stengekius 1625), St. Gereon (Mercator 1571) or St. Maria in the Capitol with the remaining masonry of the Dreikönigenpförtchen was also St. Severin von a wall with gates surrounding the Curia , the church and the churchyard . This marked and secured her immunity district . A picture that has been preserved documents one of the former entrances, which until 1906 was located on the “An der Eiche” square east of the church. The watercolor by the painter Jakob Scheiner shows the old square of the “quarter” with one of the so-called “immunity gates”, an entrance to the pen's immunity area, which was lifted in 1802.
The narrow lane “Im Ferkulum”, which still exists today and which still leads to the church square, led to one of these old entrances. The origin and history of this name with the Latin origin "ferculum" or "fer (i) culum" refer to the Roman beginnings of the quarter. This is also confirmed by the valuable grave goods from early Christian times recovered from new excavations in the 20th century (1924, 1957) under St. Severin. The term "Ferkulum" refers to a support frame or a stretcher, such as is used for. B. was used for the images of gods in processions . The frame was also used to transport trophies in triumphs and to transport grave donations or the ashes of the dead. A during the reign of Emperor of the Great Charles enacted Decree then told the Christians the cremation .
law and order
Main article : Cologne judiciary from the Middle Ages to the modern age
The thing inherited from the Frankish times had become by this time the causae minores , a voluntary jurisdiction for minor indictments. In contrast to the high court, the parish court ruled in lower civil law cases with a value in dispute of up to 5 schillings (like other special courts later). This gave him the name Lower Court . Like the Franconian Thing, it notarized legal transactions on an equal footing with the High Court that concerned its territory. Such processes (mainly real estate transactions) were recorded in a shrine book.
As in the special communities , the separate judicial districts of the southern Oversburg or Ayrsbug (burgum superius) with the associated parishes of St. Maria in Lyskirchen , St. Jacob and St. Johannis , the jurisdiction of the lower jurisdiction took place in the parish of St. Severin continues to take place on site.
Development of the parish
The parish in its beginnings was a small, village-like settlement, as it had developed in front of many larger cities in Germany since Carolingian times. With the growth of the church and monastery, the latter became the largest landlord in the quarter with growing possessions in Cologne and the surrounding area, the parish also grew.
Original expansion
A document from Archbishop Wichfrids (924 to 953) described the original boundaries of the parish of St. Severin, whose boundaries comprised a huge area in the beginning.
The border course, starting at the high gate, the south gate of the Roman fortifications, went through Severinstraße , continued over the later Perlengraben (which ran towards the city wall like a moat), and then turned sideways through Schnurgasse in the direction of the former settlement " Thiedenhoven “(on the border with the St. Pantaleon district ). From there the border ran in the direction of Höningen , and continued through the forests of "Dierlo" and "Junginvorst" over the forest path to the Rhine . He followed this downstream to the Duffesbach on the Stadtgraben, which flows into the Rhine . Then along the Filzengraben road, which forms the border with the suburb of the Rhine, and then closed it off at the Hochpforte in a westerly direction over the Mühlenbach road.
This area encompassed the first buildings around St. Severin, the settlement "Everich" (later Overich, Oversburg ), presumed to be around the church consecrated to "Zint Jan" , as well as the settlement "Thiedenhoven", which was not mentioned again later, and the village of "Nothausen" on the Rhine (around St. Maria Lyskirchen ), the farmsteads "Beina" (later Beien or Bayen) further south-west and, far outside of Cologne " Schweid ", the settlements of Immendorf with its church, also dedicated to St. Severin, and the hamlet of the Höningen, a small town that belongs to Rondorf today .
Suburban settlement
Because of the increasing number of people settling in the suburbs, the parish of St. Severin was created , which in 1106 was not yet fully integrated into the city fortifications. This then happened in the course of the last expansion of the city wall from 1180 to 1259, which incorporated the “Sprengel” as a “special community” of the city that had previously been privileged .
The area of the parish bordered in the north-west on the district of the St. Pantaleon Abbey and in the south-east, after the city expansion in 1106, on the newly created parish of its former subsidiary church " St. Jan ".
Viticulture, fields and farms
In this area there were large courtyards of churches and monasteries as well as the courts of wealthy families. With their fields, apple orchards , vineyards and cattle breeding, they formed the basis of the quarter and offered many jobs. Their products mainly filled the markets in the nearby city. In 1368 a Malter Korn was worth nine marks and a Malter wheat ten marks. A quart of wine paid an old penny.
- The Fronhof of St. Severin, south of the church Kirchplatz / Severinstraße
- The "Walravenhof" on Brunostraße
- The courtyard of " Kleingedank , called Mommersloch " Severinstrasse / An St. Magdalenen
- The court "zer Schuren", at St. Magdalenen
- The “Klein Benesis” farm on Ulrichgasse
- The courtyard “zum Dauwe” before “zum Kojle”, at the end of Severinstrasse in front of the Katharinengraben
- The courtyard "Zum Hasen" north of Severinkirchplatz
- The “zer Huven” farm on Seyengasse
- The yard of the "Merzenich" on the edge of the Weinackers of "s. Erasmi "
- Since 1311 also the "Bishop's Court" north next to St. Bonifatius, which the citizens reverently referred to as the "Court of our Lord" (the Archbishop)
- From around 1335 the court of the Carthusians in the western area of the parish
Buildings and roads
The building in front of the Roman city wall of the southbound highway Neuss - Cologne, Eigelstein , High Street , Severinstraße, Severinstorbug and on Judenbüchel (early 12th century) over after Bonn was up to the "trenches" (pearl and Catherine ditch ) already quite dense and now also expanded to the south. The construction of an additional parish chapel at St. Severin Monastery speaks for this growth of the community. Around 1190–1215 it had the chapel of St. Maria Magdalena built opposite the collegiate church.
Overall, the parish remained rural for a long time. A coherent development developed mainly in the area between Severinstraße, initially called “lata platea” (width street) (12th century), together with its branching lanes and paths up to Achterstraße.
Severinstrasse began at the southern exit of the city, at the Severinstorburg , which was built in the first half of the 13th century . The street, whose name comes from St. Severin , or from the church named after him, was first named “platea s. Severini ”and initially only referred to the section from the city gate to the“ Im Dau ”street, in which the Order of the Discalced Carmelites founded a monastery in 1614. The further course had several names that changed over time. In this area and a few branching streets, the buildings condensed into the first rows of houses. There were private houses of the wealthy citizens, business houses of merchants and craftsmen, but also hostels and taverns, which were mostly located near the gate. Workshops such as that of the old blacksmiths mentioned in 1408 (today's Balchem house ) or houses of guild members , such as those of the cooper , who found their income through viticulture, saddlers who made the bridles of draft animals in agriculture, or the houses with the shops of butchers and bakers joined them. The name of the legendary house “ Schmitz Backes ” is probably the “Vlammenhuys” given on Severinstraße for the year 1391.
On Severinstrasse, between Torburg and An St. Magdalenen, stood the customs house and the dinghouse of the lay judges of St. Severin. The "Gebuirhaus" of the officials of St. Severin, in which the Gebuirmeister of the local farmers' bank also held their meetings and pronounced justice, was located at the confluence of the "Achtergässchen".
Many of the streets of the parish have references that go back a long way in history, such as the ramparts along the former city fortifications, the streets referring to former churches and monasteries such as "An St. Magdalenen", "An St. Katharinen" three streets named after the Carthusians as well as Brunostrasse , which was named after the founder of the Carthusian Order. The "Sion Valley" is reminiscent of the Sion monastery , the later Cellitinnenkonvent. Annostraße goes back to Cologne's Archbishop Anno , and Korneliusstraße is named after one of the first patron saints of the collegiate church. Streets such as Severinsmühlengasse, to Bottmühle or Ulrichgasse (Ülejaß, the street of Uler / Töpfer) leading to the former mill Ulrepforte (Ülepooz), which Arnold Mercator called “Die euler gaß” in 1571, refer to the mills in the district . The Latin name of the street in the 12th century was "platea figulorum" (Latin figulare: to form) and referred to the early medieval pottery quarter , which later gave way to viticulture and agriculture.
Dwellings
In addition to the servants of monasteries and churches, who had their own home there, or the maids and servants who had hired themselves out on farms with board and lodging, the population of the quarter consisted mainly of day laborers and farm workers. They lived with their families in simple wooden or half-timbered houses. Achterstrasse (so called because it was behind Severinstrasse) consisted of small rental houses throughout the period of the imperial city. The landlords were rich landowners like medals, the monastery or wealthy business people like the temporary councilor Hermann von Weinsberg . In 1554, Weinsberg, who was considered one of the big owners of apartment buildings in the southern part of the city, bought five small thatched houses and one acre of land on Achterstrasse near "Katharinen". Three quarters of the land was made up of vineyards. The living conditions were miserable by today's standards, there was no sewerage system , and drinking water was only available at a few “pützen” ( wells ) in the district.
Churches and chapels
St. Severin the patron of the quarter
St. Severin from the east
Carthusian Church
Carthusian cloister
The core of the settlement in the midst of vineyards and gardens was the collegiate church of St. Severin , which was built earlier , with the Erasmus chapel adjacent to it and the parish chapel of St. Maria Magdalena opposite . There were also other chapels such as St. Bonifatius , St. Michael , St. Gertrud (until 1257), and the Trinity Chapel of the Sion Monastery. On the northern edge of the parish stood St. Katharinen , which was directly adjoined by the St. Johann Baptist Church, which was once built as a chapel of the Severinsstift .
St. Catherine
A letter from the Cologne Council to Pope Honorius from 1219 shows the origin of the Church of St. Catherine. Then the magistrate consecrated an oratory of St. Catherine directly in front of the old Johannispforte (the predecessor of the Severinstore), at the intersection of the old moat and Severinstraße. The consecration was carried out by the Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert . A small hospital was added to the back of the still modest prayer house by the Cologne citizen Heinrich Halverogge for the religious service. The disputes that arose afterwards regarding the parish jurisdiction of the St. Severin Abbey were settled around 1220 by a mutual agreement of the contestants. This agreement indicated that the buildings had become the property of the Ballei Koblenz of the Teutonic Order .
The small church was renovated in the second half of the same century and expanded in the 15th century. It was located at what was then the northern end of Severinstrasse, next to the south side of the Sankt Jan church. From there the street was called “Vor Sankt Jan”. St. Kathrina was abolished as a church in 1802 and demolished in 1807. Some of their valuable furnishings are in the Hessian State Museum (altarpiece by Stefan Lochner ) and in the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg .
St. Jan
The later parish church of St. Johann Baptist, known locally as "Zint Jan", is said to have been built as a chapel of the Severin Abbey as early as 641. After the chapel was included in the second medieval wall around the city in 1106, the relationship with the Parish of St. Severin changed. The church structure, which has grown in the meantime, in which one main altar was consecrated by Archbishop Philpp and later five altars were consecrated by Archbishop Dietrich in 1210 , allows conclusions to be drawn about the demands of a rapidly growing community. From 1210 at the latest, the respective clergyman from St. Johann is said to have belonged to the "Cologne pastors", but St. Severin retained the right to appoint the parish. Until 1802 the representatives of the parish of St. Johann Baptist elected two candidates, one of which was appointed by the provost of St. Severin as pastor. Next to the parish church of St. Johann Baptist was the Benedictine convent “of the Fourteen Helpers in Need”.
St. Mary Magdalene
The vicariate chapel of St. Maria Magdalena, built by the St. Severin Abbey, was first mentioned in shrine documents at the end of the 12th century (1190–1215). The church lasted until 1805.
Order institutions
German medal
At the beginning of the 13th century, the Teutonic Order took over a prayer house on the Katharinengraben at the instigation of the council of St. Catherine, at the rear of which a hospital had been built by a member of the order . From the middle of the 13th century, the order was also present in the entire quarter with real estate deals. There were several assignments of land by donations to the order, which was also called "Katharinen-Kommende", but also leases for various properties were notarized. The Cologne order branch grew from humble beginnings over the years to considerable prosperity. A street section was also named after the order. The northern part of Severinstrasse was sometimes called “Voir dem Duitschenhause” (S. Catarinen. S. Jan).
In 1424 there were disputes between the Cologne council and the order. The city threatened the Grand Master of the order, Paul von Rusdorf , with drastic measures against the settlement. The reason for this was the high tariffs, which the Cologne people perceived as unjust, with which the goods of the Cologne merchants in Gdansk , the "stronghold" of the order and the main base of the Cologne Baltic Sea trade , were charged .
Tulip Convention
In 1307 the Tulenkonvent in Achterstrasse was founded by a foundation from Johann vom Denant. 1452 (Konventliste 4a in Annalen 73,41) two convents are listed there side by side, the "Teullen-Konvent" and the "zome Deynant". In 1487, a few sisters united with these two who had previously lived according to the Augustinian rule. From this association a convention of Cellitinnen emerged. It was called the Cellitinnenkloster Dreifaltigkeit and was subordinate to the St. Severin Abbey.
Carthusian
In 1335 Carthusian monks founded their charterhouse in the north-western area of the parish. Streets named after them, such as the Carthusian Court, the Carthusian Street and the Carthusian Wall, now roughly surround the former site of the Charterhouse.
On part of the area that was owned by the Carthusians until the French era, an inscribed stone tablet was recovered during excavations in 2008. It could be seen from it that in 1556 the Charterhouse had leased a winery along with a house, stables, wine press and garden as well as three acres of vineyards for 29 guilders.
Other convents
- Maria im Spiegel Monastery, later also called Sion, was originally a Franciscan convent .
- St. Bonifatius, monastery chapel on Severinstrasse, to which the St. Apern nuns, who considered themselves Franciscans, were transferred in 1478
- In 1502, mayors Johann von Berchen and Gerhard von Wesel and the Cologne City Council sold the sisters of Clause St. Johann Baptist at s. Cathrynen in Cologne from the Order of St. Benedict four gold florins rent for 100 gold florins.
- 1614, Carmelites in the Dau
- 1728, construction of the hospital and the chapel of the Holy Cross, Achterstrasse
Marian devotion
In the transition period from the late Middle Ages to modern times , Marian devotion also reached its climax in Cologne in the 15th century. In several places in the city chapels and churches had been built, the furnishings of which were mainly dedicated to Our Lady . Like St. Severin, these became the station or destination of processions or pilgrimages .
In the hamlet of lime , whose main courtyard Kapitelshof subordinate to the Cologne monastery of St. Severin, the annual processions began to miraculous image of the Church of St. Severin, a list drawn up in the Lady Chapel for worship precious Pietà .
literature
- Historical archive Archdiocese of Cologne: Handbook of the Archdiocese of Cologne , 23rd edition 1933, chapter St. Johann Baptist
- L. Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts : Paul Clemen (Hrsg.): Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , Volume II, extension volume on the former churches, monasteries, hospitals and school buildings of the City of Cologne . Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1937
- Hermann Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Bonn 1910
- Klaus Dresmann: Constitution and proceedings of the Cologne council courts . Dissertation at the Law Faculty of the University of Cologne , 1959
- Hiltrud Kier, Ulrich Krings (ed.): Cologne. The Romanesque churches in the picture. Architecture • Sculpture • Painting • Graphics • Photography. City tracks - monuments in Cologne. Volume 3. JP Bachem, Cologne 1984. ISBN 3-7616-0763-6
- Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary . 3 volumes A - Z, Greven Verlag, Cologne, 9th edition 1984, ISBN 3-7743-0155-7
- Adolph Thomas: History of the parish St. Mauritius in Cologne. With an illustration of the old Abbey of St. Pantaleon after Stengelius. 1st edition JP Bachem, Cologne 1878
- Manfred Becker-Huberti , Günter A. Menne: Cologne churches, the churches of the Catholic and Protestant communities in Cologne . JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-7616-1731-3
- Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns , Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, ISBN
Individual evidence
- ↑ Manfred Becker-Huberti, Günter A. Menne: Kölner Kirchen, the churches of the Catholic and Protestant communities in Cologne , p. 143
- ^ Adam Wrede, Volume III, p. 248
- ↑ Langenscheid's Concise Dictionary Latin-German. Also in: Langenscheid's Large School Dictionary Latin-German. (both) Berlin 1971 (and more recent editions).
- ↑ The origin of the seat of the court here most likely went back to the local district of an early hundred . After Dresmann, reference to: Ennen history of the city of Cologne , (Cologne 1863–75), Volume I. S, 167
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, page 6, reference to: Planitz, p. 217
- ^ H. Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I., p. 44, reference to Lacomblet : VJ 948, UB 1, 102 (Cardauns), Niederrhein. Annals 26 / 37,314 - 347
- ^ H. Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I., p. 41 ff
- ↑ Adolf Thomas, reference to Annalen des Ver. for low rh. Business Issue 23, p. 46 ff.
- ^ Adam Wrede, Volume III, p. 247
- ^ Hermann Keussen : Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages, p. 193
- ^ Hermann Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , p. 193: "2 dom. sub 1tecto ante portam p. Severini secus plateam voc. 'Vlammenhuys' ”.
- ^ Hermann Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages
- ^ Adam Wrede, Volume III, p. 177
- ^ Adam Wrede, Volume I, p. 5
- ^ Hermann Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , p. 173, with reference to: Book Weinsberg, II 63
- ↑ L. Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , p. 108
- ^ Information from the City of Cologne
- ^ Historical Archive Archdiocese of Cologne: Handbook of the Archdiocese of Cologne , reference to: Fabricius, p. 9; Clemen, VII 1, p. 108; Wilhelm Esser: History of the parish St. Johann Baptist in Cologne , Cologne 1885
- ↑ L. Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , p. 69
- ↑ L. Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , p. 108
- ↑ Carl Dietmar, p. 133
- ^ Hermann Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , p. 173
- ^ According to Carl Dietmar, in: Kölner Stadt Anzeiger, edition of March 4, 2008
- ^ Archives VRW: Best. 226 (Johann Baptist), U 2/6
