Cologne Council until 1796
The history of the Cologne city council, documented in documents, goes back to the beginning of the 13th century. The name council was first used in 1216 and is documented again for the year 1229. The hitherto de facto and subsequently to 1396 the existing rule of the Cologne patrician families then sat a negotiated based on a "Schwureinung" contract that Verbundbrief an end. The treaty, today known as the city's first constitution, was the basis for the first elected city council, the Cologne council .
history
Council and council building
The city's first administration was a body made up of the sexes to which other classes of society had no access. Meetings and decisions were made in a building that is mentioned as domus in quam cives conveniunt but also as domus civium . In this first “house of the bourgeoisie”, in the middle of the Jewish quarter , the Richerzeche , an association of rich merchants, which was formed later, probably had its seat.
A successor to this first assembly building, one of which has been preserved, was built around 1330. For the city lords, the “heren vun Collen”, and their representative seat, the Middle High German designation “Raitzhui (y) s” for town hall became in later years and “Raitzheren” for councilors. On this site, which is still the location of the town hall today , the council built the council chapel of St. Mary in Jerusalem after the Jewish residents of the quarter were driven out .
Council chapels
The first chapel “sent Michel”, built in 1172 and consecrated to St. Michael , was on the upper floor of the Roman Marspforte in what is now Marspfortengasse, known in the Middle Ages as “up der Marportzen”. This council chapel served the councilors until the completion of the chapel “St. Mary in Jerusalem “as a house of God. The old chapel and the gate, the “Maatpooz”, were demolished in 1545. The entrance gate of the council chapel served the councilors until the advent of printing in Cologne by Ulrich Zell (1460s) as a place for announcements: innovations were posted on the door for those who were not present when the “morning addresses” were announced.
First forms of administration
After the first city expansion in 1106 ( Niederich , Oversburg ) and the following one in 1182, the previously independent special communities were incorporated into the city. The concern of the wealthy families resident there to have a share in the municipal administration was met by the college of lay judges , a “lay judge's chair” appointed by the archbishop as city lord and dependent on him, by joining together with them to form a brotherhood , the Richerzeche .
Divide and rule
The committee of the Richerzeche consisted of an annually changing fifteen-member council, which was composed predominantly of leading people of old Cologne genders and complemented each other.
The “Wide Council” formed at the end of the 12th century now also took into account representatives of the “official bodies” from the special communities . It consisted of 82 members. These members of the extended council, who mostly came from younger merchant families, were only formally granted a say, they remained dependent on the “narrow council”.
Council and municipal court
The city council tried to influence the judiciary as well. In the beginning only the "Enge Rat" acted as a court. The jurisdiction of the council courts was initially limited. They included the settlement of construction disputes and the execution thing legal suits , which a succession law was based. The council took over the task of settling guild disputes from the mayors of the Richerzeche .
From 1326, the council transferred parts of its legal competences, which had meanwhile been extended by privileges , to the special courts it had set up. These initially included the guest court (1326), the court of violence (1341), the horse court (1348), the court in the wool kitchen, this remained insignificant and was replaced by the cloth hall court (1371) and the court in the hall (1373). The "hall courts" were merged in later times and resided after the expansion measures of the Gürzenich at the beginning of the 16th century in the so-called "Kaufhaus-Gürzenich court". The special courts negotiated and ruled in various legal cases in the name of the council in the first instance , the council itself was responsible for an appeal. The syndicate and commission court was later created for this purpose. The council received formal recognition with regard to its jurisdiction by the archbishop and the aldermen of the high court through a treaty concluded in 1362. Both sides declared in the agreement to respect the jurisdiction of both sides as independent . Despite the intrigues of the lay judges, who feared for their power, the archbishop was not ready to comply with the pressure and restore the universal competence of the judges' college. In 1375 he reaffirmed the rights granted to the council.
Decline in power
The persistent arrogance of the "sexes", arbitrariness and their corrupt behavior (medieval clique ) led to the formation of a growing opposition in the citizenry. This was formed mainly in the strengthened guild of weavers in the former special community "Airsburg" (the area around the Waidmarkt), under whose leadership it the 1370/71 rebellion came against the gender rule. After the only temporary “regiment” of the weavers united in the “Wollenamt”, the sexes only managed a brief return to power. The concessions wrested from them had diminished their former power, and the sexes gradually lost all their competencies . In 1391 they lost their self-granted right to be the mayor . It was now up to the Council to fill this post. While the internal, bitter party struggles between the sexes increased, the “Weite Rat”, which was reduced to 31 members after the “Weber Uprising”, became increasingly independent. The merchants represented in it, who had organized themselves in Gaffel called "cooperatives", gained more and more the upper hand. In these “gaffs” it was mainly the deputies of the “Gaffel Eisenmarkt” and those of the “Gaffel Windeck” who emerged as leaders of the discontented. But also the gentlemen of the "Gaffel Himmelreich", who represented the wine merchants , as well as those of the subsequent goldsmiths belonged to the circle of gentlemen who planned the overthrow and carried it out in 1396.
The agreement then reached after long negotiations with the Verbundbrief was the conclusion of a bloodless coup which had been initiated by less peaceful events as early as 1371 with the weaver revolt .
Verbundbrief
The provisional council formed in June 1396 also included 15 merchants from the old “Wide Council” and 27 delegates from the craft guilds, and only 5 members of the “Narrow Council” who belonged to the “families” were also represented in it.
The interim council appointed a thirteen- member committee to work out the “Verbundbrief” , which was joined by 25 representatives from gaffs and guilds.
The core content of the contract to be drawn up should be the creation of a "Basic Law", the future constitution of the city. The documents were drawn up by the town clerk Gerlach van Hauwe .
Origin, modalities
Priority was given to reorganizing the electoral process and the composition of the council. The right to vote for the election of the Council all had "long-established" and citizens in one of the gaffs her the oath of citizenship had done resembling oath (about 30 percent of the male population).
Throughout the city, around 50 craftsmen's guilds, modeled on the large, dominant merchants' associations Eisenmarkt, Windeck, Himmelreich and Schwarzenhaus, also joined forces in gaffs. For example, in the “Schwarzenhaus” gaff, as in many other gaffs, the merchants set the tone, they took care of the sale of the goods that were made in the guilds of the woad traders and dyers attached to them .
An “extract” of these associations were the 22 gaffs, whose envoys authorized to seal swore, sealed and signed on behalf of the “guilds associated with them”.
The comparable Utrecht and Liège constitutional texts of that time, which in some passages resemble the text of the Cologne “Verbundbrief”, begins with a short introduction and then lists the names of the signatory contracting parties.
Introduction and contracting parties:
" In the name of the Holy Trinity, Amen.
We, Mayor and Council of the City of Cologne, and further we, the whole community as a whole, poor and rich, resident and resident in Cologne, from all and any offices and gaff societies, which are written down by name in the following are:
- We from the Wollenamt, both Airsburg and Greek market, with the offices that are connected with us, and we with them, namely cloth shears, white tanners and tiring weavers
- From the iron market with those who are connected with us and sworn in and we with them
- From the black house with the woaders and line dyers and those who are connected with us and sworn in and we with them
- About the goldsmiths with the gold bats and those who are connected and sworn in with us and we with them
- Von der Windeck with those who are connected to us and we with them
- About the colored words with those who are connected to us and we with them
- From the kingdom of heaven with those who are connected with us and we with them
- From the signs with the offices that are connected with us and we with them, namely emblem stickers, saddle makers and glass words
- Of aren with those who are connected and sworn to us and we with them
- About the stonemasons and their offices of carpenters, wood cutters, box makers, Leiendecker and clay strippers, who are connected with us and we with them
- From the blacksmiths with those who are connected to us and we with them
- From the bakers to those who are connected to us and we to them
- From the brewers, with those who are connected to us and we with them
- From the belt makers with the offices of leather workers, needle makers, turners, bag makers and glove makers and further to those who are connected with us and we with them
- From the office of the meat with those who are connected with us and we with them
- From the Fischamt with those who are connected to us and we with them
- From the tailors to those who are connected to us and we to them
- About the shoemakers with the offices of tanners and clog makers and those who are connected with us and we with them
- From the Sarwords with the offices of pocket makers, sword sweepers and beard trimmers who are connected with us and we with them
- From the jug makers with the office of “hammermakers”: and those who are connected with us and we with them
- About the barrel makers with the wine office and the wine makers who are connected to us and we to them
- From the sign weavers with the cover sheet weavers and the linen weavers who are connected with us and we with them and further all those who are sworn in and connected with any of our aforementioned offices and gaffs.
New beginning 1396
The council was elected by 22 gaffs, which were weighted according to their number of members. So 10 of the smaller of these associations each provided one of their own, 11 each provided two, and the largest of the gaffs, the "Wollenamt", appointed four of its masters in an open vote, as with all gaffs for the council. Since the 36 people elected annually by election were not all experienced politicians, the council was supplemented by 13 so-called “infirmaries” who were sent from the merchants' gaffs. These were mostly experienced politicians who were viewed by the council with its extensive European (Hanseverbund) trade relations as indispensable experts.
These 49 council members remained in office for one year and were able to stand for re-election after a two-year break. In order to ensure a certain continuity in the council meeting , half of the councilors were exchanged on June 24th, on St. John's Day , and on December 24th, on Christmas Eve , since the new one in Cologne is on Christmas Day according to the Julian calendar Year began.
The undersigned parties sealed and sworn a large number of mutually agreed resolutions, which thus became a body of law.
Some of the articles:
From now on there should only be an undivided, undivided council and sit together for advice ...
This introduction was immediately followed by a qualification. It was the following formulation with which the "44s" were introduced as a controlling body. The committee was made up of two shop stewards from each of the 22 gaffs, without which the “seated council” (the one currently in office) could no longer resolve and issue important issues .
- The new council and each later could no longer act on important issues without the approval of the gaffs. He undertook not to undertake or prepare any new campaigns of his own accord. No new alliances, documents or contracts, regardless of which gentlemen or classes, were made or entered into. Likewise, no new inheritance or life annuities that would burden the city could be granted without the consent of the "44ers" if they would exceed an amount of more than 1,000 guilders per year.
- The applicant for the council office had to be an honorable citizen of the age of majority and born in wedlock.
- The individual had to obediently follow the decisions of a majority, in disputes, assault or insults among themselves as well as in dishonorable misconduct, the council was to be recognized as the judging authority .
- The public officials were forbidden to accept money or gifts in addition to their salaries , in order to exclude the possibility of outsiders influencing the decisions to be made by the council.
- All undertook to ensure now and in the future that every new citizen would be asked to join one of the gaffs within 14 days and to swear the oath on the now valid “constitution”.
The mantra (excerpt):
... All and all articles and laws that are written before and after in this document, we, the mentioned mayors, council, offices and gaffes, once with the whole community in Cologne, and further with all those who swore with us and we are connected with them, all and individually, first firmly praised and assured in good, complete fidelity and then willingly sworn to the saints with outstretched fingers, and we vow, affirm and swear by means of this document, them fully and exactly, as they are described and declared before and after by us in this document, to be held firmly, consistently and inviolably for eternal days, to be followed and carried out, and at no time to advise, act or speak against them with any cunning or malice , Intrigues or evil treacheries that have been thought up in any way or can still be thought up….
According to Article 14 of the Verbundbrief, a total of 23 handwritten copies were made, one of which was kept in the council archives and the others were handed over to the gaffs.
Office cycle and offices
The secular authorities of Cologne were the elected council, which recognized only the emperor as his master. The sovereignty of the council extended to all matters of the city , with the exception of the "High Court", which is subordinate to the Archbishop of Cologne , the blood court . The “gracious gentlemen”, they were to be addressed, saw themselves responsible for the legislation, the administration of justice and the administration of the city. They were elected for a one-year term and could run again after two years.
Half of the city representatives were changed every six months, but most of those who had left remained connected to the "city regiment" through a change in council offices offered to them. In order to be able to cope with all tasks, the “seated council” met only three times a week, and a considerable number of offices had been created. For example, resigned councilors provided offices as “ brewers ” to control the beer, as “fire masters” for fire protection, as fish market masters, coal masters, corn masters, as “road masters” to monitor street cleaning or as “knife masters” for police duties. The most important offices, which also emerged from the council, were those of the two mayors, who presided over the council, as well as the offices of the "rent masters", who, as head of the rent chambers, administered the city's finances. There were two versions of “voice masters”, one of which was responsible for military and civil discipline , and the “wine masters”, at the same time “voice masters”, were also responsible for trade issues. The “judges of violence” and the “tower masters” (prisons in the towers of the city wall) were in charge of the police apparatus. The selection of the vacant position was not up to the respective applicant, but was based on his reputation , his knowledge and his experience . Some of the gentlemen went through a real career due to several years of service .
New oligarchy
The intentionally introduced mode of term of office and re-election in a fixed cycle did not bring the hoped-for result of a broader participation of the citizens in the filling of the offices. After just a few decades, councilors and mayors were again occupied by a few families. Before 1396 it was the oligarchy of the Cologne patricians , now it was just different family names. Once in office, they were continually elected to the council over and over. So it came again to arbitrary financial behavior of the council and nepotism , which fueled resentment in the citizenship.
September Revolt 1481
The so-called "September revolt" in 1481 had economic reasons. The massive tax increases decreed by the council and triggered the discontent resulted from the council's efforts to reduce the city's heavy debt burden. The Neuss War (1474), for which Cologne had also mobilized troops (led by councilors and mayors), brought the council fame and honor and brought the city a number of imperial privileges (such as the elevation to the "free imperial city" in the following year) but because of the contingent of about 2200 men, high war costs . In order to reduce the debts still resulting from this war, bread and wine prices were raised considerably. The complaint of a commission sent by the Gaffeln (sending) was not complied with because of the poor financial situation in the city, so that there was an uproar. After this from the belt maker Johann Hemmersbach organized rebellion stormed insurgents on 18 February, the Carnival Monday 1482 the city hall and took the mayor Johann von Dauwe and Goswin of Strailen fixed and some councilors. The uprising was put down and the ringleaders beheaded on Ash Wednesday in the Heumarkt.
Transfix letter
A lack of transparency in the work of the council and violations of the law increased to such an extent that the gaffs revolted in 1512/13. The incumbent council was disempowered and corrupt members were expelled. The rebels elected 178 shop stewards , the so-called Great Dispatch , who took power in the city. Ten of the leading councilors were publicly executed in the hay market . The following additions to the Verbundbrief with the Transfixbrief of December 1513 were intended to prevent future arbitrariness, such as that of the sexes before 1396, and to create better control options.
From then on, a small consignment , a body of 23 members, took control of the council. Gerhard von Wasserfaß and Johann Rinck were elected as new mayors . The law also contained a number of provisions aimed at strengthening the rights of the community and safeguarding the citizens' personal freedom . So it was said concerning the civil rights : The urban violent carrier may a citizen
"... do not pull out of his truce by force within days or night, nor touch on the street, nor attack ... if his rights are denied, he can call the gaffs ..."
Verbund- and Transfixbrief formed the "Basic Law" of the Free Imperial City of Cologne for centuries . Nevertheless, this documented set of rules was repeatedly eroded, circumvented or simply disregarded.
Aristocratization of the Council
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the good resolutions formulated and sworn to in Verbund and Transfix letters faded again. Thus, in disregard of all documented rights of the citizenry, offices and posts of the city government were firmly in the hands of oligarchic family associations. The “city leaders” understood the offices as councilors or mayors as hereditary and assigned them within the family as they saw fit. Coveted further municipal offices could be obtained through "relationships" or even through purchase. The city's regiment saw itself as absolute authority to which the community owed obedience .
Summary extract
As early as 1608, complaints from the citizens against the rulers increased, as a result of which real unrest spread in the summer of 1609. The gaffs loudly demanded a return to old values and a return to the agreements of the Verbund and Transfix letter.
The points of conflict between the council and the citizens were economic grievances, the hiring of mercenaries in municipal services and the financial behavior of the administration, which largely contradicted the requirements of the Transfix letter. An extraordinary community meeting called in May 1610 settled the almost two-year dispute with some supplementary new regulations of the existing laws. The document updating the Verbund- and Transfixbrief, but which was not sealed, was the "Summary Extract".
Gülich revolt
The permanent violations of the still valid constitution of the Verbund- and Transfixbrief, as well as the cover-up of the administrative abuses had become common practice. The citizens saw themselves cheated above all about their political participation, their right to vote. In addition there was the catastrophic economic and financial situation of the city, whose "golden times" of the Hanseatic League came to an end in the middle of the 17th century. Those responsible tried to remedy this situation by implementing massive tax increases. In the middle of the 1660s the resentment of the citizens began to grow stronger. At the end of the 1670s, the citizens were no longer willing to stand idly by the grievances. The municipal syndic Nikolaus Gülich became the spokesman for the opposition .
Probably in order to take the pressure off the internal tensions, the council thought it advisable to set up a commission of inquiry in September 1680, which, however, was assigned a "deputation" of the gaffs at the urging of the citizens. The commission set up, known as the “General Inquisition”, was able to prove serious offenses by particularly heavily discredited council members due to its commitment to preserve the anonymity of willing witnesses . Those convicted of perverting the law , coercion , extortion , bribery and other crimes lost their offices and were severely punished. The Commission's investigations continued to reveal a city-wide network of corrupt public officials.
The opposition expected those responsible to be held accountable. They hoped that a newly installed city regiment would bring about better conditions in the administration and expected an interaction of the forces, the council, the commission and the citizens represented by the gaffs, that the legal system created in 1396 would be strengthened, confirmed and reapplied would. Acting mayors in 1680 were Maximilian von Kreps and Ferdinand von Kollen. Von Kreps (1624–1684), who served as mayor for the second time, was the banner owner of the Windeck merchants' gaff and was a member of the council between 1658 and 1673. In the course of the events described, he was heavily burdened, convicted and removed from his office. The citizens found that nothing happened except for the convictions and impeachment of a few people. The expected fundamental reforms did not materialize and the high-handed government practice continued. In addition, the council regiment began to weaken the opposition through administrative measures, so that the fundamental conflict between the authorities and the community escalated again. It was seen that, contrary to the oath of all parties to maintain the unbreakable unity and seek compensation, as sworn in the agreements 1396, 1481/82, 1512/13 and 1610, no change was to be expected from the acting council. When the gaffs suspected violent action by the council against the opposition movement, they beat the council and launched a coup . In June 1683, they deposed the city regiment as sworn and sworn. Excluding all those previously involved in the city regiment, the gaffs gathered to vote and appointed new officials. The new council was assigned 44 commissioners as a supervisory body; the actual council was only supposed to be an executive, administrative body of the authorities. As a syndic, Gülich took on the leading role in the endeavor to introduce reforms; he was also commissioned as "General Inquisitor" to clear up all misconduct since 1680. Maximilian von Kreps succeeded in portraying the reform movement against the clique of the rulers as an uprising of the mob and found the highest support at the imperial court in Vienna . Gaffeln, the commission and the council were asked by the Imperial Court Office to justify their actions.
The arguments sent by the Cologne to the Reichshofrat , the municipality had decided on its own power, as in earlier times, to appoint and appoint a magistrate outside of them and thus established a regimen absolute democraticum , as it was already done by Emperor Sigismund in 1396 and subsequently similar circumstances had been approved by his successors, one did not want to follow "at court". The declaration was not accepted and rejected. The Reichshofrat gave Gülich , the new council and the gaff commissioners the imperial eight and ordered the reinstatement of the old city regiment .
Disputes in the gaffs and the impending imperial measures led to Gülich's rapid decline in authority . In 1685 the Gaffeln agreed to arrest Gülich and his main supporters and followed all other demands of the imperial court. Nikolaus Gülich was eventually executed. With the massive intervention of the emperor, all the participation and parity claims of the citizens, often formulated and sealed in many documents, in favor of the unrestricted rule of the city authorities, the Cologne council, which is only subordinate to the emperor, ended.
End of council rule 1796
The bourgeoisie remained largely uninfluenced in relation to the council strengthened in this way, now and in the following 18th century. The arrogance of the “superiors” had increased and maladministration was covered up. The municipality resigned for the time being, however, the will remained virulent for rebellion there.
Tolerance dispute
It was not until 1787, in the so-called Cologne tolerance dispute, which characterized the dispute between the citizens, the clergy and the city council over a council resolution passed by a narrow majority, that the citizens' will to force changes if necessary emerged again.
Through her sustained, massive protests , she succeeded in revoking a decision taken by the council to give Protestant citizens more rights.
Municipal administration
The occupation of the city by the French revolutionary army in 1794 brought an end to traditional council rule. Reiner Josef von Klespe symbolically handed the city keys to the French General Jean-Étienne Championnet at the turnpike of the Hahnentor . Nikolaus DuMont , who was the last to be elected mayor by the old council in 1794, had tried, as ambassador of his city in Paris, to reach special regulations for occupied Cologne, but received a refusal. In Cologne the old council was initially left in office. After the "gentlemen" had repeatedly opposed the orders of the French authorities, the city council was dissolved on May 28, 1796. The council was replaced by a municipal administration based on the French model.
Web links
- The Syndicate Library - The library of the Council of the City of Cologne in the University and City Library of Cologne
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dresmann, constitution and procedures of the Cologne Council dishes . Dissertation of the Law Faculty of the University of Cologne, 1959, page 12, reference to: F. Lau, page 98
- ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), The Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, May 1216 Cologne Council mentions p. 184 ff
- ↑ Manfred Huiskes: in sources on the history of the city of Cologne , p. 1
- ↑ see also: Commune (Middle Ages)
- ^ Carl Dietmar, Chronicle of Cologne, p. 69
- ^ Adam Wrede, Volume II, page 188
- ↑ At the “morning hour” on fixed dates, important edicts, projects or innovations were solemnly announced to the community from the upper floor of the town hall
- ↑ A reorganization of the cloth hall court took place with the expansion of the Gürzenich into a municipal department store. In it at the beginning of the 16th century an independent court, the Kaufhaus-Gürzenich -gericht was opened. After a short period of coexistence, the previous cloth hall court was integrated into the Gürzenich court. After: "Klaus Dresmann", this refers to "Paul Clemen" in Volume II, Section IV, p. 286
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, Ratsgerichte, page 14 ff
- ^ After: Manfred Huiskes: in sources for the history of the city of Cologne , p. 1
- ^ Carl Dietmar, Chronicle of Cologne, "End of the patrician power" p. 127
- ↑ "gemeynde": community, the entirety of all gaff members, i.e. all citizens and confederates sworn in on the gaffs with active voting rights
- ^ "Ampt": Office, in Cologne and still in Low German and Dutch the term for a commercial cooperative of craftsmen, which is now associated with the Upper German word guild
- ↑ "tyrteyer": Tirteier, Tirteiweber; Manufacturer of tirtie, a blend of wool and linen
- ↑ "Iserenmarte": Eisenmarkt, one of the older merchants' gaffes on Heumarkt, named after its gaff house (the north-eastern edge of the Heumarkt was called Eisenmarkt)
- ↑ "Swartzenhuysse": Schwarz (en) haus, Kaufleutegaffel, named after their Gaffelhaus on Hohe Straße
- ↑ "weydenere": Waidner, woad traders traded in woad, a plant from which the dye for dyeing blue (Cologne blue) is obtained
- ↑ "lynnenververe": linen dyers, dyer
- ↑ “goltsleigere”: Goldschläger, manufacturer of gold and silver leaf
- ↑ "Wyndege": Windeck, merchants gaff, named after its Gaffelhaus (new) Windeck on the Alter Markt
- ↑ "buntwortere": colorful words, furriers
- ↑ "Hemelrijche": Kingdom of Heaven, Kaufleutegaffel. The origin of the name is not clear. The street "Am Himmelreich", on which two houses of the Gaffel stood, was named after them
- ↑ "portrayer" portrayer, painters, especially on the Schildergasse were located
- ↑ "glayswortere": Glass words Glaser
- ↑ "Aren": Guild of the Riemenschneider, they called themselves the "von Aren" after their guild and gaff house zum Aren (eagle) at the fish market
- ↑ "hotzsnijdere": wood cutter, board cutter, saw
- ↑ "kistenmechere": box maker, carpenter
- ↑ related Leiendecker, Roofers in Cologne mainly slate (Leien): "leydeckere"
- ↑ "sleyvere": clay strings, plisterers, they closed the compartments of the houses with wooden wicker and clay
- ↑ "bruwerre": The brewers who initially had their guild house on the Rhine (slackhuis) and later on Schildergasse (huys Mirwiler)
- ↑ "gurdelmechere": Gürtler, also red foundry or brass and copper foundry. Among other things, they also made belt buckles
- ↑ “correydere” also “lederreidere”: Cologne term for leather rider or trainer. They prepared tanned leather for the processing trades such as saddlers, shoemakers and bags
- ↑ The meat office was subject to slaughtering and meat shops, which were supervised by a master
- ↑ “vyschampt”: Fischamt, guild of traders with green or fresh (Poller allis shad) fish
- ↑ "schrodere": Schröter, widely used in Cologne and in Low German for tailors
- ↑ “sarrwortere”: Sar word, armor maker
- ↑ "kannengiessere": tinsmith, a Manufactory was present in Cologne until the end of the 19th century
- ↑ Hammermacher, Rhenish for collar maker , the neck harness for draft animals
- ↑ "vasbendere": Cooper, Cooper, Cooper
- ↑ "wijnampt": Wine Office, in Cologne a corporation of the staff working in wine shop
- ↑ "wijnschrodere": Weinschröter, wine unloaders and transporters
- ↑ "ziechenwevere": Ziechenweber, sackcloth weaver, manufacturer of coarse sackcloth
- ↑ after: Manfred Huiskes: in sources for the history of the city of Cologne , pp. 1, 25, 26. Huiskes refers in connection with the Verbundbriefeexte to: Hermann Keussen : "The author of the Verbundbriefes and the" New Book "". In MAStK 15 (1881) pp. 1-54; Ders: "The Cologne Revolution of 1396, its justification and presentation". Cologne 1888.
- ↑ "frail": frailty, that which is still missing from the full "holy" number (7x7) of 49 councilors
- ↑ Manfred Huiskes: in sources p. 16 ff
- ↑ Manfred Huiskes: in sources p. 3
- ↑ according to Bernd Dreher in Quellen , Chap. 26, p. 246
- ↑ after Manfred Groten in Quellen , chap. 3, p. 63 f
- ↑ Brigitte Maria Wübbeke in Sources , chap. 10, p. 120 f
- ↑ Carl Dietmar, p. 148
- ↑ Latin "transfigere", according to Dietmar, as much as the meeting of two documents and, in a figurative sense, their close relationship. P. 154.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns , 1991, p. 154
- ↑ Carl Dietmar, pp. 176,178
- ↑ a b after Bernd Dreher in Quellen , chap. 26, p. 238 ff
- ^ According to information from the Cologne City Museum, Zeughaus
- ^ Carl Dietmar, pp. 217, 219
literature
- Manfred Huiskes, Bernd Dreher, Manfred Groten, Brigitte Maria Wübbeke: in sources on the history of the city of Cologne , Volume II. Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Friends of History in Cologne V., JP Bachem Verlag Cologne, ISBN 3-7616-1285-0
- Hermann Keussen: Register of the University of Cologne , 7 volumes (Cologne 1892), ND continuation Düsseldorf 1979/81
- Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary . 3 volumes A - Z, Greven Verlag, Cologne, 9th edition 1984, ISBN 3-7743-0155-7
- Walter Geis, Ulrich Krings (ed.): The Gothic town hall and its historical surroundings (= Stadtspuren. Monuments in Cologne, Vol. 26), Cologne: JP Bachem Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-7616-1391-1
- Klaus Dresmann: Constitution and proceedings of the Cologne council courts . Dissertation in the Law Faculty of the University of Cologne, 1959
- Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle on the history of the city of Cologne in two volumes. Volume I: From the beginnings to 1400 , Greven Verlag Cologne, Cologne 1990. ISBN 3-7743-0259-6
- Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns , Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, ISBN 3-611-00193-7