Oversburg
Oversburg was a medieval suburb of the city of Cologne , which was also called "Airsbach". It emerged from the restructuring of a very early area that was subordinate to the St. Severin Monastery in Cologne . The original borderline encompassing this area was described in detail in a document from Archbishop Wichfrid (924 to 953).
The old St. Severin Abbey area
The area was subordinate to St. Severin, the southernmost collegiate church of the city and extended from the southern city wall below the collegiate area of St. Pantaleon far into the foreland. The ecclesiastical and secular administrative boundaries of the Sprengels were mostly laid down in land maps and had roughly the following course:
Starting at the high gate , the south gate of the Roman attachment, the border ran at today Severinstraße up to the called Perlengraben natural terrain sink, a continuation of the Katharinen trench, known as "Fossa," "Aducht" or simply trench. From there it ran southwest through Schnurgasse in the direction of the former settlement "Thiedenhoven" along the border with the district of St. Pantaleons in the western foreland to the hamlet of Höningen . It continued through the forests of “Dierlo” and “Junginvorst” (probably in the area of the “Rumenthorp” mentioned in Kölngau ) over the forest path to the Rhine . The river formed the border downstream to the Duffesbach, which flows into the Rhine in front of the city, in the southeastern moat. The Duffesbach was the border of the later district of Oversburg and the core city that had grown around the Rhine suburb . The Filzengraben road ran along the trench, which was followed by the Mühlenbach road to the Hochpforte in a westerly direction.
After the construction measures for the city expansion were decided in 1180 and thus the Severins district was cut again, the areas beyond the Bischofsweg fell to Immendorf, whose parish borders then extended to Godorf . In the civilian area, however, a large part of the area remained, according to the record of the shrine book "Extra muros", judicially and shrine-dependent of the Fronhof St. Severin.
development
A small oratory from the fourth century, which was built on the site of a former Roman burial ground from the first century, is said to have been the beginning of today's St. Severin’s Church. The site, which was initially used for pagan and later also for Christian burials, then became the building site for the St. Severin Collegiate Church, whose builders, together with the respective archbishops, significantly shaped the history of the southern suburb of Cologne.
The increase in population was general and did not only affect the inner-city area. Smaller settlements on all sides of the old fortified city center had already been located in front of the old town. The property of these suburban suburbs and other settlements in the more distant surrounding area in the southwest of the city (in the so-called Schweid ) was largely in the hands of the monasteries or the respective Cologne archbishops and sovereigns. Most of the lands had been assigned to foundations , monasteries or noble houses on a loan basis . The canon monastery of St. Severin, which was established in this place in earlier times and is run by provosts , acquired considerable real estate. Also donations to the pin and exemption from taxes and other charges were increasing his wealth.
Churches and early settlements
Within the parish boundaries were in addition to the already dense development around St. Severin and the St. John church dedicated to St. Jan. suspected settlement "Everich" (later Overich, Over castle) and the later not again mentioned settlement "Thiede Hoven," the village " Nothausen "on the Rhine (to St. Maria Lyskirchen (later Beien or Bayen) and far outside the settlement of) that Hofstätten to the southwest lie" Beina " Immendorf with his equally St. Severin church dedicated and the hamlet of today Rondorf belonging small town Höningen.
Areas of influence through founding monasteries
As in the other suburban areas, there were buildings in the south of the city in the vicinity of smaller churches. With the growth of these congregations, the church buildings were also enlarged. Two of these churches later developed under the influence of the Archbishops of Cologne into magnificent collegiate churches, St. Severin and St. Georg. St. Severin was established as early as the 8th century by a community of canons , while the Canons ' Monastery of St. George was founded around 1056 under Archbishop Anno .
Division of responsibilities and areas
The formerly extensive area of St. Severins had to accept some area losses over the years. With the St. Georg Abbey, founded in 1056 by Archbishop Anno, to which the parish church of St. Jakob , which was also created under Anno, was subordinated, St. Severin lost its northern parish. The ecclesiastical responsibilities changed in this way also led to the establishment of a new administrative district with the name Oversburg, in which the other place names were only called "quarters".
Organization of the early special churches
The historian Keussen categorized the special "structures" of the early Cologne "special communities" into three groups:
It was the parishes of the core city with the Rhine suburb , the public judicial districts Niederich and Oversburg as well as the group of the suburban districts Severin, Mauritius and Christoph, which leaned on their local courts Severin, Pantaleon and Gereon . Only the late Aposteln district differed from the others, as it included both parts of the old town and areas of the two city extensions. Although these groups arose at different times and on different bases, they had similar forms of organization. The keeping of the shrine maps was one of the most important activities of the special communities of the 12th century. So those of the districts with the "shrines" Martin, Brigiden, Alban, Laurenz, Peter, Columba, Aposteln, Niederich, and Airsbach.
- Remains of the fortifications on the north side of the suburb of Oversburg
"Old wall by the brook", remains of the Roman wall
Remains of the Roman wall at the Mühlenbach
Rheingassenpforte ( slip gate ), Thurnmarkt
Central streets and buildings
In addition to the paths and lanes between the houses near the church, development in the suburban areas was initially concentrated on the city's gate streets. In the case of Oversburg, these were the Hochpforte (the Roman south gate), the Weißbuttenpforte on the Blaubach, the corn or market gate to the Heumarkt and the Johannispforte on Severinstraße (the old Severinspforte on the Katharinen- and Perlengraben). In particular along Severinstrasse (platea severini) as a north-south axis, as an extension of the old Cardo of Roman Cologne , the development became denser. Over the centuries, this “main street” had become a traffic and trade route, the northern section of which had the highest building density in the southern suburb. But also along the stream flowing through the suburbs from Hürth and in the quarters around Witschgasse, Weberstrasse and Mathiasstrasse, the streets were built almost completely.
After the fortifications at Filzen-, Perlen- and Katharinengraben were abandoned, the moats, which had become superfluous as the wall was moved further forward, filled with rain and sewage, so that in some cases large, standing puddles (so-called paludes in Latin sources) were created. With the exception of the Filzengraben, wider alleys were created in later times on these areas that were then drained.
The northern stream roads
About two thirds of the stream, which was probably already in use in Roman times, flowed through the suburb of Oversburg. The stream, later provided with two branches, supplied the residents, fields and vineyards, the cattle, but also many commercial facilities with fresh water.
According to Mercator's view of the city of Cologne from 1570 , the mostly open-flowing stream in the Oversburg area had a total of seven crossings, four of which were referred to as wooden walkways . Three other crossings were of a more massive design, shown wider on the map, including the Bach or Weissfrauengate through which the brook flows. The other two stone arch bridges stood between Waidmarkt and Hochpforte and at the confluence with Mathiasstrasse. As far as they could be seen on the Mercator map, they were of a similar design. At the end of the Filzengraben street, from the street “before Lyskirchen ”, the brook was evidently led underground into the Rhine.
Blaubach and surroundings
The Blaubach belonging to the St. Jakob subdistrict, the upper western part of which extended to the district of the parish of St. Mauritius, stretched from the pearl ditch, which was made up of an elongated pool, to the high gate and the Waidmarkt. This street name was also subject to frequent changes. Adam Wrede cited the following variants: The “Blaubach”, was older than “Bloobach” in written records “in ripa”, around 1200 “super ripam” and in the 16th century “super rivolum”, also “under blaferber” but mostly “ called uff der bach “.
The houses of the Marienberg and Tafelerkonvents were located between Perlengraben, Severinstrasse, Weissbüttengasse and Weissgerbereckstrasse. The monastery of St. Maria Magdalena with its chapel has been located in its southwestern area since 1212, both of which were also called To the White Women . The monastery , which was closed in 1802, is said to have had valuable relics , which led to it becoming a place of pilgrimage . About opposite the monastery, on the northern side of the Blaubach, was the white woman's gate of the old Roman wall. This fortification wall, which is still partially preserved, led to openings in the stair lane, the Färbergasse and the Bachemstrasse. The transition from the Blaubach to its extension, the Mühlenbach, was the Waidmarkt at its eastern end.
Mühlenbach and surroundings
Below the Waidmarkt was the town house of the Marienstadt monastery used for commercial purposes (wine trade). It was followed by the vine convent mentioned in 1297 on the Mühlenbach (founder Mechthildis Ranke), which moved to Weißbüttengasse in 1349 and merged there with the St. Jakobskonvent. In addition to the old location of the vine convent, the Himmerod monastery had acquired a town house (wine trade). Opposite this property, on the north side of the Mühlenbach, stood a Roman tower , mentioned until 1479 , which towered up to today's high Marienplatz. The Jülich house, which belonged to the “Gruthaus” on the upper Marienplatz, was also located on the Mühlenbach. For the year 1579, the book Weinsberg (III 47) reports , without giving any further reasons, "two houses collapse on the Unterbach".
In the street “Vor S. Matheis”, today's Mathiasstraße, which branches off from the “Bach” to the south, the shrine springs mentioned a building by Gerardi Overstolz in 1304 . In 1463 a house in the adjoining Weberstrasse was named with the addition “next to the house Gerardi Oyverstoultz, knight to S. Johann wärt”. A so-called gender tower of this patrician family can be seen on the Mercator map.
The house "Zum alten Punder", in which the Cologne gaff of the "Wollenamt Airsbach" and "Kriechmarkt" was located, was also located on Mathiasstrasse. It was the guild house of the Cologne weavers, who had organized themselves into one of the most powerful guilds in the city and who were able to rule the city for a short time.
The street was named after the S. Mathias chapel. This stood on the corner of the Witschgasse, which opens there, in the middle of which the branch of the Duffesbach, coming from the cattle trough at Waidmarkt, continued to flow towards the Rhine. The chapel was next to the Heisterbacher Hof (wine trade) and was mentioned in documents from the St. Severin parish archive in 1311. St. Mathias was subordinate to the Church of St. Johann Baptist and was administered by a rector appointed by there . The chapel initially took up the lower house of a gabled house in Mathiasstrasse and was 5.50 m high and 9.00 m deep. Its street front reached a width of 11 m. Its back narrowed to a width of 8.00 m. The upper floor of the chapel, inhabited by the rector, was accessible through a tower-like staircase in the southeast corner of the building. About two meters from the street gable , the roof ridge had a small belfry as an attachment. The outer walls of the chapel were made of 13th century tufa , but the exact year the chapel was built is not known. St. Mathias was closed in 1803 and in 1808 it fell under the domain management . The building was sold in 1811 and then converted into a residential building.
Houses and flats
In the Cologne shrine books , which mainly recorded transactions relating to the real estate of the citizens, the residential buildings were recorded with the designation "Domus" (house), whereby the term of the house was often also used as "mansio" (apartment). The common equation of these terms for apartment and residential building (single or multi-storey) usually referred to the living space of a house party, even if there were several "mansiones" (rooms) in this house. According to Keussen's research in the shrine maps, a more precise name was given when the house ownership (domus) was divided into several apartments (mansiones) and owners, or in the opposite case, when one party acquired or repurchased the shares of other owners. In these cases, for example, the name "four houses (mansiones) under one roof" appeared in the shrine entries for a three-story house, or the entries documented transactions such as a purchase, or the interest or pension income for a ½ or 1¼, a house and others Legal transactions. These included changes due to inheritance, right of way (to the rear building or a garden) or the right to a well - and the obligation to build a new building or to maintain a “Pütz”.
Example house Weinsberg
Hermann von Weinsberg is one of the most famous people of the beginning of Cologne's modern era . The notes he left also illustrate details of the construction of the Weinsberg house and its surroundings in Oversburg ("in S. Jacobs kirspel uff der Bach am Weitmarkt") on the Blaubach. Hermann was born in the apartment building or in part of the grandparents' and father's houses next to the "House of the Two Doves". His father was a blue dyer and trader with "linnen" (linen), but also ran a wine trade and a wine dispenser. The Weinsberg house, which the family moved into after abandoning the dyeing trade in 1524, had its front facing the Blaubach (which was sometimes also called "Unter Blaferbern"), the rear exit was north and led to the Büchel, today the residential street "Krummer Büchel" . The house bordered on its east side with a bakery and on the west with the house "Zwei Tauben" (called "Merlemans huis" in the sources), which was followed by the house of the "beard trimmer". The Weinsberg house itself (not including the apartment building), called "Wenemars huis" in the shrine, was about 24 feet wide and 50 feet long. The facade of the house facing the street “der giffel ” was made of stone up to the first floor. To the east it had a large door like a gate, opposite a stone arched bridge as wide as the gate over the stream. This bridge was Weinsberg's crossing to his parish church St. Jakob, located opposite on Waidmarkt, as whose church master and founder he is passed down.
The autonomous special community of Oversburg
Different forms of name such as Airsburg, Arsburg and Airsbach were used for the suburbs, and forms such as Oversburg and Orsburg were used in the sources throughout the entire Middle Ages, with Airsbach prevailing in the later modern period . Oversburg, like its northern suburban counterpart Niederich , formed an autonomous district of the city that was regarded as a special municipality until it was incorporated in 1106.
Church changes
The parish chapel Maria Magdalena, opposite St. Severin, only poorly compensated for the loss of capacity in the church space; structural extensions of the same were probably only made at the beginning of the 14th century, which led to its elevation to the parish church.
Courthouse and home
Until 1106, Oversburg was also a suburb, a special municipality and the seat of the jury . With the changes of 1106, the area of influence of the Fronhof St. Severin was also reduced. The jurisdiction of his court over Oversburg was waived.
Before the new overall district of Oversburg was founded, a small secular court in Lyskirchen is said to have existed in "Nothausen", but it was opened in Oversburg.
The new court and Gebürhaus (also Gebur- or Gebuirhaus) of the district was then on Mühlenbach at the level of Mathiasstrasse. It served the respective districts as an office and was the repository of the parish shrine books. Court hearings did not take place there after the "revolt" of 1396 (the end of the rule of the patrician families ), the house then temporarily served as the house of the Burgrave of Airsbach (1445), again as a fee house (1449), and also as the seat of a fire chief ( 1452), then became the assembly point for the night watchmen on horseback at "Airsberg", where the horses stood (1467). Hermann von Weinsberg referred to it again as Gebürhaus Airsbach (1586) and added that it was the house in whose vault the shrine files previously kept at Maria Lyskirchen were deposited. Between the years 1469/79, the court also owned an official building on Follerstraße, which probably had replaced the house on Mühlenbach.
The newly organized Oversburg district
From the parishes of the parish church St. Johann Baptist on the new border with the Sprengel St. Severin and the Abbey St. Georg founded by Anno with its parish church St. Jakob and the church St. Maria Lyskirchen on the Rhine, Anno formed the suburb of Oversburg. At the same time he dissolved the jurisdiction of St. Severin for this new district and added areas west of Severinstraße to the newly structured Oversburg. It was the triangle between the part of Severinstrasse close to the city, the Waidmarkt, the upper Blaubach and the Perlengraben, an area which, according to Keussen, had previously belonged to the St. Pantaleon Abbey. The southern border of Oversburg was now the line Perlengraben / Katharinengraben with the area of the parish of St. Johann Baptist beginning there.
Parish church and parish of St. Johann Baptist
The later parish church of St. Johann Baptist, initially called "Johanniskapelle", is said to have been built as a chapel of the St. Severin monastery as early as 641. Their membership in the monastery is documented for the first time in 948 by an archbishop's document. After the chapel was included in the second medieval walling around the city, which was carried out in 1106, the administrative relations with the parish of St. Severin changed, but St. Johann Baptist remained closely connected to it in church matters.
The chapel, which has meanwhile been expanded to a larger structure, in which a main altar was consecrated by Archbishop Philipp and later five altars were consecrated by Archbishop Dietrich in 1210 , allows conclusions to be drawn about a rapidly growing community. From 1210 at the latest, the respective clergyman from St. Johann is said to have belonged to the "Cologne pastors", but St. Severin retained the right to appoint the parish. Until 1802 the representatives of the parish of St. Johann Baptist elected two candidates, of which the provost of St. Severin then appointed one as pastor.
Building description of the medieval church
The church was a three-aisled pillar basilica with galleries , the central nave of which was vaulted in 1346 . In the same year it received a second aisle on its north side and was extended to the east. At the time of enlargement (1450), the gallery was vaulted and the previous panel - by gabled roofs replaced with slate were covered. An additional yoke was probably added to the kinking ship on the east side (Spielmannsgasse) in 1500. These changes can be clearly seen in Anton Woensam's depiction from 1531, it shows the two north aisles with their gable roofs. About 100 years later, in 1538, a nave was also added to the south side, the sacristy was built, and the inner side aisles also received a vaulted ceiling.
The parish of St. Johann Baptist
Her pastoral care then included Severinstrasse from Perlengraben to “Kleine Spitzengasse” and this itself. Further care areas were “Große Spitzengasse” (from kleine to Perlengraben), Perlengraben north of Severinstrasse to “Große Spitzengasse” and the Löwengasse, Weber-, Foller- and Mathiasstraße, in which there was another place of worship, the little Matthias Church. Also the "Große Witschgasse" (on which several groups of houses were already standing), the southern wood market from the Holzgasse, the Katharinengraben, the Nahe and Klappergasse, the "Kleine Witschgasse", the Spulmannsgasse and the street "An S. Katharinen" and the southern Mühlenbach from Mathiasstraße to Filzengraben was subordinate to the church, also known as "Zint Jan".
Smaller spiritual institutions in the vicinity of this district were:
- In 1311 the Bonn Convent was founded in Weberstrasse (Wevergassen- or Strasse) with five inmates. It was a foundation of the Alberti de Bonna to a community of beguines . The convent was mentioned again in 1452 and later became an institution of St. Johann Baptist.
- In 1325 the Prume convent was founded with ten inmates in Follerstrasse. The institution was founded by Ludwig von Lechenich. The facility existed until 1465.
Church master and founder
In the 16th century, the von Siegen family, who lived at the Holzmarkt, felt closely connected to their parish church. Arnold von Siegen , who was a member of the Cologne city council and repeatedly held the office of mayor, was, like his father and later his son, church master at St. Johann Baptist. Von Siegen, who had made considerable fortunes as a businessman, became one of the city's great founders with his social commitment, but paid particular attention to his parish church. In the text of the introductory page of a so-called “Kopeinbuch” of the church, a manuscript of a church master from 1580, some of the honorable predecessors were named. The men named Peterenn Kannegisser, Arnolden von Siegen, Marxen Beiwechsel and Wimmern Hack .
End of the medieval church
The church was dedicated to John the Baptist and St. Antonina with their six companions. It was the preferred church of the weavers' guild in the Middle Ages and also became the burial place of Arnold von Siegen. In 1943 it was almost completely destroyed. It was only rebuilt between the years 1961/63 by the architect Karl Band .
Ordenskirche St. Katharina
Next to St. Johann Baptist, a church dedicated to St. Catherine was built at the beginning of the 13th century. The origin of the church can be seen in a letter from the Cologne council to Pope Honorius in 1219. Then the magistrate consecrated an oratory of St. Catherine directly in front of the old Johannispforte (the predecessor of the Severinstore), at the intersection of the old moat and Severinstrasse. The consecration was carried out by the Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert . A small hospital was added to the back of the still modest prayer house by the Cologne citizen Heinrich Halverogge for religious services . The disputes that arose afterwards regarding the parish jurisdiction of the St. Severin Abbey were settled around 1220 by a mutual agreement of the contestants. This agreement indicated that the building had become the property of the Teutonic Order .
The small church was renovated in the second half of the same century and expanded in the 15th century. It was located at what was then the northern end of Severinstrasse, which was called “Vor Sankt Jan” there. St. Catherine was abolished as a church in 1802 and demolished in 1807. Some of their valuable furnishings are in the Hessian State Museum (altarpiece by Stefan Lochner ) and in the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg .
Behind the two churches was formerly one of the so-called Elendskirchhöfe, on the grounds of which the Cologne mayor family de Groote had a family church built.
Cemeteries and burials
All nineteen Cologne parish churches also had their own right to be buried. The clergy, honorable citizens, donors and their family members were often buried within the churches. The "simple" members of the parishes found their final resting place in the church yards adjacent to the churches. With the increase in the population, the church buildings grew, which, however, reduced the size of the burial grounds. Since they did not all churches on expansion areas and cremations the Catholics were prohibited, was sought in Cologne for a solution. For example, the former churchyard , located behind the former Katharinen Hospital and known as "ellendiger kirchooyv" in 1335, was given a new surrounding wall about three meters high by the foundation of Jacob de Groote (d. J.) in 1676. The southern section of the wall had an entrance and three barred openings. Behind two of these grilles, which can be opened if necessary, as well as another opening in the north wall, there were separate enclosures in the cemetery itself, which could be filled with bones from the overcrowded, other cemeteries by "throwing in".
The Canon Monastery and its St. George Church
The collegiate monastery is said to have been founded on the site of an early oratory by Archbishop Anno in 1059 and its church to have been consecrated in 1067. The Romanesque building, vaulted in the middle of the 12th century, survived the following centuries essentially unscathed and is now one of the oldest church buildings in Cologne. This Annos Foundation with the parish church of St. Jakob, which was placed alongside it, became the core of the new Oversburg district.
Possessions of the pen
The property of the St. Georg Abbey was of considerable size, but it was rather modest in comparison with many other Cologne abbey and monasteries. Right from the start, the monastery had five Fronhöfe, such as those in the towns of Lengsdorf , Sürth and Vochem , but also in Pulheim and Holzheim . The transfer of these farms may have been part of the Annos Foundation, as they were named Annos in a document from the year 1067.
Over the centuries there was a frequent change of ownership of the monastery. Older property was lost, new property, such as farms in Rodenkirchen and Erp , was acquired. According to records from the 16th century, the monastery had income in kind from other lands in Badorf , Efferen , Weiß , Blatzheim and Niederbolheim and from tithes in Homberg, Rosellen, Soest and other places in the Sauerland . In addition, there was income from investment income such as memorial foundations, pensions, bonds inside and outside Cologne as well as income from apartment buildings in Cologne districts.
Parish church and district of St. Jakob
The church, which was also built between the years 1059 and 1070 at the instigation of Archbishop Anno, was largely replaced by a new building or an extension in 1534 , according to reports from Cologne councilor and chronicler Hermann von Weinsberg .
Weinsberg, who, like Arnold von Siegen in St. Johann Baptist, also acted as church master in addition to his political office, described further details of "his church", which he also supported with foundations.
Building description
In 1537 their new five-sided choir was inaugurated. The nave was then renewed with aisle galleries . In 1540, a tower was added to the west side to match the width of the central nave, but due to lack of funds it was only built up to the first cornice and was only built up to the height of the belfry in 1547/48 . The tower, which later ends with a tracery gallery , with its clockwork with a chime and a clock face that can be seen from afar, became the emblem of the quarter.
At the end of the 18th century, the late-Gothic tracery parapet of the tower was replaced in the classicist style and a portal was added to its west wall, which had been closed until then . With the secularization , St. Jakob was abolished as a church in 1802, and services were now held in the church of St. George, which had lost its status as a monastery. St. Jakob was auctioned off for demolition in 1825 with the approval of the Prussian government.
Parish of St. Jakob
The parish church of St. Jakob stood just a street width (later Georgstrasse) south of the collegiate church of St. Georg. Compared to St. Johann Baptist and St. Maria Lyskirchen, it was subject to a relatively small district, to which the Waidmarkt and Severinstraße to the street “Kleine Spitzengasse” and Löwengasse, the Blaubach to Weißbüttengasse, the Weißbüttengasse to the Weißbergereckgasse, the “Große Spitzengasse ”(north) up to the“ Kleine Spitzengasse ”belonged as well as the Mühlenbach up to Mathiasstraße at the malt mill later built there. The highest proportion of the parishioners in the new parish, however, were the residents of the Waidmarkt.
Waidmarkt and surroundings
The Waidmarkt, which mainly served as a trading place for the woad traders, was a widened part of Severinstrasse, like this one it was initially (1261) called "lata platea", the "Breitestrasse". The market was later called (1316) “super weitmarte”, then (1320) “forum xandicis” and almost a century later (1408) “weydtmarkt”. Mercator (1571) called the square “Der Weismarkt”.
On the south side of the square there was a large cattle trough fed by a branch of the Duffesbach. Its east side was bounded by the churches of St. George and St. Jacob, which were later joined by an arched corridor. Opposite these, between Weissbüttengasse (initially Butter- and Butgasse) and Blaubach, above the western side of Waidmarkt, a religious community had settled (St. Jakob Convent), from which the St. Georg Hospital was established in 1251. For a house on the grounds of the "Butgasse" the convent of the "women brothers" had to pay the dean and the chapter of St. George an interest of twelve marks in Cologne in 1384 , whereby this interest in relation to other conditions in the quarter (at who were also paid twice as much) was quite modest. In 1426 the dean and chapter of St. Georg gave two farmsteads in Butgasse, also called the tip, on a long lease .
- Works of art from the early churches of the Waidmarkt
Crucifix around 1440, formerly in St. Jakob
Torso of St. George's Crucifix (around 1067)
Christ on the Mount of Olives, 16th century, formerly the Carmelite Church
The property of the “Knight Brun” from the Bonn court was on the area to the south of the Waidmarkt, west of the street “Vor den Frauenbrüdern”. According to the tradition of the later Carmelite monastery in Cologne , Bruno is said to have had contacts with the friars of Mount Carmel in Palestine as a crusader as early as 1198 , who are said to have been responsible for the later founding of the Carmelite convent next to the Waidmarkt.
On Severinstrasse, south of the Carmelite monastery, the Teutonic Order Coming Boys-Biesen was established in 1573. There Heinrich von Reuschenberg had acquired the "Haus zum Bierbaum" (1320 dom. Birbome, and was Ailbrechts vom Birhouven (huys) on the Ort zur Bonnergasse ) to establish a new settlement on Severinstrasse in 1573 , and in 1584 the site of the neighboring Bonn court.
The north-western end of the Waidmarkt was on the street with a horse mill , which was followed by the rectory of St. Georg and St. Jakob. A Grutmühle stood in front of the Blaubach on the square that then narrowed . The mill required to process the gravel was probably also a supplier to the Cologne breweries, which later became more common (later it was replaced by hops ), of which the council had a water-powered mill built below the Waidmarkt on the Malzbüchel.
- 1248 was the additional address of the “dom. Horheim ”on the Waidmarkt“ versus old Portam ”, and in 1354 the same information was given for the house“ Molandium ”, that is, the time when the south gate of the Roman city wall was still standing.
- In 1408 a Guylge hostel on Waidmarkt was mentioned in the sources, it still existed in 1538, and was then called "To the white horse".
- In 1465, according to the guild document, a dyer was allowed to build a water pipe from the brook at his house (very soon the house "zom Lyntworme") on the Waidmarkt.
- In 1571 the house "Zum Roden Aren" on the Waidmarkt was bought for the parish school St. Jakob, which then went into operation.
Parish church and district of St. Maria Lyskirchen
St. Maria Lyskirchen was first mentioned in 948. At this point in time it was considered a probable private church of the wealthy citizen "Lisolvi" with the designation "S. Maria Elemosyna ”mentioned in the above mentioned document of Archbishop Wichfried. Even in 1135 it was called "eclesia Lisolvi", the church of "Lysolf". After the inclusion of the quarter in the walling of 1106 and the resulting increase in settlers, the church building of the now expanding "village of Nothausen" had become too small, so that a new building was started in 1190/1200.
The church, which was built in the Hohenstaufen era , was oriented entirely towards the banks of the Rhine due to its closely built-up area on the west side and so still adorns the southern city panorama today. Around 1180 the church was integrated into the city fortifications that were being built on the Rhine side. A vaulted sacristy added to the east side of the apse around 1200 is said to have stood partially on the city wall. The tower on the south side of the church, which was unfinished for a long time, served with its upper floor to store the initial church treasures. The tower platform, which served as a vantage point for the city soldiers, was accessible via a staircase and, in the event of a defense, could be supplied by the armory set up in the tower basement .
Advancement of the church
On the east elevation of Finkenbaum, about a century after Arnold Mercator's picture in 1571, the church was behind the wall on the Rhine side and showed itself as a vaulted gallery basilica with a rectangular choir and two towers flanking it. The tower on the left had not been expanded at that time. The apse of the choir had a balustrade , and the high windows had three-lane tracery . The original structure of the windows with a dwarf gallery above a plate frieze was shown in 1531 by Anton Woensam and in 1632/36 in a drawing by Wenceslaus Hollar . The reconstruction probably took place in the middle of the 17th century.
St. Maria Lyskirchen today
Lithograph by JA Wünsch around 1827
Depiction of Finkenboom 1665
After Binding , the depiction of Finckenbaum shows the wide, overhanging half-timbered upper floor of the sexton's house to the left above the city wall . To the right of this was a bay window that was built between 1446 and 1468 . The windows, roofs and two chimneys of other buildings and the gables on the right behind were in the street “An St. Lyskirchen”. The high crenellated wall behind the higher crenellated wall behind the chimneys originated from the first construction period around 1160/1170. The building marked on the right side of the picture called Binding as house number twelve on the street, it is said to have been the Romanesque rectory of St. Maria Lyskirchen (since 1652), which was demolished in 1848 and which was previously the ancestral home of the Lyskirchen family.
The parish
The Lyskirchen district comprised the streets Filzengraben and "An Lyskirchen", the Holzgasse, the larger part of the street "Große Witschgasse" and the Holzmarkt up to Holzgasse. In its civilian existence, the Lyskirchen district developed into one of the core areas of the suburb of Oversburg, in which mainly the Rhine boatmen and rowers, as well as the carters and sackclothes lived.
Filzengraben and surroundings
The street "Filzengraben" was like today the extension of the street "Mühlenbach" and ended on the bank of the Rhine. Initially this street was only called the city moat (civitatis fossa). The city moat running east-west in front of the Roman wall formed the border to the districts of St. Maria Lyskirchen and St. Jakob in the new suburb of Oversburg, located on the other side of the moat. The brook coming from the Hürth region flowed through the moat, which forked at the height of the Malzbüchel (at the latest at the time of Mercator), then drove the later Ratsmühle (Malzmühle) and continued its way over the Filzengraben to the Rhine. The north-eastern discharge of its water fed the cattle trough at the Heumarkt .
The “Montabauer” bathing room , which was mentioned in 1165 and was acquired by the council in 1439, was located on Filzengraben in order to set up flour and grain scales there. The bathing room was one of the public and licensed facilities documented in Cologne since the 12th century , the operators of which had to pay a high rent to the city.
The St. Sergius chapel at the Rheingassentor (close to Thurnmarkt) next to the bathing room existed from 1148 to 1569. On the Thurnmarkt, the council for the collection of the Rhine customs had bought the house for Jews in 1483. The old customs houses at the country gates of the city wall from 1106, the one at the Eigelstein and the one at the Ehren - und Schafenpforte , had become private property. Even the more recent ones, the two customs houses on Severinstrasse and the new ones on Eigelstein and Weyerstrasse, were in private hands at the time.
Overstolzenhaus
Former house "Vromoli"
On Rheinberg 2
The area between the parallel streets Filzengraben and Rheingasse was the preferred residential area of several patrician and mayor families . Many of these houses, which were adjoined by gardens at the rear, were accessible from both sides of the street. Here stood not only the splendid Romanesque house of lay judge Werner Overstolz (around 1225), but also that of Mathie Overstolz (1355) and Godescaldi Overstolz (1369), who shared a large piece of land there (versus Rhenum) Gobelini Hardevust shared what the monastery of St. Kunibert had given them by inheritance. Another house was owned by Arnold de Palacio (1361), and in addition to ( very soon ) a local wine school , Everhard Haerdefu (y) st and his wife, Jungfer Cathryngins vom Hirtze, owned two houses (1444). Next to Johannes von der Ehren, who was also resident there at the time, there was a cellar house for the officials of St. Martin since 1293 ( cellarium superius situm sub Archibus in Vilcengrave retrodomum officialium s. Martini cum lobio ). For 1427 the files note: Ships with slate stones are supposed to hold "beneden Vilyzengraben" for sale. In addition to the building method with the use of bricks , which emerged from the 15th century , slate mostly replaced the thatched roofs and thus reduced the risk of fire.
A type of residential building that was widespread in the Middle Ages still stands today on Filzengraben, the former district border of Oversburg and the Rhine suburb. The Vromols house with a cellar on the north side of the street was first mentioned in the sources in 1294. In the shrine entries it says about the acquisition of the Rudgeri Vromols: 1 mans. de 2 mansionibus sub tecto in Vilcivgraven super Porte ex opp. domus Engelant versus Renum et cellarium iuxta cellarium predicti Vromoli tendens sub domum Rudgeri . Between 1428 and 1445 the house became the property of the council.
The brick gabled house at the end of Filzengraben on Rheinuferstraße is a listed building . It marks the development on the line of the abandoned city fortifications on the Rhine and was the location of the former sapphire tower.
The convent of the Servitessen was founded very early in the area around the street "Am Kattenbug" in the suburb of Niederich, from where they moved to the Filzengraben in 1639. There they acquired a previous Poor Clare monastery, whose convent had moved to Neumarkt . The Servitessen also took over the church of St. Lucia, built between 1612 and 1613 in the late Gothic style. The cloister was introduced in 1641 by the commissioner of Archbishop Ferdinand of Bavaria , to whom the monastery was now subordinate . In the following years the monastery experienced its heyday and was able to expand its property extensively. Until the abolition of the monastery in 1802, the monastery and court grounds had been able to expand from the street front on Filzengraben to Grosse Witschgasse. After the abandonment of the monastery buildings (the church became a private chapel), a wool factory was built on the site.
Professions and their organizations
While agriculture and viticulture were practiced in the south-west of the new suburb and handicrafts were represented by blacksmiths, potters and weavers on the more densely built-up streets, working life on the brook was dominated by tanners, dyers and millers. Butchers and bakers were everywhere. In the northeast of Oversburg, the house of the cooper's guild stood at Filzengraben, it was the meeting place of the cooperatives important for the wine trade . In the lower, eastern section of the district, the Rhine shaped the professional profile of many people. In medieval times, the Rhine had become the city's most important trade route . This affected numerous commercial operations, but also led to the fact that branches of foreign producers settled at the urban transshipment points . The incorporation of the suburb of Oversburg not only brought its districts increased prosperity , but also led to a strong population growth in the areas now under the protection of the city. In 1582, the location of the Rheinmühlen , which was anchored at the new Rheinvorstadt (at the end of Mühlengasse), was moved to the southern section of the Rhine (between Holzmarkt and Bayenturm ). The numerous mills not only created jobs, millers, sackclothes and rowers settled in the quarter, and grain traders set up their offices. New hostels emerged and pubs, whose names such as “Father Rhine”, “Zum Tauzieher” or “Zum Roten Ochsen” were kept for centuries, took care of the physical well-being.
All members of these professions, whether merchants, craftsmen or workers, had one thing in common, as a Cologne citizen, to belong to one of the gaffs .
The guild houses of the suburbs
According to Keussen, the sources of the 13th century do not contain any guild houses in the later sense for the entire city, only sales houses or storage sites of these organizations were known. In 1303 the wealthy guild of furriers held their meetings in the Gebürhaus of St. Kolumba , so they did not yet have their own guild house, as the blacksmiths probably had as their first own building around 1355 with the house "Kelreberg" on "Hohestrasse" . The northern part of the Oversburg district and adjacent streets were the seat of several of the city's 22 guilds or gaffs.
- 1412–1448, “Zum alten Pünder”, Wollenamt der Weber von “Airsbach” and “Kriechmart” on Mathiasstrasse
- 1431–1483, the “Baldeck” house of the stonemasons and carpenters on Marienplatz
- 1448–1460, wool and cloth shearers' office in the stone kemenade on Sternengasse , then move to the “Rennenberg” house on the Hochpforte
- 1441–1539, the old house of the Fassbinderzunft (office) on Filzengraben was replaced in 1539 by a new guild or gaff house in the same street. Due to their income and political influence, the guild was one of the most important professional groups in the city. Due to the wine trade and the growing beer consumption, the need for barrels increased steadily. By the coopers for a specific gauge -made barrels were regularly checked by the wine masters and by the urban brewing office. Together with the box carpenters and " Weinschrötern ", the Fassbinder formed one of the 22 gaffs, from whose ranks councilors could be nominated depending on the size of their membership. The Fassbinder's guild or gaff has had a councilor since 1396.
- 1636–1793, the old shoe office "Kudelseggen" on "Krummer Büchel"
Wine merchant
The suburb of Oversburg, with its northeast side near the large market area of the Kaufmannsvorstadt, with the landing stages of the Rhine boatmen, was also the preferred seat of foreign producers and merchants. These included the city dependencies of foreign Cistercian monasteries , such as the house of the Marienstatt monastery , that of the Himmerod monastery , also a town house of the Heisterbach monastery , whose agents in Cologne acted as wholesalers for the business interests of their abbeys.
The representatives of various abbeys, who stored the surplus products they had made in viticulture in their Cologne town yards, initially supplied the city's demand. In the course of time, however, after receiving further privileges, they were able to expand their businesses from Cologne beyond the region.
Cologne, of which wine was one of the most important commercial products of the Middle Ages, had extensive vineyards of its own , but lucrative businesses arose from the stacking right granted by its sovereign, the archbishop, from 1259 onwards , which allows trade and / or storage ( Stack) of goods. This also applied to the large quantities of the coveted export good, wine, which were shipped down the Rhine. The city had become the wine metropolis of Germany well into the 17th century, so that Cologne was also called the Hanseatic wine cellar .
In the suburb of Oversburg, in addition to the town courts of the Cistercian abbeys from Eberbach and Altenberg in the suburb of Niederich, the courtyards of the abbeys from Heisterbach Monastery, that of the Himmerod Monastery, and that of the Abbey of the Marienstädter Monks, which operated viticulture in Metternich near Koblenz.
Heisterbach Monastery owned land in almost all districts of the city, but was most strongly present in the districts of Oversburg. He owned the Heisterbacher Hof as the cloister's town courtyard, an alternative courtyard in the “Follergasse” and apartment buildings on the upper Mühlenbach and the Waidmarkt. In addition, there was interest income from a house on Blaubach and Webergasse. The apartment buildings were often sold and bought again, although the reason for these transactions, which took place at short intervals, is not apparent. They can be the result of a financial emergency or they can be of a purely speculative nature.
The smallest of the three monastic settlements of the Cistercians in Oversburg (in addition to their possessions in the Aposteln, Niederich and Hacht districts ) was that of the Marienstadt monastery. According to shrine entries, it owned a stone house on Filzengraben in this district in 1307, and an entry for 1438 documented its ownership at the northwest end of the Mühlenbach, at the high gate.
Mills and brewers
In addition to the grain-processing Rhine mills anchored in front of Oversburg, the suburbs also operated spice or grit mills, the grist of which was coveted by brewers as wort. The right to collect, assemble and sell the components for making grasses was originally a right of the king, which in the high and late Middle Ages became a privilege given to rulers (mostly archbishops). They passed it on to monasteries and monasteries, but later transferred this right, as in the case of the city of Cologne, to the emancipating citizens. The Archbishop awarded "the Grut" to citizens of Cologne, for whom, as well as for their "master" himself, the monopoly thus created made it a lucrative business.
Mills had also sprung up in Oversburg. In connection with the “Molendinum” house in the 13th century, a horse mill on Waidmarkt / Weissbüttengasse was mentioned: molandinum iuxta s. Georgium, quod Rossmolen dic. A Rossmalzmühle on Severinstrasse at the level of the street “Kleine Spitzgasse” was mentioned in 1375 and 1446: house and farmstead at the Molen on Breiderstrasse behind the S. Joeris tower (after Weinsberg a very old chapel that is said to have collapsed in the 16th century ) at the cattle trough of the Waidmarkt. The Grutmühle in Oversburg is also mentioned in the shrine books through the description of a neighboring house. In 1463 it was called: House Nevel, next to the heir zo Gruysmolen on the Waidmarkt to the Hochpforten towards the direction .
At the end of the 14th century, hops had become an increasingly strong competitor for beer mixed with herb grind. In April 1381, the Archbishop of Cologne, Friedrich, leased the Grut, including the Gruthaus, with all associated income to the archbishop's keeper Hermann von Goch and the knight Johann von Troya, two of the wealthiest citizens of Cologne. All beer brewers from the city and the offices of the archbishop's rulership, as well as all those who had beer brewed, were obliged to obtain their grut only from the archbishop's grotto of its tenants. A clause inserted in the lease that the import of the Westphalian beer called “hoppenbier”, which was brewed with hops, and the brewing of hop beer were prohibited, could not be enforced on a permanent basis.
In 1415 the city of Cologne came into the possession of the Grutrecht as a pledge . She bought a house on Marienplatz (next to the Hardenrath chapel there) above the Mühlenbach and opened it as a municipal Gruthaus. Like everywhere else, hop beer also caught on in the city of Cologne during the 15th century.
Because of the income from the excise levies, the Cologne council endeavored that only sworn malt millers were allowed to grind and mix in certain mills. In 1572 the council had its own malt mill, the council mill, built for better control. According to Weinsberg, it stood "on the Baach" opposite the Mathiasstrasse confluence in front of the Filzengraben and was driven by the water of the Duffesbach. The miller was obliged not to grind the malt until the customer had paid the mahlakzise (tax). The customer provided this proof in the form of a “sign”, a slip of paper probably sealed by the city's rent chamber , on which the date, name and quantity of the grist were noted.
The ancestors of the wealthy businessman, founder and mayor of the city, Heinrich Kruft, known as "Krudener" ("Specionarii", "Herbatores", "Kruder"), had made considerable fortunes. It is not known whether this was done through the general wholesale of spices or through specialization in the trade in certain spices to refine the dishes or whether the family only covered the pharmacists' herbal needs . Krudener was buried in his family crypt in the church of St. Jakob in 1590.
Timber trade
The timber trade took place at the timber market at the end of the "Grosse Witschgasse" . Here the city council owned 17 farms, which it leased to the timber merchants as storage facilities. Since the houses in the growing city were mainly built in half-timbered construction, the large demand for wood from the region's forest could not be met.
The material to be processed by the carpenters, who were united in the guild of "holtzsnijdere", wood cutters, board cutters and saws, was supplied by foreign traders. These had the ordered quantities transported on the Rhine to Cologne by raftsmen . In the Black Forest felled timber was then of Strasbourg down the Rhine to Cologne rafted and piled on the timber market. These transports consisted of roughly worked tree trunks connected to form huge plateaus, the rafts of which reached an immense length. The contingents put together in this way consisted of over 1500 trunks and could reach 200 to 400 meters in length and 40 to 80 meters in width. The crew, working in shifts and resting, had set up makeshift huts on these huge rafts for the long transport stay. The personnel of such a raft, consisting mainly of rowers, is said to have reached a strength of up to 300 men. Due to the emerging stone construction, the need for wood decreased, so that in later times, with the development of the rail and road network, the rafting was largely stopped towards the end of the 19th century.
Before this development, however, a fundamental change occurred in almost all urban structures that had grown over the centuries. It was the result of new, more modern legislation introduced under the French government.
Change of urban structures
A file of the Procurator von Grootes , Mag. Ernst Dominicus Bodenstaff, for a process before the electoral court Airsbach in Cologne documents a hearing by the court in 1765. The French code of civil law was introduced in Cologne at the latest with the introduction of the Civil Code in March 1804 put into effect. Not only did the electoral court disappear, the communal structures were also subject to change. The urban area was divided into sections and the eastern area of Oversburg was assigned to section one. The western sub-area above the Waidmarkt became part of section two.
Along with this structural change, there was also an external change in the cityscape. As a result of secularization, the former Oversburg district, like all other parts of the city, suffered considerable losses due to the abandonment of historically valuable monastery, chapel and church buildings. From the formerly existing equipment of these facilities, valuable objects of sacred art and a considerable number of paintings by great masters, only a fraction of these art treasures could be secured for the city by collectors like Ferdinand Franz Wallraf or Sulpiz Boisserée .
After the end of French rule , the Cologne council asked the Prussian king in September 1817 in a memorandum to keep the French administrative and legal system. In the course of the following century, the name Airsbach / Oversburg was lost and became history.
literature
- Hermann Keussen: Topography of the city of Cologne in the Middle Ages. in 2 volumes. Cologne 1910; Reprint: Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-7560-9 and ISBN 3-7700-7561-7 .
- Ludwig Arntz , Heinrich Neu, Hans Vogts : Paul Clemen (Hrsg.): The art monuments of the city of Cologne. Volume II, extension volume The former churches, monasteries, hospitals and school buildings of the city of Cologne. Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1937; Reprinted 1980, ISBN 3-590-32107-5 .
- Joachim Deeters: in sources on the history of the city of Cologne. Volume II. Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Friends of History in Cologne V., JP Bachem Verlag Cologne, ISBN 3-7616-1285-0 .
- Arnold Stelzmann, Robert Frohn: Illustrated history of the city of Cologne. 11th edition. JP Bachem Verlag Cologne 1990 (1st edition 1958), ISBN 3-7616-0973-6 .
- Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary. 3 volumes A - Z, 9th edition, Greven Verlag, Cologne 1984, ISBN 3-7743-0155-7 .
- Manfred Becker-Huberti , Günter A. Menne: Cologne churches, the churches of the Catholic and Protestant communities in Cologne. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-7616-1731-3 .
- Rheinische Kunststätten: St. Maria Lyskirchen. Issue 60, 1992, ISBN 3-88094-702-3 .
- Gerd Steinwascher: The Cistercian town courts in Cologne. Altenberger Dom-Verein e. V., Verlag Heider, Bergisch Gladbach 1981.
- Dominik Meiering, Joachim Oepen: Departure instead of demolition. The Church of St. Johann Baptist in Cologne. Crux, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-028096-2 .
- Günther Binding : Cologne and Lower Rhine views in the Finckenbaum sketchbook 1660–1665. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1980, ISBN 3-7743-0183-2 .
- Robert Wilhelm Rosellen: History of the parishes of the deanery Brühl. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 1887.
- Förderverein Romanische Kirchen e. V. (Hrsg.): Cologne churches and their furnishings in Renaissance and Baroque, Colonia Romanica. Yearbook of the Friends of Roman Churches Cologne e. V. Volume 2, Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003/2004.
- Sabine Czymmek: The Cologne Romanesque Churches, Treasure Art, Colonia Romanica, Yearbook of the Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln e. V. Volume 2, Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0422-2 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Robert Wilhelm Rosellen: History of the parishes of the deanery Brühl. P. 356.
- ↑ Ludwig Arntz, Heinrich Neu, Hans Vogts: P. Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the city of Cologne. P. 346 f.
- ↑ a b c Information from the City of Cologne
- ↑ Mercator plan 1571 with detailed notes
- ^ Historical archive Archdiocese of Cologne: Handbook of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Reference to: Fabricius, p. 9; Clemen, VII 1, p. 108; Wilhelm Esser: History of the parish St. Johann Baptist in Cologne. Cologne 1885.
- ↑ Ludwig Arntz, Heinrich Neu, Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the city of Cologne. P. 108.
- ^ Colonia Romanica, Cologne Churches and their Equipment in Renaissance and Baroque , Volume II, p. 107 f, with reference to: Esser: Geschichte , p. 129; Trippen: Alte Elendskirche , pp. 34, 38, illustration of the wall by Josef Otto in 1765.
- ^ Günther Binding: Cologne and Lower Rhine views in the Finckenbaum sketchbook 1660–1665. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1980, p. 140
- ↑ Anna-Dorothee v. den Brincken (edited): The St. Georg Abbey in Cologne. In: Communications from the City Archives , Issue 51, Cologne 1961.
- ^ Günther Binding: Cologne and Lower Rhine views in the Finckenbaum sketchbook 1660–1665. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1980, p. 142.
- ^ Adam Wrede, Volume III, p. 267.
- ^ Rheinische Kunststätten: St. Maria Lyskirchen. P. 3.
- ↑ Sabine Czymmek: The Cologne Romanesque churches, treasure art. Volume II p. 62 f
- ^ Günther Binding: Cologne and Lower Rhine views in the Finckenbaum sketchbook 1660–1665. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1980
- ↑ Ludwig Arntz, Heinrich Neu, Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the city of Cologne. P. 308 f.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, ISBN 3-611-00193-7 , p. 159.
- ↑ Gerd Steinwascher: The Cistercian Town Courts in Cologne. P. 112.
- ↑ Gerd Steinwascher: The Cistercian Town Courts in Cologne. P. 186.
- ^ Wolfgang Herborn: History of the Rhenish brewing industry. In: Gert Fischer, Wolfgang Herborn: Brewing beer in the Rhineland. Cologne 1985.
- ^ After Hermann von Weinsberg, Book 3, p. 121.
- ↑ Ludwig Arentz, Heinrich Neu, Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the city of Cologne. P. 46.
- ^ Information from the Stadtmuseum Zeughaus, Cologne
- ^ Call number: Holding 1042 von Groote, box 3, folder 1, Foundation Jacob v. G, No. 6
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 121 f, p. 124.
- Hermann Keussen: Topography of the city of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume I; Reprint: Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-7560-9 .
- ↑ p. 44, reference to Lacomblet : VJ 948, UB 1, 102 (Cardauns, Niederrhein. Annalen 26/37, 314–347.)
- ↑ a b c p. 41 ff.
- ↑ p. 45.
- ↑ p. 48.
- ↑ p. 79.
- ↑ p. 41: Based on the brook that forms the border (Duffesbach, or Hürther Bach), the name Airsbach became common in the later Middle Ages
- ↑ p. 42, reference to: Lau, Köln p. 34, sources 1, p. 481.
- ↑ p. 137, reference to: Lau, Köln p. 3
- ↑ p. 147.
- ↑ p. 192.
- ↑ p. 134.
- ↑ p. 137.
- ^ Panel I, map of the district of S. Martin
- ↑ Information on the locations of the guild houses p. 142.
- ↑ p. 120 f, p. 159
- ↑ p. 141
- Hermann Keussen : Topography of the city of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume II; Reprint: Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-7561-7 .
- ↑ p. 36, column 1, and panel VIII (Airsbach)
- ↑ Plate VIII
- ↑ p. 5.
- ↑ p. 33, Col. A
- ^ Section Airsbach
- ↑ Interest rates
- ↑ p. 38, col. 1
- ↑ Plate VIII Airsbach, p. 1.
- ↑ a b p. 49 f.
- ↑ p. 12 ff.
- ↑ p. 12, column 2
Coordinates: 50 ° 55 '24.7 " N , 6 ° 57' 34.9" E