Neumarkt (Cologne)

View of the north side, in the background St. Apostles

The Neumarkt from above (2020)

East side at Christmas time

View towards the northeast

The Neumarkt (on Kölsch Nümaat ) is the largest of the 30 or so Cologne squares with 27,216 m² (approx. 8,600 m² usable area) and is located in the south of the old town .

History of the place

The Neumarkt was established in a document by Archbishop Hildolf in 1076 as a place “in novo mercato” and served to relieve the old market . At that time, Archbishop Hildolf gave the cathedral monastery five farms on Neumarkt (“quinque nostras fiscales areas in novo mercato sitas”). It can be assumed that there was an unpopulated area in the area. This area was located directly on the western city ​​wall . The new market center meant a reorientation of the city, as Archbishop Brun had previously concentrated market activities on the old market and the hay market . As a market, it was used almost exclusively to display and sell cattle; otherwise it was the venue for parties and parade ground. Since 1178 it has been called "novo mercato" or "novo foro". After Caesarius von Heisterbach , there was a first independent brewery for the St. Aposteln Abbey on Neumarkt in 1195 .

Roman traces on Neumarkt

Copy of the athena find on the north side of the Neumarkt

In the course of structural extensions to the building complex of the headquarters of the Kreissparkasse Cologne , the remains of a Roman house and parts of its wall paintings were uncovered on the land of the former houses at Gertrudenstrasse 14/16 between 1979 and 1980 . From the remains of this building it was possible to reconstruct that it was a so-called peristyle house with a surrounding colonnade. The paintings, the original fragments of which are in the Roman-Germanic Museum , were dated to the 1st century AD. Another find is an "Athenakopf" found on the north side of Neumarkt in 1881. The head is probably a copy of the " Athena Parthenos " and was classified around 100 AD.

Early use

Neumarkt, mill tower, troughs and well turrets in the 16th century

In 1197 the place had grown so far that a tournament could take place here at the request of Count Florence of Hainaut . The Neumarkt initially served as a horse, chicken and cattle market, as indicated by a trough installed in 1374. From 1365 a horse market took place, in the southeast part there was a horse gate. On the Neumarkt, next to the horse trough (at Fleischmengergasse), there was a water pump and the first windmill built in the city in 1392 (almost 18 meters high, diameter 10-12 meters). The windmill on the east side in the middle of the square had six floors and was initially used for flour production, from 1596 it was used as a prisoner's tower. The onshore windmills were used when the Rhine mills could not be operated. Except on the Neumarkt there were windmills at the Ulrepforte (Carthusian mill ), the Bottmühle and at the Gereonstor on the city wall.

The new square also served as a place of execution. On May 30, 1382, the executioner beheaded on the Neumarkt the jury Gerhard von Benasis, who had been banned for life from the city and captured since May 1375. The patrician Heinrich von Stave was executed on January 11, 1396 on Neumarkt. This was also the meeting point and the dance floor for the Witches' Sabbath , where supposedly under the chairmanship of the devil, people ate, drank, danced and, above all, planned new crimes.

building

The first building to be built around 965 on the west side of Neumarkt, which has not yet been designated as a square, was the predecessor of today's St. Aposteln Church , the apostle monastery "apostolorum nomen". The imposing west tower of the following church was started around 1170. The first secular buildings were not built until 1200. In today's Neumarkt No. 2 / corner of Schildergasse there was the “ Schwerthof ” around 1200 , for which a resident named Abel vom Schwerthof is recorded in the shrine books in 1493 . Some people living on Neumarkt named themselves after their place of residence, for example "Hermann vom Neumarkt" during the tenure of Archbishop Arnold I of Cologne (1137–1151), "Arnold de novo foro" (after 1226), Elisabeth vom Neumarkt (1235) or "Ludger vom Neumarkt" from the Hirzelin patrician dynasty, the mayor of Cologne between 1305 and 1306. Around 1237, the wealthy Cologne merchant distributed "Typoldus de novo foro" (Diepold von Neumarkt) to his three children 15 houses near what is today named after him Thieboldsgasse. "Symon de novo foro" was first mentioned in 1275, and his patrician family was now called Hirzelin or Hyrtzelin.

Neumarkt - Cologne cityscape from 1570 by Arnold Mercator

On August 15, 1285, the dean and the chapter of the apostles gave the house of Wittrammis on Neumarkt to Johannes von Aldercruch for a long lease. In today's Neumarkt No. 5 was "Haus Scharfenstein", which had belonged to the Pfeil von Schar (p) fenstein patrician family since 1326, passed into the possession of goldsmith Daem Pfeil in 1512 until his death in 1533, because he was married to Belgina Scharpfenstein; after that it was called "zum Löwen". On December 26, 1432, Rutger van Gymnich and his wife Nesa leased a house from Johann Scherfgin between Haus Zantz and Haus Rypelbank near the meat hall (No. 7). In Drimborner Hof ("Drey Borner Hof") No. 11, the Duke of Montmorency stayed overnight on his transit with a large entourage, No. 13 / corner of Fleischmengergasse was called "zum Großer Kasten", No. 17 has been the house "zur Ahren" since 1238 occupied, no. 19 has housed the "Repelinshaus" since 1347. The brewery “zum Spaten” has been recorded at No. 23-25 ​​since 1277, at No. 27 there was the “zum Großer Stern” building, No. 29 “ad aquilam sine capite” (to the headless eagle), No. 41 since 1271 the "Schüdderump" and no. 45 since 1366 the "Neckelshaus" (from 1538 "zum Bären"). Draper Heinrich von Gozelin (1250-1311) owned three houses next to the Schallenhof. The St. Agnes Hospital, which has existed on Neumarkt since 1307 at the latest, was given an altar on August 14, 1308.

Neumarkt No. 2

Neumarkt - Peter von Brachel (1650)

The “ Schwerthof ”, an armory for aristocrats, rose in No. 2 around 1200 and changed hands after several renovations. It is disputed who became its new owner. According to Helmut Signon , the property came into the possession of Philipp Christian Graf von Sternberg and Manderscheid , who had the Blankenheimer Hof built here in 1758 and named it after his wife Augusta, the daughter of Johann Wilhelm Franz von Manderscheid zu Blankenheim. According to Hans Vogts , the Nesselroder Hof was built in 1724/28 for Franz Carl von Nesselrode ; or the Count of Nesselrode-Ehreshoven, who later became the property of Manderscheid-Blankenheim and was then called "Blankenheimer Hof". The neighboring Schallenhof in No. 4 was then connected to the Blankenheimer Hof since 1756, in 1766 the Nesselroder Hof became the property of Count Manderscheid-Blankenheim, who had it and the Schützenhof demolished and built the Blankenheimer Hof here.

Neumarkt No. 4

Since the end of the 12th century, the “Schallenhof” of the Schall von Bell family existed in No. 4 , from which the municipal Schützenhof later developed. The Schall von Bell family had a new family domicile built at today's Neumarkt No. 47 in 1592 and sold the town's Schallenhof. Goedefried von Roedenheym sold the half of the Schallenhof ("Schallenhuyss") that belonged to him to the city on August 2, 1488. She had a rifle yard built here for the rifle brotherhood in 1444 at the earliest, which was used for leisure as well as military training; According to the Mercator plan ("Schutten hoff") it was located in Casiusgass behind (south) numbers 2-4 and was separated from these by a wall. The city sold the Schützenhof in 1682. Instead of the Schützenhof, the Blankenheimer Hof was built in 1766 by Count Manderscheid-Blankenheim.

Imperial Count Manderscheid-Blankenheim connected him with the neighboring Schützenhof (No. 4–6). After the withdrawal of the French, the Nesselroder Hof (No. 4) fell to the Prussian state as a "national property", which sold it to the city of Cologne in 1909, while the transfer of rights did not take place until 1911. Napoleon Bonaparte stayed at the Blankenheimer Hof twice. The Blankenheimer Hof had to give way to the breakthrough of Zeppelinstrasse in 1912. The police headquarters (Schildergasse 122 / corner Krebsgasse), completed in 1907, did not take over the building line of the neighboring Neumarkt No. 2, but was set back in order to widen the Schildergasse which opens here.

Neumarkt No. 6

Richmodis Tower

The married couple Mengi (nu) s von Aducht and Richmodis (née von Lyskirchen) - the main actors of the Richmodis saga - lived in the historic house "zum Parageyen" (based on the heraldic animal on the family coat of arms) at Neumarkt 6 / corner of Olivengasse ("Livejass", named after a Franciscan monastery "ad olivas"). According to the shrine book, it belonged to Werner von Aducht since September 22, 1334. This is where the Richmodis saga took place. Then his sick wife Richmodis was hurriedly buried in the churchyard at St. Apostles, assuming that she had been overtaken by the "Black Death" ( plague ) . Grave robbers who wanted to steal the jewelry that had been left as grave goods helped the seemingly dead to escape from the grave. The horrified husband is said to have called out to Richmodis, begging for admission at her doorstep, through the door: "That is so much true that you are my wife, as my horses run from the stable up to the Söller ". Because this happened immediately afterwards, von Aducht had two horse heads installed on the top floor of his house in memory of this event, which could also be seen in the building that was later there until the Second World War. Today you look from the top floor of the old style stair tower from 1928.

The Koelhoff Chronicle , printed in 1499, reports on page 286 under the heading Anno Domini 1400 “like a vrauwe zo Coellen who died and buried what was not upgegraven levendich (alive)”. Here the name of the woman is not yet mentioned, only later was the "resurrected" woman as a "resurrected" woman on a copper engraving from a plaque in the Apostle Church from 1604 and in a Latin report by the Cologne researcher Aegidius Gelenius , based on handwritten notes from the Lyskirchen patrician family "Richmuth von der Adoicht". The event for the year 1357 is given in both places. The handsome house "Zum Paragei" is owned by a "Nicasius Haquenay" around 1450 and was then called "zer Parrotyen uff den Numart, between Sanctis Gertruden and the alleys of the olives (convent)". The house had the first spiral staircase tower in Cologne.

Neumarkt No. 8-10

On March 7, 1409, Johann van dem Buchel acquired the farm "zume Heydenriche" (No. 8), who in 1429 bequeathed it to his four siblings. On September 12, 1440, Count Friedrich von Moers acquired the neighboring property "zum Schorensteyne" (No. 10). His grandchildren sold the farm in 1507 to the imperial arithmetic master Nicasius Hackeney (or Hackenay) . Nicasius Hackeney also acquired the neighboring property "Schor (e) nstein" in December 1508 and combined the two into one property area. On behalf of Charles V , he had a tower-adorned property built here with a bay window, magnificent halls and house chapel, which later became the "Hackeney'scher Hof", "Nicasiushof", "Imperial Court", "Caesaris palatium" ("Caesar's Palace") or - in reference to the function as imperial accommodation - Palatium was called. It was supposed to serve as a residence for the emperor. The almost 61 meter wide three-wing palace with a 28 meter high eight-sided spiral staircase tower (103 steps) had a forecourt open to Neumarkt. The building complex was as extensive as no other noble residence in Cologne. The builder Nicasius probably did not experience the lengthy completion phase himself when he died in 1518. Rather, the inauguration of the extensive property is likely to be expected only in early 1520.

The palace-like property fulfilled its original function, because Emperor Charles V stayed here on October 29, 1520 and January 5, 1531. The brother of Emperor Charles V, Ferdinand I , stayed here from January 5, 1531 when he was about to stay his upcoming election as Roman-German king stayed in Cologne. On Anton Woensam's view of the city of Cologne from 1531 , the tower of the palace rises as “C. Pallacivs ”in front of St. Aposteln in den Himmel, on the Cologne cityscape from 1570 by Arnold Mercator , the neighboring street bears the name“ Casius gaß ”(after Nicasius Hackeney; later olive street, which is reminiscent of the Olivandenhof, built over by Karstadt). The two horse heads in the tower have been attested since 1687 at the earliest, but are shown in a drawing from 1858 in the window of the house at Neumarkt No. 10. The eastern part served as the residence of the papal nuncio from 1725 to 1737 . At the time of the French occupation it was given a casino room. Hof Heidenr (e) ich (no. 8-10) was initially home to the “Stadt Prag” inn (no. 10), Bartholomäus Taurel set up the “Zum englisch Hof” inn here in 1822, which housed an infantry barracks . The breakthrough of Richmodstrasse (before 1877 it was called Filzgasse) to Neumarkt left only a poor remnant of the building.

Church residents until 1802

St. Apostles at the west end of the square immediately behind the Roman wall in the 19th century, steel engraving after John Cleghorn

Above the western Neumarkt, the old Roman city ​​wall ran in the escape Römerturm , Laach and Mauritiussteinweg to the Greek gate (see Mercator plan). After a monastery with a then modest church building by the St. Apostles ' Immunity had been founded on the west side of the square in the 10th century, the Dominican nuns monastery of St. was built on an archiepiscopal estate at the northwest corner of the square at the beginning of the 13th century . Gertrud . The monastery chapel was replaced by a small three-aisled church in 1257 . A hospital was built next to the monastery property in 1308 , the St. Agnes chapel of which was completed and inaugurated the following year. The Church of St. Gertrud and the Chapel of St. Agnes existed until the secularization in 1802. Today, the main building of the Kreissparkasse Cologne is located there. St. Aposteln developed into a magnificent basilica that still adorns the top of the Neumarkt today.

Name changes

In the Middle Ages the square was renamed numerous times, such as “uff dem numarkt”, “numarkt”, “an dem nuwen marte” or “nuymarkt”. In Arnold Mercator's cityscape of Cologne from 1570 he was finally called “nui marckt”. The medieval city wall (“off the alder maur”), “Casius gaß” (Richmodstrasse), the Schützenhof (“Schutten hoff”) with four shooting ranges and the Langgasse can be seen on the Neumarkt from the western “ 12 Apostles Church ” . From November 30th to December 4th, 1615 the wedding of Johann Adolf Wolff Metternich zur Gracht to 16-year-old Maria Catharina von Hall took place in Gymnicher Hof (No. 3), a building with a stair tower (east side, 41 feet high) , which later belonged to Karl Otto Ludwig Theodat von and to Gymnich . On a map from 1650 he is called "Niumarckt".

From the late Middle Ages to the modern age

Rifle king's chain with guild emblem of the "Sar word office" (early 16th century)

Since 1396 the gaffs took over the defense of the city. To train the riflemen, whose weapons equipment included bows and arrows and crossbows , rifle competitions were held by the council at large folk festivals on Neumarkt. In the second half of the 15th century, the council acquired land on Neumarkt and built a rifle yard in order to permanently promote “defenselessness and male discipline” as well as target practice. From then on, regular target practice took place, with a “bird's pole” erected on the market's mill tower as a target. The guard duty, to which all citizens were obliged, was also subject to the gaffs. The first surviving guard order from 1462 also mentions guard houses that were spread across the city. Larger of these buildings were on Alter Markt , at the parish church of St. Paul on Marzellenstrasse, and on Neumarkt.

Founding period

Mayor Johann Balthasar Josef von Mülheim let the deserted Neumarkt emerge in its present form from 1740. The council decided to designate the Neumarkt as a military parade ground, but also as a public promenade. He had the weekly cattle markets held at Neumarkt relocated to Heumarkt. On Reinhardt's Cologne city map from 1752 it is now called “Neu marck”. Reinhard's predecessor as Cologne artillery captain Johann Peter Solff (* July 7, 1688, † April 7, 1751) drew up the first plans for the redesign in 1740, and in 1750 plans were made for a new guardroom on Neumarkt. The mill was blown up after 1740, the Roman wall that bound Neumarkt to the west was not removed until 1786, and the guard house was in place until 1794.

Franz Joseph Sebastiani, principal of a traveling theater group, asked the city to build a theater on Neumarkt. On June 14, 1763, the city council assigned him a place on the Neumarkt, "on the Maur against St. Aposteln". On July 8, 1763, he invited the Cologne City Council to a performance there - without success. Only the theater director Johann Joseph Felix Edler von Kurz , known as Bernardon , was able to convince the city. In May 1768 he dismantled his Frankfurt theater and had it transported by ship across the Rhine to Cologne. The first stationary theater "Deutsche Schaubühne" opened on May 19, 1768 in a wooden house on Neumarkt. It was a simple four-story half-timbered house, where it was drafty in winter and too hot in summer, which also served as a straw and hay store. At the opening on May 19, 1768 there was the opera “ La serva padrona ” by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi . A note prepared for the opening announced that “the German Schaubühne of Mr. Joseph von Kurtz under the sound of timpani and trumpet with a musical prologue ... in the Singspiele La serva padrona, translated by him (Kurtz) himself into German, even at 11 Arias and a funny chorus ... “. This building was already in disrepair in 1779, performances continued until 1783. The young Jacques Offenbach played with his two siblings from November 25th, 1830 at Jeandre in No. 3 (Gymnicher Hof).

French period

French erect a tree of freedom on Neumarkt, Cologne, 1794

The French , who occupied Cologne in 1794 , initially renamed the square the Place de la République and on October 9, 1794 placed a freedom tree on it, which stood until 1798. During the French period, the Neumarkt changed its name four times, and in chronological order it was called Place de la Liberté (Freedom Square; from 1794), Place d'Armes (Parade Square; from 1798), Place des Victoires (Victory Square; until 1804), after Bonapartes Imperial coronation Place de l'Empereur (Kaiserplatz; from 1804) and after the “ Itinéraire de Cologne ” again Place de la République (Place of the Republic; from January 1, 1813). The French soldiers marched over the Hahnentor to Neumarkt on October 6, 1794, and on October 9, 1794 the tree of freedom was erected. On the evening of September 13, 1804, Napoleon arrived in Cologne and drove through the Eigelsteintor over the Eigelstein , Hohe Strasse and Schildergasse to his accommodation on Neumarkt (Blankenheimer Hof) with the thunder of cannons and bells ringing . On July 26, 1813, a document was ratified on Neumarkt, which should extend the armistice until August 10, 1813.

From September 13th to 17th, 1804, before his coronation as emperor, Napoleon stayed on his first visit to the city at what was then Blankenheimer Hof at Neumarkt 4. The people of Cologne received him enthusiastically and decorated the city with great effort. On the Neumarkt alone, they planted 470 trees in addition to the existing trees and decorated them with lanterns . At the corners of the square and in the middle, 2½ meter high pyramids with torches were erected and numerous pictures and banners were hung in honor of the emperor and his wife Josephine who accompanied him . The French left the square on January 14, 1814. In 1815 the city set up an officers' mess in Blankenheimer Hof, a barracks was built from it in September 1848, and in autumn 1913 the Blankenheimer Hof had to give way to the new building plans.

At that time Cologne was the largest fortress and most important garrison town in the west of the German Empire. In the event of war, up to 500,000 soldiers should wait in the city for their deployment. Everyday life in the city was shaped by soldiers and military installations; numerous barracks are spread over the entire city. The Blankenheimer Hof on Neumarkt served as an officers' mess until 1912, and garrison units paraded on the Neumarkt at every opportunity. The last time the “ Kaisergeburtstag ” was celebrated on January 27, 1914 with patriotic effort and with the ringing of the imperial bell of the Cologne Cathedral , all Cologne regiments were represented by delegations.

carnival

Rose Monday procession on Neumarkt , Simon Meister 1836

In the 19th century the Neumarkt at Carnival was the scene of the Cologne Rose Monday procession , which was first organized and carried out on February 10, 1823 by the “Festordnende Comitee” (origin of the still existing Cologne Carnival Festival Committee ). Until the outbreak of the Second World War, the carriages of the “Heroes Carneval” and his court rode around Neumarkt.

From 1928 onwards, Willi Ostermann lived with his wife Käte, born in House No. 33 on Neumarkt . Palm, until his death on August 6, 1936 (a plaque on the house indicates this). For their silver wedding anniversary, a large crowd gathered in front of their house on Neumarkt. Ostermann's funeral procession led from Neumarkt via Aachener Strasse to the Melaten cemetery .

Prussian times

Neumarkt 3 - Kunsthaus Lempertz (March 2010)

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  Neumarkt - Guard House and Cologne Stock Exchange (around 1850)

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  Neumarkt - Triumphal Arch (1866)

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  Neumarkt - horse market (around 1880)

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  Neumarkt 39 - Leers wine shop (around 1900)

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  Neumarkt / Cäcilienstraße - Bürgerhospital (around 1900)

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  Neumarkt - from left: Nesselroder Hof (No. 4), Blankenheimer Hof (No. 2) and (rebuilt) Police Headquarters (1905)

On October 1st, 1830, the Cologne Stock Exchange opened in the middle of the square. After the citizens of Cologne enthusiastically celebrated the 50th anniversary of the connection to the Prussian state in May 1865 , they went to war for it a year later. The troops of the Cologne garrison , which were deployed in June 1866 , were solemnly received on Neumarkt after their return from the German War , which lasted only three months . To honor their victory against the Austrians at Königgrätz despite the losses suffered (the 65th Cologne Infantry Regiment alone had to mourn the loss of 234 men), a triumphal arch was erected in their honor on the Neumarkt, which the troops with their Flags crossed to the cheers of the onlookers.

In Neumarkt 3 / Cäcilienstraße 48 stood the representative three-storey “Haus Fastenrath” in the classicism style , designed around 1895 for the lawyer and art collector Johannes Fastenrath von Schreiterer & Below . It had a Moorish salon and a replica of the Alhambra's lion fountain in the courtyard . Fastenrath moved in here in 1901 and held a first literary circle that year. The salon with an extensive collection of paintings was one of the focal points of upper-class artistic cultivation. After the owner's death in March 1908, the house was up for sale in 1917 and could be acquired as a commercial building by Math. Lempertz in 1918. She established the Kunsthaus Lempertz here , which also auctioned Johannes Fastenrath's estate in June 1918. The building at Neumarkt suffered during Operation Millennium on May 31, 1942 severe war damage and opened on 22 November 1952 after the start of construction since October 10, 1951 the of Peter Baumann conceived reconstruction with the auction of the important collection Hubert Wilm (Munich) December 1952. The world-famous Kunsthaus is still based here today. The house Madonna on the side of the facade facing Neumarkt is a cast of an original from the 14th / 15th centuries. Century.

National Jewish Association for Germany

Max Bodenheimer memorial plaque, Cologne Richmodstr. 6th

From 1899 onwards, the offices of the World Zionist Organization and the National Jewish Association for Germany were located at Richmodstrasse 6 ; from 1897 it was renamed the Zionist Association for Germany . The national organization was founded in Cologne by the lawyer Max Bodenheimer together with the businessman David Wolffsohn . Bodenheimer was its president until 1910 and campaigned for Zionism in collaboration with Theodor Herzl . The “Cologne Theses” developed under Bodenheimer were adopted with small adjustments as the “Basel Program” at the first Zionist Congress . Bodenheimer is honored with a figure on the tower of the town hall in Cologne. At the level of the former office there is a plaster set in the pavement in German and English: “Dr. From 1899, Max Bodenheimer built the organization for the Jewish state of Israel from this house ”.

time of the nationalsocialism

Memorial plaque on the former police headquarters

Due to its central location and the large square area, Neumarkt was regularly used for National Socialist rallies. The day of Potsdam on March 21, 1933 was staged on the Neumarkt. In the course of the occupation of the Rhineland , on March 7, 1936, Wehrmacht troops marched over the Hohenzollern Bridge to Cologne, which finally ended the demilitarization of the Rhineland agreed with the victorious powers of the First World War, breaking the Treaty of Versailles . Thousands of Cologne residents celebrated this "success" of the Nazi regime on Neumarkt, only to go to the cathedral in a torchlight procession.

At the corner of Krebsgasse and Schildergasse, the Cologne police headquarters resided in a building that was completed in 1907 and completely destroyed in 1943, which stood out for its distinctive onion dome . The Gestapo also had its headquarters here until 1935, after which it moved to the EL-DE building. An inconspicuous memorial plaque in Krebsgasse today commemorates the victims of the Gestapo.

Stumbling blocks by the artist Gunter Demnig in front of houses where Nazi victims lived before they were evacuated still remind us of the persecution and deportation of Cologne's Jews, Sinti and Roma . You are on Neumarkt at house numbers 25 and 31 as well as in the side streets Thieboldsgasse (house numbers 9 and 88) as well as at Apostelnstraße 23.

Bing house

The health department (1909) on the south side

Since May 1, 1850, the Jewish company Gebrüder Bing Söhne existed as a wholesale company for ribbons, fashion and silk fabrics , which resided at Hohe Strasse 63 / corner Schildergasse 1 ( Karl Bing was born here). Son Alfred Bing took over the business on Hohen Strasse in 1881/82, Sigmund Bing had the architect Heinrich Müller-Erkelenz build a new department store on Neumarkt 15-19 , which could be moved into on July 1, 1909. The neighboring house in Neumarkt No. 21, built in 1886 and belonging to a doctor, was acquired by Bing in 1912. Fritz Bing finally became the boss of the “Bing House”. The Aryanization led to an involuntary change of ownership in the well-known Bing department store. The first contact between the city of Cologne and Fritz Bing for the purpose of selling the Bing house, which was largely rented, took place on February 17, 1938, Fritz and Otto Bing had already hired a real estate agent and asked for a sale price of 1.2 million Reichsmark. On January 30, 1939, Fritz Bing, as a representative of the family, sold the houses on Neumarkt to the city for 500,000 Reichsmarks for well below their value. This transferred the first half of the purchase price to a Sperrmark account; the city paid the second part on July 1, 1939, on condition that the houses had to be vacated by all tenants. Between 1938 and 1944, the city confiscated at least 735 Jewish houses and land in this way, and house number 33 also became the property of the city in 1939. From Gebr. Bing Söhne AG finally went to Modena AG forth, which until 15 July 1938 based in Cologne.

Health department

The city planned a new use for the former Bing department store. The health department should move from Cäcilienstraße 1 to Neumarkt to the Bing department store. In March 1940, the renovation work for the new health department was completed. The alderman Carl Coerper headed the Cologne health department from 1926 and kept this function at Neumarkt. This authority fulfilled central tasks in the Nazi race and health policy. She maintained a “counseling center for inheritance and race care”, which issued certificates of “suitability for marriage” in accordance with the provisions of the law for the protection of German blood and German honor ( called “Blood Protection Act” for short as part of the Nuremberg Laws ). The doctors of the health department at Neumarkt were also involved in the forced sterilization of 4,000 people in Cologne with reports on existing "hereditary diseases". The head city doctor Franz Vonessen (1892–1970) refused to participate in compulsory sterilization procedures and was then retired by the rulers against his will. In 1945 he was appointed by the American military government to head the Cologne health department. The health department has kept its headquarters on Neumarkt to this day. On June 2, 1997, the city unveiled a plaque for the Aryanization of the Bing department store.

The neo-Gothic Gustav Cords silk house , built by Otto Schulze-Kolbitz, had stood at the confluence of Zeppelinstrasse with Neumarkt (No. 4–6) since 1912 , and the officers' mess of the former Blankenheimer Hof was opposite. The facade of the silk house was on the 7./8. Destroyed July 1941 and May 31, 1942. The city acquired the old barracks and then laid out Zeppelinstrasse in 1912, after which Cords (1912) and the Carl Peters department store (1910–1914 in several construction phases) were built. Zeppelinstraße established the connection from Neumarkt to Breite Straße . The Hertie department store , which closed in 1997, moved into the new building No. 4–6 .

post war period

Reminder of the end of the war

• In the spring of 1945, after the end of the war, the streets leading towards the central Neumarkt were littered with huge bomb craters, as was the Neumarkt, which looked like it had been plowed. With the exception of a few buildings that remained intact, the quarter consisted of a landscape of ruins; very soon it was rebuilt.
• On November 13, 1953, the second Cologne contemporary cinema, AKI, opened in No. 16 with 313 seats (closed on June 6, 1986). The client of commercial building 16 was the Kreissparkasse Köln , which opened at the same time .
• In May 1956 the "Schnütgen Museum" was reopened in St. Cäcilien.
• A large fountain was built in 1956 on the west side of the square, according to the plans of the horticultural director and green space manager Kurt Schönbohm . The water was distributed in an arc from three fountains. The fountain was shallow and without a basin, so that it could be dismantled when the space was used for events. At night it was illuminated by floor lights. It was operated by a circulation pump, which was very modern at the time. Although the fountain system improved the quality of stay in the square, it was closed in 1993. Today the area is covered with tar. Recommissioning has already been discussed several times. In August 2019, the Mayor of Cologne announced that she would check the fountain system and, if necessary, have it put back into operation, as fountains would greatly increase the quality of stay in public places. The review is not yet complete, but several Cologne politicians have already expressed their opinion about the project.
• The first “ long Saturday ” on December 19, 1956 was a complete success for the business people at Neumarkt.
• The horse heads of the Richmodisturm that were destroyed in the war were replaced by the sculptor Wilhelm Müller Maus in 1958.
• The space created at the new art gallery was named Josef-Haubrich -Hof by resolution of the municipal main committee in March 1964 .
• In January 1965 the new adult education center in Cologne started its work. Its facade is adorned with a monumental relief by the Milanese artist Arnaldo Pomodoro .
• On February 23, 1966, Schildergasse, which opens into Neumarkt, was converted into a pedestrian zone .
• On April 15, 1967, the art gallery and the Cologne Art Association were inaugurated on the site of the former community hospital. The building ensemble by the Cologne architect Karl Lammersen combined the art gallery and art association, adult education center and forum. The art gallery has been called Josef-Haubrich-Kunsthalle since June 15, 1979 and was demolished in October 2002.
• In October 1969, the second Cologne subway section was opened. For the time being, it connected the Barbarossaplatz stations with Poststrasse and Neumarkt.
• In November 1970 the first Cologne Christmas market after the war took place here again.

Arts and Culture

Kunsthaus-Lempertz

Museums, galleries, cultural institutes and educational institutions such as the Amerikahaus , the Cologne Art Association, the Belgian House, the adult education center , the central library, the art gallery and the Lempertz art and auction house have settled around Neumarkt .

Reference to the Käthe Kollwitz Museum

Käthe Kollwitz Museum

→ Main article : Käthe Kollwitz Museum Cologne

Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) was one of the great personalities of classical modernism . The museum, exclusively dedicated to her, sponsored by the Kreissparkasse Köln , was established in 1985. Around 270 hand drawings , 20  sculptures and over 450 printsare currently on display . The museum's holdings represent the world's most important collection of the artist's works. It is located in the Neumarkt-Passage.

Lev Kopelev Forum

As a meeting place for international understanding is considered, which was founded in 1998 and 1999 in Neumarkt-Passage opened Lew Kopelew Forum eV It seeks in particular to German-Russian friendship and offers interested visitors about the life and work of the late 1997 in Cologne, Russian Germanists , writer and civil rights activist lev kopelev to inform. The forum also offers visitors readings , music, lectures and various exhibitions in its program of events . The forum, which was founded as a non-profit association with significant participation by the Kölner Kreissparkasse and the WDR , awards the “ Lew Kopelew Prize ” every year .

Belgian house

Belgisches-Haus, Cäcilienstraße (Photo: 2009)

As early as February 1950, the Americans opened a cultural institute called the “Belgian House” at Cäcilienstraße 46 near Neumarkt as a sign of the new close economic and cultural relations with neighboring Belgium . The architect of the house with the striking tuff facade was Johannes Schüller from Cologne, and interior designer Hans Hansen . Spread over several floors, it had administrative rooms, a large exhibition hall and a modern lecture hall, in which concerts and other cultural events were also held. The Belgian-Belgian-Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1952, (since 2015 Friedrichstrasse 42/44 the offices of the economic and commercial attachés for Wallonia , Flanders and the Brussels region ), the Flemish government agency to support business activities in and with the Belgian region of Flanders Flanders Investment & Trade (since 2015 Stolkgasse 25–45) and the monthly meeting of the Belgian Business Association (BBA) . The Belgian consulate, which has also been in the Belgian House since the 1950s, was closed on May 31, 2015. In September 2015, the cultural institute was placed on the culture red list by the German Cultural Council and classified in category 2 and therefore endangered. The house has been a listed building since 1990. In autumn 2015, the Belgian Foreign Ministry announced the final closure of the Belgian House.

After a general renovation, the Roman-Germanic Museum moved into the Belgian House on November 15, 2019 for several years on an interim basis, while the museum building on Roncalliplatz is being renovated.

Josef Haubrich Hof

At the southeast corner of Neumarkt, Josef-Haubrich-Hof extends from Fleischmengergasse between Leonhard-Tietz- Straße and Cäcilienstraße. The area was named after the Cologne lawyer and art collector Josef Haubrich . In 1946 he donated his extensive collection to the city of Cologne. By him in the "Third Reich" before accessing the Nazis in security brought art, especially modern paintings and sculptures, were called "Foundation Haubrich" replacement for the high, suffered in the last world war losses of modern art, which was once in the Wallraf Richartz Museum located. The “Haubrich Foundation” includes works by the artists Marc Chagall , the Blue Rider group , Maurice de Vlaminck , Maurice Utrillo and sculptures by Georg Baron Minne and Wilhelm Lehmbruck . The special exhibition “Romans on the Rhine” , which was designed by Otto Doppelfeld to mark the opening of the Kunsthalle at Josef-Haubrich-Hof in 1967, attracted great national attention .

The sober building of the adult education center in Josef-Haubrich-Hof is adorned with the relief "Great homage to the technical age" by the Italian sculptor Arnaldo Pomodoro from 1964.

The Cologne art gallery was demolished in October 2002. After a construction stop, the Kölner Loch remained in place until the foundation stone for the new museum complex was laid on June 14, 2005. The new cultural center opened on October 22nd, 2010, and accommodated the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum für Völkerkunde, an extension of the existing Schnütgen Museum , part of the adult education center already located there and the museum education service of the City of Cologne. The 88.5 meter long building has a 21 meter high entrance with a total height of 24 meters and has an exhibition area of ​​4939 m².

• 

  View of the grounds of the Josef-Haubrich-Hof and the construction work there

• 

  City library (built 1979), view from Leonhard-Tietz-Straße

• 

  VHS Cologne with Pomodoro relief, Josef-Haubrich-Hof am Neumarkt

Shopping arcades

Neumarkt 2–4 - "Neumarkt-Galerie" with the sculpture "Dropped Cone" (April 2014)

Neumarkt 18–24 - Kreissparkasse Cologne and "Neumarkt-Passage" (March 2010)

On April 10, 1937, Lord Mayor Robert Brandes opened the Neumarkt-Passage planned by Wilhelm Riphahn , a residential / office and commercial building with colorful awnings. They were two buildings that were connected by a passage. Haus Hindenburg is a neighbor of Schildergasse . In the 1960s, the north side of Neumarkt in particular increasingly advanced to become an independent shopping mile, which benefits from the nearby Schildergasse as well as from Mittelstrasse and Breite Strasse .

Today the Neumarkt is characterized by two shopping malls, namely the Neumarkt-Galerie and the Neumarkt-Passage:

• The Neumarkt-Galerie (No. 2-4) opened in October 1998 (construction started in July 1997, construction costs 280 million DM) and has 37,000 m² of retail space, of which 18,000 m² is for retail, 9000 m² is occupied by the PAN-Klinik, the office space make up 5000 m². There are a total of 40 retail spaces; The anchor tenant has been Primark with 8435 m² since May 2014 . The building was acquired by Deka Immobilien in December 2013 for 295 million euros. His trademark is the “Dropped Cone” on the roof from 2001, a work of art more than ten meters high in the form of an inverted ice cream cone by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen . Its top is supposed to remind of the church towers in Cologne. Until 1997, the Hertie department store stood at No. 2-4 .
• The smaller-scale Neumarkt-Passage (No. 18-24), which is more upscale in its positioning, was created in 1988 by Hans Schilling as the result of a building renovation (refurbished in 1991; construction costs 23.5 million euros). Since May 2013, the anchor tenant "ELB by Kult", a fashion chain of the Görgens Group, has accounted for 1220 m² of the sales area of ​​4600 m². The passage opens up the building block in a cross shape. An entrance on Neumarkt, extending over two floors, marks the beginning. The Käthe-Kollwitz-Museum , founded on April 22, 1985, has been located in the Neumarkt-Passage since January 1989 and has the world's most extensive Kollwitz collection on 1000 m². The Lew Kopelew Forum, which was set up in 1998 and awards the Lew Kopelew Prize , is also located in the passage . Walter Dietz planned the main branch of the Kreissparkasse Köln from 1948, which opened in 1953. Kreissparkasse Köln owns the passage. It connects the Neumarkt to the Richmodpassage (Richmod Center; 4500 m² sales area in a generous glass gallery), which has existed since 1988, and was thus Cologne's first passage system. The Richmodis House (No. 8-10) built by Paul Bonatz in 1928/29 was renovated until 1991 and has a sales area of ​​4,400 m². TK Maxx has been the anchor tenant since July 2010, accounting for 3400 m² of the retail space, while Gries Deco Holding and its “Depot” branch have 1000 m² .

Local public transport

Neumarkt
Underground station in Cologne
Track level
Basic data
District	Altstadt-Süd
Opened	1901 (above ground) 1969 (underground)
Newly designed	2001 (underground)
Tracks (platform)	3 (above ground) 2 (underground)
Coordinates	50 ° 56 ′ 9 ″  N , 6 ° 56 ′ 52 ″  E
use
Stretch)	Inner city tunnel
Line (s)	1, 7, 9 (above ground) 3, 4, 16, 18 (underground)
Switching options	Bus 136, 146

Inner city tunnel of the Cologne Stadtbahn, in the center the Neumarkt

A first horse-drawn tram line of the "Cölnische Straßenbahn-Gesellschaft" ran from 1882 from the western city limits over Aachener Strasse, Hahnentor , Hahnenstrasse and the street "Im Laach" to Neumarkt. The conversion of the Cologne tram network to electrical operation took place in 1901. From March 3, 1902, the electrical "inner tram", coming from Flora via Richmodstrasse, via Neumarkt, continued to the Ubierring. On April 15, 1902, the "Müngersdorfbahn" followed, whose route to Müngersdorf am Neumarkt started. The "Neumarktbahn" opened on September 14, 1902. It ran between Ehrenfeld and the Südpark . The "Querbahn", which connected Nippes with Eifelplatz, was opened on December 31, 1902. With the "Sülzer Bahn" between Neumarkt and Sülz , which opened on January 15, 1903, five tram lines ran to Neumarkt.

Light rail

In the tunnel

The Neumarkt underground tram stop is located under the southeast corner of the square, with the route running in a north-south direction. The route and stop were put into operation on October 6, 1969 as the second section of Cologne's inner city tunnel, Cologne's first underground tram route . To this day, trains run underground at Barbarossaplatz via a ramp and reach Neumarkt via the Poststrasse stop. Another entrance to the tunnel was set up in 1970 at the Severinstrasse ramp . From Neumarkt it goes over the Appellhofplatz towards the main station or Friesenplatz .

On April 8, 1981, seven people were injured in a bomb attack in the Neumarkt subway station.

The Neumarkt tunnel stop, with its four lines 3, 4, 16 and 18, which run on a common platform in each direction at short intervals, is one of the most frequented Cologne light rail stations. As early as the 1980s, the stop was converted, in which the platforms were significantly widened and the walls were artistically designed with backlit photo collages . With a renewed conversion of the platforms from low to high-floor operation in 2004, ground-level access to high-floor light rail vehicles was made possible. At the same time, the photo collages were significantly reduced in favor of illuminated billboards .

Stadtbahn Neumarkt, on the surface ...

... and in the tunnel

In 2001 the distribution level between the stairs to the platforms and the exits on Schildergasse or the square was extensively rebuilt. The HUGO shopping and service arcade (illustration: GO ) was created in the connecting corridor to Schildergasse . The connection to the basement of the former Hertie department store became the access to the underground part of the Neumarkt-Galerie, which opened in 1998, creating a coherent, underground network of shopping arcades between the Stadtbahn, Neumarkt-Galerie, Olivandenhof and the inner-city Karstadt store .

Previous station	Cologne light rail			Next station
Appellhofplatz ← Görlinger Center		3		Poststrasse Thielenbruch →
Appellhofplatz ← Bocklemünd		4th		Poststrasse Schlebusch →
Poststrasse ← Bonn-Bad Godesberg		16 Rheinuferbahn		Appellhofplatz Niehl Sebastianstrasse →
Poststrasse ← Bonn Central Station		18 Foothill Railway		Appellhofplatz Thielenbruch →

On the surface

The three west-east lines 1, 7 and 9 pass the south side of Neumarkt, where the regular, low-floor stop is also located. A single-track loop around the square on a double-track section on the north side serves two additional platforms that can be used for special traffic. The loop can be approached by trains from the west and east and enables the continuation of the route in both directions.

Previous station	Cologne light rail			Next station
Rudolfplatz ← Weiden West		1		Heumarkt Bensberg →
Rudolfplatz ← Frechen-Benzelrath		7th		Heumarkt Zündorf →
Mauritius Church ← Sülz Hermeskeiler Platz		9		Heumarkt Königsforst →

Bus transport

Neumarkt is the terminus of bus lines 136 to Hohenlind via Dürener Str./Gürtel and 146 to Deckstein, which reach and bypass the square via a shared bus / tram lane. The exit stop for both lines is on the south side of the square, near the tram stop. The empty buses then drive east around the square to the boarding stop on the north side (bus platform A) and then via a shared bus / tram lane to Rudolfplatz. The lines run in parallel every 10 minutes to the Hildegards-Krankenhaus stop, where the routes separate.

Location and importance

The Neumarkt is surrounded by the street of the same name, 646 meters long. In a clockwise direction, Schildergasse, Cäcilienstraße, Thieboldsgasse, Im Laach, Hahnenstraße, Apostelnstraße, Richmodstraße and Zeppelinstraße flow into Neumarkt. The largest urban square in Cologne is the link between the Deutzer Brücke leading to the east bypass and the Aachener Straße arterial road leading to the west. It connects the Schildergasse and Mittelstrasse shopping streets. At the same time, it is one of the main hubs for local public transport. It is served on the surface by the Cologne tram and in the tunnel by the Neumarkt underground station .

Of the total of around 50,000 m² of retail space available on Neumarkt, over 90% are in shopping centers, arcades and department stores. There are 75 shops on Neumarkt, 34 of which belong to a chain of branches. The oldest store on the square is the Lichthaus Remagen , which has been in existence since 1845 , which was initially on Lintgasse and moved to Neumarkt 35–37 in 1964. Compared to the more frequented Schildergasse and Hohe Straße shopping streets, shop rents on Neumarkt are only between 100 and 120 euros. The main focus of the shopping mile is the north side of the Neumarkt, while its south side is dominated by the health department, insurance companies and banks. 43% of the properties on Neumarkt belong to private owners. In contrast to the other prime locations in Cologne, institutional investors (27%) and insurance companies (23%) are also heavily involved there.

Events such as circus performances, carnival sessions and Christmas markets are held in the square . The Christmas market on Neumarkt began before 1919, and since November 2008 it has been themed “Angel Market”.

Colloquial language and metaphorical use

As a central and busy square, the Neumarkt played a role in the formation of some terms in the colloquial language of Cologne: Nümaatskrat , from Krat ('toad'), is a pejorative term for a person who is often in public places, a desolate person who is Heard of rabble . The terms Nümaatsbroder ('Neumarktsbruder') for a loiter who spends the day on the banks of the Neumarkt, Nümaatsflitsche ('Neumarktsflittchen') for a wanderer or prostitute, and Nümatshär ('Neumarktsherr') for are also proven, but no longer used a busy Neumarkt porter . The linguist Adam Wrede also mentions the metaphorical allusions to the size of the square: Dä hät e Jewesse wie dä Nümaat ('He has a conscience like Neumarkt') for a particularly wide conscience and Ich han no Kopp like Nümaat ('I have no head like Neumarkt '), “I can't keep that much information at the same time”.

In the piece Die Hipp vum Nümaat , published in 1987, to the melody of the Rolling Stones piece Beast of Burden, Trude Herr and Wolfgang Niedecken sang a woman who spoke out about her renegade husband and her rival, and because of her lean physique as Hipp (Kölsch: 'Goat', narrow, lean head of cattle, also translated for lean people).

literature

• Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. Chronik-Verlag, Dortmund 1991, ISBN 3-611-00193-7 .
• Johann Palm: Neumarkt. Over the centuries. Verlag der Mayerschen Buchhandlung, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-87519-112-9 .
• Arnold Stelzmann: Illustrated history of the city of Cologne. Verlag Bachem, Cologne 1958, publisher number 234758 (11th improved edition with Robert Frohn, 1990, ISBN 3-7616-0973-6 ).
• Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary. 9th edition. 3 volumes A - Z, Greven-Verlag, Cologne 1984, ISBN 3-7743-0155-7 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Communications from the Cologne City Archives, Cologne, the Reich and Europe , issue 60, 1971, p. 94
2. ^ Eduard Hegel, The medieval parish system and its church infrastructure around 1500 , 1992, p. 10.
3. ↑ Klaus Gereon Beuckers: The Ezzonen and their foundations , 1993, p. 204 ff.
4. ^ Hermann M. Wollschläger: Hanseatic City of Cologne: The History of a European Trade Metropolis , 1988, p. 69.
5. ↑ Kölsche annual table for the year 1195 ; Kölsch-Net
6. ↑ ^{a b} Info from the Kreissparkasse Köln
7. ^ Franz Bender: Illustrated history of the city of Cologne , 1912, p. 212.
8. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.): Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln , Volume 1, 1991, p. 332.
9. ↑ Gabriela Wagner, Werner Schäfke: Women in Cologne: 200 years of city history , 1990, p. 26.
10. ↑ Barbara Beuys: Familienleben in Deutschland , 1984, p. 127.
11. ↑ in Cologne there were no house numbers in the Middle Ages , the houses were mostly given the names of their residents
12. ↑ Ludwig Röhrscheid: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine , Volume 82–85, 1907, p. 173.
13. ^ Franz Walter Ilges, Casanova in Cologne , 1926, p. 35.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Helmut Signon, All streets lead through Cologne, 2006, p. 267.
15. ^ ^{A b} Hans Vogts, Kölner Wohnhaus , 1966, p. 787.
16. ^ Konstantin Höhlbaum: Communications from the city archive of Cologne , 1892, p. 83.
17. ↑ Peter Johanek: The city and its edge , 2008, p. 64.
18. ^ Leonard Ennen: History of the City of Cologne , Volume 3, 1869, p. 933.
19. ^ Hans Vogts: The profane monuments of the city of Cologne , 1930, p. 516.
20. ^ Ernst Zander: Fortification and Military History of Cologne , Volume 1, 1944, p. 562 f.
21. ↑ Josef Ruhland, Marianne Strutz-Köchel: Receiving and shaping , 1981, p. 246
22. ↑ Klemens Klemmer: Jacob Koerfer (1875-1930) , 1987, p. 102.
23. ↑ City Guide from 1928, p. 121.
24. ^ Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns , 1991, p. 118.
25. ^ Adam Wrede, Volume II, p. 357.
26. ^ Adam Wrede, Volume II, p. 251.
27. ^ Hans Vogts : Secular Buildings in Old Cologne , in: Konrad Adenauer (ed.), Deutschlands Städtebau - Cologne, 2nd edition, DARI, Berlin - Halensee, 1925, p. 89
28. ↑ Hans Vogts: The art monuments of the city of Cologne. The profane monuments. (= Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz . 7th volume, IV. Section), 1930, pp. 517–522 (reprint: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, Düsseldorf 1980)
29. ^ Architects and engineers association for Lower Rhine and Westphalia, Cologne and its buildings , 1984, p. 140
30. ↑ Notes on an information board from the Friends of Roman Churches Cologne in Gertrudenstrasse
31. ↑ Keussen, Vol. IS 136.
32. ↑ The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 149.
33. ^ Arnold Stelzmann: Illustrated History of the City of Cologne , 1958, pp. 137, 138.
34. ^ Ernst Weyden: Cologne on the Rhine fifty years ago , 1862, p. 25 f.
35. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.): Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, 1991, p. 97.
36. ^ Anton Henseler: The young Offenbach: Kölner Jugendjahre , 1930, p. 7
37. ↑ Helmut Signon: All roads lead through Cologne , 2006 S. 268th
38. ↑ Volker Selin, Die stolen Revolution , 2001, p. 67.
39. ↑ Werner Jung: The modern Cologne: 1794-1914; from the French period to the First World War , 2004, ISBN 3-7616-1590-6 , p. 33.
40. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from July 30, 2014, jubilation on the day of mobilization
41. ^ Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns , 1991, p. 257.
42. ↑ Rheinische Lebensbilder , Volume 12, Rheinland-Verlag, 1991, p. 165
43. ^ Kunsthaus Lempertz, collections and bequests since 1888
44. ^ Gerhard Dietrich: Museum of Applied Art Cologne: Chronicle 1888–1988. 1988, p. 151.
45. ^ Jung: Modern Cologne. Pp. 245-246.
46. ^ Werner Jung: Das Moderne Köln , Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-7616-1861-1 , p. 118.
47. ^ The modern Cologne ; P. 141.
48. ↑ Database of the Cologne NS Documentation Center as of November 11, 2007
49. ↑ History Seminar of the University of Cologne, History in Cologne , Volume 49, 2002, p. 195.
50. ↑ History Seminar of the University of Cologne, History in Cologne , Volume 49, 2002, p. 198.
51. ↑ History Seminar of the University of Cologne, History in Cologne , Volume 49, 2002, p. 199.
52. ↑ Werner Jung: Das Moderne Köln 2005, pp. 140–141.
53. ^ Carl Dietmar, Die Chronik Kölns , pages 1945 to 1970
54. ↑ Schüller in Büchholdt's architecture register
55. ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 440.
56. ^ History of our Chamber of Commerce Abroad. (No longer available online.) In: Website debelux AHK German-Belgian-Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016 ; accessed on August 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
57. ^ Website of the Belgian Consulate in Cologne: http://www.diplomatie.be/berlin/default.asp?id=49&mnu=49 , accessed on November 10, 2007
58. ^ Economic development and information (Belgium). (No longer available online.) In: Website Laenderkontakte.de - Directory of German-International Relations. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016 ; accessed on August 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
59. ↑ Associations. In: Website Belgium in Germany. Retrieved August 27, 2015 . 
60. ↑ Newsletter Neighbor Belgium July / August 2015 No. 4 pages 2, 16. In: Website Embassy and Consulates in Belgium. July 1, 2015, accessed August 27, 2015 . 
61. ^ German Cultural Council: September 3, 2015 Red Lists of Threatened Cultural Institutions , accessed on September 16, 2015
62. ↑ Note on sale 2016 in the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from December 23, 2015, p. 24 (accessed December 2015)
63. ↑ Homepage fbh Association of Friends of the Belgian House , accessed on October 16, 2019
64. ↑ Roman-Germanic Museum opens on Neumarkt. koeln.de, November 14, 2019, accessed on November 19, 2019 (German). 
65. ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 427.
66. ^ Werner Schäfke : Cologne: Two millennia of history, art and culture on the Rhine 2nd edition. DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern 2003, ISBN 3-7701-4368-X , p. 226.
67. ↑ Kölner Loch vanished: Schneider and Sendelbach cultural center finished
68. ↑ CBRE Retail Report Cologne, January 2014i
69. ↑ Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe AG (Ed.): 100 Years of Cologne Transport Companies 1877–1977. Göppingen 1977, pp. 5-18.
70. ^ All opening dates in: 100 Years of Cologne Transport Companies 1877–1977. P. 95.
71. ↑ Hunger Strike - Green Light for Death? In: Der Spiegel , issue 16/1981, accessed on November 1, 2011.
72. ↑ Design stops in a contemporary way. In: Environmental report of the Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe AG. Cologne 2004, p. 13.
73. ↑ www.kempers.net , accessed on November 4, 2007.
74. ^ Adam Wrede: Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz , Volume II, p. 240.
75. ↑ On Trude Herr's album "I say what I mean"
76. ^ Adam Wrede: Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz , Volume 1, p. 357.

Web links

Commons : Neumarkt (Cologne)  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Information about the underground station and the tram stops from the KVB

Coordinates: 50 ° 56 ′ 9.6 "  N , 6 ° 56 ′ 51.2"  E