Heumarkt (Cologne)

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The Heumarkt is the second largest square in Cologne and is located in the Altstadt-Nord district .

Heumarkt with equestrian statue, view from the southwest, 2007

history

The Heumarkt and its northern continuation, Alter Markt , formed a unit until the Middle Ages , only later they were separated.

Roman times

In the area of ​​Heumarkt and Alter Markt there was a 13 meter deep bed of an arm of the Rhine during Roman times , so that this part was on an approximately 1000 meter long Rhine island. A find during the expansion of the Cologne subway in December 2007 brought a transport ship ( Prahm ) from the Roman era between 50 and 100 AD from a depth of 12 meters . It transported stones that were needed to build the city. During Roman times, the Roman port was roughly at the same level as today's Cologne City Hall. By extending the arm of the Rhine to the east, the Romans succeeded in securing the stretch of water adequately as a port and in using a water surface of around 60,000 m² as a landing stage for 200 ships. The expanded port extended roughly from today's Breslauer Platz to the Holzmarkt, where the arm of the Rhine reunited with the main river. The east wall of the Roman city wall ran west of Heumarkt and Alter Markt at the foot of the hill, which can still be seen today, on which the Praetorium was located and which is now the town hall . During Roman times, the Heumarkt was outside the Rhine wall, because at the end of the 1st century AD the city wall, a mighty structure up to three meters thick and eight meters high, was built here. The city wall on the Rhine side delimited the arm of the Rhine towards the mainland. In the 3rd century a sandbank in the Rhine had spread to the city wall, so that the port was abandoned. The two squares were created after this arm of the Rhine silted up and the soil proved to be too flexible for building.

Middle Ages and early modern times

Arnold Mercator - The Heumarkt in Cologne cityscape from 1570
Heumarkt - Trachyte relief above the gate to the meat hall (1401–1450)

Its old name "Inselmarkt" reminds us that it was once on a Rhine island off the city. The construction of the first market area on the Heumarkt is dated on the basis of found wood to the year 957 or shortly afterwards, after this area had been completely cleared of the buildings there. The redesign of the Heumarkt can be traced back to Archbishop Brun . A second market area was laid out in 1024 under Pilgrim von Köln (to whom the Neumarkt is also ascribed), a third market area was created in 1082 under Archbishop Sigewin von Are , who had a 40 cm thick layer of moist soil poured in here; a fourth market area probably followed in 1106. Due to an arbitration ruling by Emperor Friedrich I from 1164, the "island market" had to remain undeveloped. which strengthened its position as a central marketplace.

Separation from the old market

Originally, the Alter Markt and Heumarkt were a single marketplace under the name Alter Markt. Their separation took place through the incorporation of the Unterlan district. Below the Marstor (“porta Martis”, kölsch “Marsporz”; demolished by a council resolution in 1545) it was called “Hühnermarkt” or “Unterlan”. A special form of the gaddem is the so-called “La”, a box-shaped container, which is also eponymous for the “Unterlan” district. Buttermarkt, Salzgasse, Unter Käster, the northeast of the Heumarkt and the northwest part of Marsplatz belonged to the Unterlan district. The name "vetus forum" (Virnemarkt; old market) was often referred to this southern part until around 1400.

At first, after separation from the Alter Markt, the shrine clerks for the Heumarkt around 1150 simply “forum” prevailed. "Ubi pabulum vendebatur" (where the food is sold) was its name in the early Latin phase of the Middle Ages. "Forum feni" (lat. Feni = hay) has been around since around 1250 and applies to the entire hay market from 1400 onwards. The people of Cologne finally refer to it in German as "Heuwemart", in the Cologne cityscape of 1570 it is called "Hewmarckt" by Arnold Mercator . The Heumarkt can still be recognized as a uniform square, delimited in the north from the Alter Markt by Unter Käster ("Unter Kesteren") / Salzgasse, in the south by the Malzbüchel. Mercator did not fail to draw the pillory and gallows in the north of the hay market.

Buildings

Heumarkt 6 - Brewery to the Malzmühle
Heumarkt 12 - Chamber of Crafts in Cologne
Heumarkt 20 - Maritim Hotel
Heumarkt 20 - Maritim Hotel
Heumarkt 48 - portal

The house "zum Stern" was first mentioned in 1159 at the latest, when a certain Hermann Stella bought the property. 1163 that mention Schreinsbücher called since 1351 "Zabel Bank" for the first time the "Minne foot" house (77 today no.). Eiko von Halle appeared in the shrine books in 1184 as the owner of the house "Airsbach", which later changed its name to "House Oversburg " and was located at the malt mill. In 1247 the "Linwaitmenger" bought the canvas house, followed in 1278 by the woolen weavers with the "Haus Aachen" and in 1322 the cloth sellers with the neighboring "Haus Oversburg". The screen store is considered to be one of the city's first public department stores. On November 20, 1371, the armed opponents of the weavers marched across the Heumarkt in the direction of Malzbüchel for the final phase of the Cologne weavers uprising . After the city acquired the latter two houses, they had to give way to a meat hall in 1372 as a result of the weavers' revolt.

The largest urban meat hall with an area of ​​825 m² was located on the west side of the Heumarkt (at Mercator "Vleischhauß"), where the citizens could buy from around 35 meat banks. It was connected to the Heumarkt by an archway (relief from 1401). On March 15, 1568, the council decided to demolish the superstructure of the old meat house and create a new hall. The southern hall served from 1887 as a “free bank” for inferior meat (“Kotzbank”). The entire structure had to give way to the breakthrough in Gürzenichstrasse in 1910.

“House Brussels” (today's Heumarkt No. 19) got its name from Goswin Leo von Brussels, who bought it around 1200. After it fell into disrepair, the house was given up in 1426 at the latest, and council member Baltasar von Berchem had a new building built here in 1595. The "Brabanter Hof" belonged to the Duke of Brabant , who lent it to Hermann von Uthe in 1237 and to Constantin von Lyskirchen in 1359. In 1228 the patrician Gerhard zum Pütz bought a large property on Heumarkt. In 1295 Henricus de Caldario took over three houses on the corner of Markmannsgasse.

Gaffeln had existed long before the Verbundbrief , because in 1365 the Gaffel “Eisenmarkt” took the “House of Brussels” on Heumarkt in Erbleihe. The merchants corporation "societas de societate furce, dicte vulgariter de gaffelen super forum Ferri" took a long lease on a house on the hay market. House "Starkenberg" (Starkimberg; No. 10) served as a meeting place for the Eisenmarkt guild from 1370, which even had two meeting houses. Starkenberg had belonged to the Cologne merchant family Jakob Johann Lyversberg (wine and tobacco trade) since 1784 and was demolished in 1907. In 1416 members of the gaff acquired the house "zome Wynke" and set up the gaff house "Hemelriche" (Kingdom of Heaven) on the southeast corner of the Heumarkt. The butcher's guild house had been located not far from the meat hall south of the canvas house in one half of the “zum Stern” house since 1426.

House no. 6 has been owned by Peter von Halveren (s) since February 3, 1543 at the latest, a tower behind the house has been documented since 1393. A bourgeois residential building "Haus Erpe" was at No. 28, and under the name "zum Ochsen" it came to the estate of the Hase couple in 1519, whose house was rebuilt by Christian Wickrath. The house "zur Drachenburg" at no. 50 was built in 1556, the house "zum Drachen" at no. 52 appears for the first time in 1596, and no. 35 was built in 1594. The house "St. Peter ”in No. 77 was created in 1568 for the councilor Johann Peter Terlaen (or ter Lahn) von Lennep, which was first renewed in 1891 and has largely been preserved today. Haus Sternenberg in No. 7 (Sterrenberg) was one of the most renowned hotels for trade fair guests in 1464; the Dutch owner and landlord Johann van Lenderinchusen bought the property in 1458. Mayor Gerhard Pilgrum d. Ä. lived in "Haus Pilgrum" (No. 16) around 1541, and the wine merchant owned the entire row of houses 14–20 here; the Hotel Vanderstein-Bellen was built around 1542 in No. 16 (previously No. 20). Mrs. Bellen died in October 1899 and bequeathed the house, renovated in 1880, to Jakob and Aloys Vanderstein; it was considered the most beautiful house in town. In place of the houses “to the big and small bear” (No. 20, formerly No. 24), the printer Johann Gymnicus built a house with stepped gables in 1614.

The actual market activity was concentrated on the Heumarkt and Alter Markt. Vegetables, cheese, legumes, fish and spices were sold here; further south the traders sold their grain and hay, which gave the hay market its name. A grain scale has stood here since 1492. There were few permanently installed stalls and sales booths (Gaddemen) because the "small" and the "large cattle market" took place here twice a week near the drinking trough. There was a horse market on Fridays and a weekly chicken market.

Execution site

Heumarkt 52 - commercial building
Equestrian statue for the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III., 2016
Heumarkt 60 - residential and commercial building
Heumarkt 62 - "Brewery to the Pfaffen"
Heumarkt 77 - "Gilden im Zims"
Heumarkt 77 - "House St. Peter"

The “Schuppstuhl” (Schandstuhl) stood on the Heumarkt as an expression of the city council's penal power and was used to punish fraudulent traders. They were whipped there with rods. The Cologne City Council even ordered the installation of a gallows at the beginning of the 13th century . Above all, however, high-ranking people were beheaded here. The council member and former mayor Heinrich von Stave, banished for disobedience and high treason , was beheaded on January 11, 1396 on the Heumarkt, his body quartered "and the same parts except Cologne placed on the city streets". Some authors suspect that Hilger Cleyngedanck, known as Hilger von der Stessen, was beheaded on January 26, 1398 in the hay market. After Emperor Friedrich III. In 1467 the city had been granted a privilege, the gallows, wheels and other signs of jurisdiction were erected. The ringleaders of the uprising between September 28, 1481 and February 18, 1482, as well as the conspirators of the revolution from December 21, 1512 to January 7, 1513, were executed on the gallows on Heumarkt. Werner von Lyskirchen was killed here on March 9, 1482 by the city sword-bearer and not by the usual executioner. The guild riots led to a series of executions. When councilor Diederich Spitz was executed here on January 10, 1513, the executioner struck with such force that the head rolled into the audience. As a tribute to the raging population, the multiple mayor Johann von Berchem on January 11, 1513, the mayor Johann von Rheidt and the lawyer Johann von Oldendorp on January 13, the wine master Peter Rode on January 15, the judge Frank von der Linden and council judge Bernt Eys publicly executed. On January 13, 1550 , two Spaniards were hanged, one of whom was accused of manslaughter and the other of theft. City secretary Gereon Hesselmann is beheaded on August 12, 1683 for betraying secrets in relation to the gaff house "Himmelreich".

Stock exchange

The Cologne stock exchange was able to move into its first own stock exchange building in the center of the Heumarkt in 1580. Obviously it was only a delimited, uncovered area. Since there was no news about the stock exchange between 1650 and 1727, it was assumed that Cologne's economy would decline during that period. That probably didn't change when in 1730 a new, fenced-in stock exchange building was erected in the same place on the Heumarkt, because it was also used for theater performances. In addition, it seems to have been structurally very poor, because the dealers have not used it since 1790. On October 1st, 1820, the opening of the new stock exchange building took place on the Heumarkt. Due to the beginning of share trading , this building soon turned out to be too small, so that on September 6, 1843, the company moved to the Overstolzenhaus .

18th century to the beginning of the Second World War

  • Heumarkt with stock exchange from the south, copper engraving by Charles Dupius (around 1790)

  • Heumarkt - Börse, watercolor by Friedrich August Motte (1827)

  • Heumarkt 77 - House Sankt Peter, drawing by Jakob Scheiner (1887)

  • Heumarkt - west side with entrance to the meat hall, watercolor by Wilhelm Scheiner (1890)

  • Heumarkt - meat hall entrance (around 1902)

In May 1727 "Doctor von Puppart" (Balthasar Mittenmeyer) was allowed to set up a show stage ("Schawbuine") on the Heumarkt. Angelo Mingotti received permission from the city council in June 1757 to build a stage and give opera performances. However, the building did not get beyond the status of a shack. Between January and April 1760, in the shack of the theater, Giacomo Casanova met the wife of the mayor at the time, Mimi de Groote , who accompanied him to his accommodation, the inn "zum heiligen Geist" on Thurnmarkt, and began an affair with him.

Nikolaus Krakamp built house no. 6 "zum Gruwel" in 1744; The new building in No. 6 had been in the possession of Anton von dem Hesacker and Margarete von Waldt since May 30, 1744, followed by Anton Maria Mochetti, who became a citizen of Cologne on May 19, 1732 and in 1765 as a merchant on the Heumarkt is working. The former butchers' guild was established around 1755 and temporarily resided in No. 45; House no.25 was built in 1757 and burned down on May 31, 1942. On September 18, 1776, merchants founded a " trading college " in house no. 6. The Masonic lodge "secret des trois rois" (Three Kings Lodge ) had been meeting since September 1776 at Heumarkt no. 1072 with Olivier Joseph Wacomont.

During the French occupation , from January 1, 1813, all Cologne streets were only allowed to bear the French names of Itinéraire de Cologne ; the hay market was henceforth called Le marché au foin ( hay market ). On September 28, 1816, a Prussian edict ensured that the French street names were abolished, giving the hay market its previous name. On January 12, 1813, a certain Tillmann Ollivier posted a poster on the former stock exchange building on the Heumarkt as a protest against new troop levies, which read: “The great Napoleon ran away from the army. The fun is over, he doesn't get a husband or a penny more. ”The“ zum Kessel ”building, used as a military building, was stormed in 1713 for alleged deprivation of liberty. In 1844 a main guard was built for 50 soldiers and 50 prisoners, but it was demolished again in 1877.

Goethe stayed in house "Starkenberg" (No. 10) on July 26, 1815. For King Friedrich Wilhelm III. On June 30, 1821, a festive reception was given on the Heumarkt, during which the Markmannsgasse on the bridge ramp was given the name "Friedrich-Wilhelm-Straße" on that day. Between June 1848 and June 1849, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels maintained the editorial rooms of their Neue Rheinische Zeitung in house no. 65. The grand hotel "Victoria" or "Clement" (owner Joseph Clement) opened on June 9, 1862 at no. 46-50 (Canceled in 1924). Thirsty market people had always been good, hard-drinking customers for beer and breweries. That also attracted a number of these companies to the now central marketplace: for example the "Hausbrauerei Jakob Jansen" (until 1842), Heumarkt No. 13, the brewery "Zur Krone" (until 1870) Heumarkt No. 36, the brewery " Zum Schloss Bensberg ”(until 1881) Heumarkt No. 68 or the“ Hub. Koch jun. "(Until 1883) at Heumarkt No. 69.

The main market hall (three-aisled glass hall with an area of ​​7500 m²), inaugurated on November 29, 1904 at Sassenhof (from Sachsenhof), served as a fruit and vegetable market and contributed to the national fame of the Heumarkt because it had a rail connection to the railroad and trams. For the construction of the market hall according to plans by Balduin Schilling (municipal building department) and Otto Müller-Jena , 70 residential houses had to give way between Thurnmarkt and the then street Auf Himmelreich . The last main market took place in the hall on July 12, 1940, after which the market moved to the Bonntor. The building, damaged in the war, was demolished in 1950/51.

Equestrian monument

The monument to King Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Prussia has seen an eventful history. Its original was made by the sculptor Gustav Blaeser , who began with this in 1855, but died during the construction work († April 20, 1874), so the monument had to be completed by the Berlin sculptors Alexander Calandrelli and Rudolf Schweinitz . After laying the foundation stone on May 16, 1865, the ceremonial unveiling on September 26, 1878 found by the Emperor I. Wilhelm instead. The shock wave from an air mine caused Ross and Reiter to fall from the monument on June 29, 1943, and in 1959 the city wanted to melt the fragments of the monument. This also happened - except for the king's head and the horse's croup , which has graced the ramp of the Deutz Bridge since December 10, 1982. Since then, the people of Cologne have called this horse's backside on the Heumarkt "the Fott vum Pääd". The base sculptures by the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt , which stood for a long time in the schoolyard of the Humboldt Gymnasium , were not melted down either . In November 1983 the city erected a provisional base with 16 life-size figures just south of its original position. An equestrian statue of Herbert Labusga made of Styrofoam and secretly attached in September 1985 ensured that the Düsseldorf sculptor Raimund Kittl took care of the metal restoration of the statue from May 1990, including parts that had been preserved, which was placed on the base on September 29, 1990 . The relief was installed on the base on April 24, 1993. In May 2001, the horse's legs had to be relieved with a support structure. The dilapidation caused the memorial to be uninstalled on November 7, 2007 due to a hurricane warning. After renovation by RWTH Aachen University , it has been back in its place in the middle of the Heumarkt since October 6, 2009.

bridges

The part of the Heumarkt on the Rhine side served as a ramp for two different bridges, the forerunners of today's Deutz Bridge . On November 16, 1822, the Deutz ship bridge from Heumarkt to Cologne-Deutz was inaugurated . It was the first Rhine crossing since the Roman Rhine bridge . It consisted of wooden planks that ran over 42 boats. Their construction therefore made them particularly vulnerable to floods and drift ice. On March 15, 1913, construction began on a chain suspension bridge between the Heumarkt and Cologne-Deutz at the site of the old ship bridge, for whose ramp on the left bank of the Rhine the Straßburger Gasse and the Sassenhof had to give way (see also Markmannsgasse 2a ). The inauguration of the 368.92 meter long Hindenburg Bridge took place on July 15, 1915. After the bridge was opened, the Heumarkt became a central traffic junction of the Cologne tram network, as most of the suburban railway lines started and ended here. The bridge was widened by 9 meters to 27.5 meters by July 15, 1940. The bridge, which was riddled with bomb holes during the war, collapsed on February 28, 1945 with numerous passers-by, since May 22, 1945 there was next to the rubble of the Hindenburg Bridge the Lesley McNair temporary bridge ("American Bridge"). The tram network, which was reorganized in the course of the construction of the Deutz Bridge, left the Heumarkt only to function as a stop on the east-west route coming from the bridge. The Neumarkt now functions as a transfer point to the suburban routes.

Since the Second World War

A problem that has not yet been solved for the Heumarkt is the structural design of the bridge ramp. The competition for this, which ended on December 24, 1925, produced 412 proposals, none of which were implemented. The creation of a western bypass to Neumarkt between 1937 and 1939 and later the city railway resulted in a division of the Heumarkt into a southern and a northern part, which has not yet been overcome, so that a connection with the rest of the square can hardly be recognized today.

In particular, the bombings of May 31, 1942 and June 29, 1943 resulted in severe war damage to buildings. Therefore, on July 10, 1943, a memorial rally with a minute's silence took place on the Heumarkt. Of the “splendid buildings”, only numbers 16, 20, 50 and 77 remained until before the Second World War . The buildings Heumarkt 16–24 and No. 44 burned out completely on May 31, 1942. The patrician house at No. 6 (formerly “zum Gruwel”) , which was destroyed in the war, is now home to the Malzmühle brewery , which has operated under the name of Beer and Malze Extract Steam Brewery Hubert Koch, Cologne since it was founded . The Koch'sche malt beer, which has now been patented, is still brewed at the same location according to the original recipe . The portal at house no. 48, which was built in 1690 and originally adorned house no. 24 (formerly no. 30) on Heumarkt, has been preserved. At house number 52 there is another surprise, an equally historic wooden entrance gate integrated into the post-war building.

In the former "Haus Gint", later "Gleen", then around 1753 "in the Krone" (No. 12) the Chamber of Crafts in Cologne has been housed since October 1959 , and in 1970 an eastern wing could be moved into. House no.25 comes from building remains from the 17th century, which were used in 1757, renovated in 1928 and burned out on May 31, 1942. The “Pfaffen” brewery (no. 62) dates from 1776. The Gilden im Zims house (no. 77) goes back to the “zum St. Peter” building from around 1568, the side gable of which has been preserved; the building was restored twice (1891 and 1897). The Willi Ostermann Society was founded here on February 28, 1967 .

The opening gala for the Hotel Maritim built by Gottfried Böhm in No. 20 (usable area 54700 m²; 446 rooms and 8 suites) took place on March 18, 1989. Its hotel lobby is 110 meters wide, 24 meters long and 20 meters high; of the 22 festival and event halls, the largest hotel hall in Cologne can accommodate 1,600 people; the hotel's own underground car park has 600 parking spaces. The hotel as an urban eye-catcher was built on the former Sassenhof site.

The urban development committee determined in February 1997 that the Heumarkt should be redesigned as a "multi-purpose, fortified town square with tree plantings in the peripheral areas". The underground car park planned under the Heumarkt triggered extensive excavations between April 1996 and September 1998, which uncovered numerous finds about its use during Roman times and the Middle Ages. The Heumarkt was the focus of media interest as a media center for the two G8 and EU summits that took place in Cologne in June 1999 . The touring exhibition Body Worlds between February 12 and July 31, 2000 registered 1 million visitors, 86% of whom were not from Cologne. In June 2001 the redesigned square was opened with an approximately 8,500 m² paved inner space, including the underground car park below with 460 spaces. The tree-lined inner space makes up 51% of the total area of ​​the hay market.

In the 21st century, the square is a communication center that is used in a variety of ways for the Cologne city population and guests; concerts, festivals and intercultural events take place here, and it is also a main venue for carnival events. For the 2006 soccer World Cup , the Heumarkt was the center of Cologne's “Fan Mile”. Traditionally, the Christmas market with characteristic wooden stalls ("Hötte") took place on the Heumarkt until 1885 . Toys, sweets and much more were on sale here. Going “en de Hötte” in the run-up to Christmas was a pleasure for all citizens. In November 2005, the city of Cologne revived the old tradition on the Heumarkt.

Heinzelmännchen skiing at the Cologne Christmas market "Heinzels Wintermärchen" 2018

In the run-up to Christmas, a Christmas market is held on the Heumarkt and the Alter Markt, which is dedicated to the brownies , who are placed as figures on, in and on stalls and in the air. In 2018 the market was called "Heinzels Wintermärchen".

Location and importance

In 1608, the English cosmopolitan Thomas Coryat praised the Heumarkt as the most beautiful place he had seen on his travels, after St. Mark's Square in Venice . Today the pedestrian zone invites you to stroll, the outdoor catering in the numerous restaurants of various kinds characterizes the street scene. The 1963 meter long Heumarkt has an area of ​​16,400 m² and is therefore the second largest square in Cologne after the Neumarkt. The Heumarkt is one of the most important transport hubs in the city. A driveway to Deutzer Brücke enables a connection to the Cologne motorway ring in the east , in the west there is a connection to Aachener Straße via the tangents to Neumarkt and Rudolfplatz. In the south there is a connection to the Cologne brooks . The Cologne city railway serves the square with the Heumarkt underground station, which opened on December 14, 2013 .

literature

Web links

Commons : Heumarkt (Cologne)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Kölner Römer-Illustrierte , Volumes 1 and 2, 1974, p. 33
  2. ^ Matthias Riedel, Cologne - a Roman economic center , 1982, p. 110
  3. ↑ Ferdinand Dümmler, Rheinisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde , Volumes 13-14, 1963, p. 49
  4. ↑ a b Kölnischer Geschichtsverein, Jahrbuch Volume 74 , 2004, p. 274
  5. ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mehring / Ludwig Reischert, On the history of the city of Cologne on the Rhine , 1838, p. 44
  6. ^ Friedrich Lintz, West German Journal for History and Art , Volume 20, 1901, p. 26
  7. ^ Hermann Keussen , Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume I, 1910, p. 114
  8. ^ Wilhelm Janssen / Margret Wensky, Mitteleuropäisches Städtewesen in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Era , 1999, p. 74
  9. ^ Announcements from the Cologne City Archives, issue 60, 1971, p. 90
  10. ↑ Christian Hillen / Peter Rothenhöfer / Ulrich Soénius, Small illustrated Economic History of the City of Cologne , 2003, p 95
  11. ^ Hermann M. Wollschläger, Hanseatic City of Cologne: The History of a European Trade Metropolis , 1998, p. 68
  12. ↑ Yvonne Leiverkus, Cologne: pictures of a late medieval city , 2005, p 114
  13. ^ Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine, 1927, p. 159
  14. ↑ Ludwig Röhrscheid, Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter , Volumes 47–48, 1983, p. 125
  15. ↑ furca is the fork, so that Gaffel is probably derived from fork; translated: "Association of the fork companies, popularly Gaffel Eisenmarkt"
  16. ↑ It was in Straßburger Gasse, which later had to give way to the ramp for the Hindenburg Bridge
  17. ↑ Julie Schmidt, The butcher's guild in Cologne , 1917, o. P.
  18. ↑ releases from the city archive of Cologne, Issue 60, 1971, p 572
  19. ↑ Martin Rüther, Cologne May 31, 1942: The 1000 Bomber Attack , 1992, p. 133
  20. ^ Hermann M. Wollschläger, Hanseatic City of Cologne: The History of a European Trade Metropolis , 1998, p. 65
  21. ↑ Yvonne Leiverkus, Cologne: pictures of a late medieval city , 2005, p 115
  22. ↑ Wolfgang Herborn / Klaus Militzer, Der Kölner Weinhandel , 1980, p. 19
  23. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, 1990, p. 341
  24. ↑ Ludwig Röhrscheid, Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine , 1907, p. 83
  25. ↑ Peter Johanek, The City and its Edge , 2008, p. 58
  26. ↑ Dieter Breuers, Colonia in the Middle Ages: About Life in the City , 2011, o. P.
  27. ^ Emil Felber, Zeitschrift für Kulturgeschichte , 1874, p. 360
  28. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, p. 87
  29. ^ Rainer Gömmel / Hans Pohl, Deutsche Börsengeschichte , 1992, p. 44
  30. ^ Franz Walter Ilges, Casanova in Cologne , 1926, p. 50
  31. ^ Hans Vogts, The profane monuments of the city of Cologne , 1930, p. 464
  32. ↑ Adolf Klein, Cologne in the 19th Century: From the Imperial City to the Big City , 1992, p. 105
  33. ^ Wolfram Hagspiel : Cologne in photographs from the imperial era . Regionalia Verlag, Rheinbach 2016, ISBN 978-3-95540-227-3 , p. 79.
  34. ↑ The fate of the war in German architecture. Loss - damage - reconstruction. Documentation for the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. Volume 1: North . Karl Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1988, ISBN 3-529-02685-9 , pp. 568/569.
  35. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, p. 156
  36. ^ Johann Ralf Beines / Walter Geis / Ulrich Krings, Cologne: The equestrian monument for King Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Prussia on the Heumarkt , 2004, p. 164
  37. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Volume 2, p. 211
  38. ↑ koelnarchitektur.de: regain action space
  39. ^ University of Cologne , Cologne geographic works , 2004, p. 125
  40. ↑ Josef Ruland / Marianne Strutz-Köchel, Receiving and Shaping , 1981, p. 244

Coordinates: 50 ° 56 ′ 10.4 "  N , 6 ° 57 ′ 38.6"  E