Cologne patriciate

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The upper class of wealthy and influential citizens in Cologne , the patricians , who formed in the Richerzeche , which has been documented since 1180, were referred to as Cologne patriciate .

Emergence

The Overstolzenhaus in Cologne from 1225

The medieval Richerzeche as the most important organ of the patriciate was created in 1169 after disputes over official authority, with Archbishop Philipp von Heinsberg using the “Rycherzeggede” as a body. It had compulsory guilds , led police power over the market, controlled trade and inner-city trade. Above all, however, she elected the Cologne mayor . The jurisdiction of the city was not incumbent on the Richerzeche, but on the aldermen. The Cologne patriciate was a part of the citizenry that occupied the city council of Cologne and could easily be equated with the rich long-distance trading families . According to Luise von Winterfeld , the Cologne patricians owed "their master position, which is based on wealth, not to traditional property, but to trade profits". In addition to merchants, this also included rich craftsmen, so that the patriciate represented an early form of oligarchy .

The Overstolzenhaus , which is still preserved today, holds the memory of one of Cologne's first patrician families. It was built between 1220 and 1225 as a sign of class awareness by Blithildis Overstolz, a daughter of the progenitor Godescalsus (Gottschalk) Ovirstoth (* 1145 Cologne, † 1212 ibid), who has been attested as the oldest Cologne family member since 1197. Practically the entire patriciate of Cologne descends from this wealthy merchant and his eight married children.

Social and economic position

In their way of life, the patrician clans were based on the nobility of the surrounding area. So they distinguished themselves as patrons and donors of altars and chapels. They fought on horseback in the wars and competed in tournaments in the old market . Accordingly, the members of these sexes felt like knights . As such, they often served the kings of England and France, as well as the princes of neighboring territories. A city law of 1345 prevented the transfer of city land to a prince, who would have given them back to a patrician family.

In economic terms, the families of the city patriciate were based primarily on renting, leasing and lending real estate, as well as owning stalls, bakery, brewing and slaughterhouses, forges, mills, and trading and financial transactions. In the 14th century, the intermediate trade in wine played a particularly important role. By the middle of the 14th century, most of the city's patrician families withdrew from long-distance trade, so that there was a discrepancy between the economic-social and the political-social order structure.

Functions

The patriciate was based on three criteria:

  • Exercise of political power: the exercise of power took place within the conditions of urban autonomy,
  • economic concentration: it was based on monetary relations in the trade in goods and on property,
  • Social improvement: there is a higher status compared to the rest of the city population.

Personnel changes in the natal patriciate took place through marriage and sipping and resulted in a connubium . That was the only way to get into the closed patrician circle. Ordinary citizens therefore had to use the opportunity of marrying patricians to get into the closed patrician circle. Affection took place through adoption or marriage to unrelatives. As a rule, however, the patrician families were linked to one another. This kept ordinary citizens away from positions of power.

influence

The patricians exercised their influence through participation in the municipal committees of Richerzeche, Schöffenkollegium (jurisdiction) and city council. The purely aristocratic Richerzeche was the basis of the city administration. Richerzeche meant something like "union of the rich", where "rich" had the meaning of "powerful". It was a kind of brotherhood, because in Latin documents the Richerzeche is referred to as "fraternitas". The tasks of the Richerzeche consisted of the election of the mayor and the granting of compulsory guilds (at the latest since 1182). Every year they elected two mayors from their ranks (each on August 9th), who resigned to the Richerzeche after the end of the year in office. The Cologne lay judges functioned not only as members of the court, but also as government and administrative authorities. At least half of the Richerzeche was also represented in the college of lay judges, so that in addition to the accumulation of offices there was also a mixture of executive and judicial branches .

The merchants' fortunes resulted from trading profits and were invested in house and land ownership, concessions of beneficial rights such as the archbishop's duties. In 1318 the council structure was split up into the “narrow council” and the “wide council”. The "close council" had the greatest powers and consisted of 15 members of the 15 ruling patrician families ("families") of the city, the "wide council" was recruited from 82 members who did not consist of families of the "close council" but of this were chosen.

Conflicts

The power of the patricians led to numerous conflicts with citizens, archbishops and the city council. The lay judges, who were deposed by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden on April 17, 1259 , sparked battles for the city regiment. In April 1260 a physical dispute broke out between the patricians and the trades. The summoned Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden asked the sexes to pay a fine or to leave the city. On May 1st, 1260, 24 patricians were captured. The new Archbishop Engelbert II. Von Falkenburg did not end the captivity of the patricians either. As a result, some patricians were able to free themselves, started a fight against the archbishop on June 8, 1262 and were able to take control of the Bayenturm and Kunibertsturm .

The patricians rebelled against the archbishop in 1262 when he stormed the Bayenturm, which finally led to the expulsion of the archbishop from Cologne in 1268. His attempt to return failed on October 14, 1268 in the battle of the Ulrepforte .

resolution

The Richerzeche was during the Cologne Weber uprising dissolved where the weavers against the victorious patrician fought after 20 May 1369, but the rule of the patricians still survived the aldermen war after 4 April 1375. Prior to the Cologne composite letter from 14th On September 13, 1396, however, the guilds overthrew the families on June 13, 1396. The Verbundbrief ensured that the family clans were replaced by a total of 22 gaffs , with the patricians having to register in one of the five gaffs intended for them. The patriciate now exercised its influence through the college of aldermen, which, however , opened up to all classes of the population through a document from Archbishop Dietrich von Moers dated January 25, 1448. The certificate abolished the patricians' birth class exclusivity, so that individual families could only exercise their power outside of municipal bodies. Since the early 16th century, the Cologne patriciate exercised influence beyond the radius of the imperial city. So they acquired imperial rule or ministerial rule, especially in the Electorate of Cologne. Here in the Electorate of Cologne, that is, in the service of the Archbishop, they repeatedly held leading and managerial positions in the period up to secularization.

Patrician families (selection)

Detail of a painting about the battle of the Ulrepforte (1841); the old man on the shield is identified by his coat of arms as the fatally wounded Matthias Overstolz

The Overstolz , Jude, Hardevust, Scherfgin, Quattermart, Raitz von Frentz , Kleingedank , von Lyskirchen and von der Aducht families played a prominent role in the city's political leadership as early as 1270. The accumulation of offices within each family and relationships with the clergy were quite extensive. The most numerous were the Overstolz with 71, Birklin / de Cornu with 40, Hardefust 33, Aducht / Marspforte 33, Kleingedank / Rufus 32, Hirzelin / Novo foro 27, Scherfgin 22, the Lyskirchen with 21, the Jude with 20 and Mommersloch / Pavone represented by 20 beguines .

The spelling of their names was inconsistent; In some cases, sons were given the same first names as their fathers, which makes it difficult to classify them historically. The spelling is taken from the genealogically significant but not always reliable work by Anton Fahne from 1848.

Patrician of the "narrow council"

Johann Lyskirchen in the robe of a Cologne mayor around 1595
  • Aducht: Werner von der Aducht was the progenitor. One of his sons, also Werner, was Cologne mayor from 1381-1382. Richmodis von der Aducht (née von Lyskirchen), buried seemingly dead in 1357, played the main role in the Richmodis saga .
  • Gir (Gyr): The wife of the progenitor Hartmann Gyr, Guderadis, founded the Burbach Monastery in 1241 . Mayor Johann Gir took the wine dispenser from Cologne monasteries in 1369.
  • Grin (Gryn): Herimanus and Berwinus Grin are listed as lay judges on November 19, 1230. After the battle of the Ulrepforte, Richwin Gryn was able to regain his lay jury, which had been withdrawn from him in 1259, in September 1271.
  • Hardevust (Hardefaust): progenitor Henrich Herdevust lived between 1225 and 1282, Gottfried Hardevust was a banker who died childless around 1340. In his will, he considered poor people and monasteries.
  • Hirtz: Heinrich von dem Hirtz († around 1358), whose mother was Agnes Hardevust († around 1350).
  • Hirzelin: The family was originally called “de novo foro” because they lived on Neumarkt. Hermann Hirzelin lived 1128–1159, Richolf Hirzelin lived around 1159. On February 9, 1371, Johann Hirzelin lent the town 3,000 marks.
  • vom Horn: Knight Franko vom Horn († 1294) lived in Groß St. Martin and founded the St. Agatha monastery.
  • Jew : Daniel Jude (* around 1215 Cologne, † April 1284): financier, lay judge, knight since 1277, mayor since 1288.
  • Kleingedanc (Cleingedanc): progenitor Henrich Cleingedanc appears in a document between 1170 and 1190. Hilger Kleingedank sat on the council in 1296/97, Richwin was a knight, from this sex the first impetus for the outbreak of the violent conflict between the archbishop and the city came from.
  • Lyskirchen : the family of the Lyskirchen can be traced back to the same origin as that of the Overstolz. Erenfried Crop is now regarded as the progenitor. One grandson, Constantin Lyskirchen, named himself after the Church of St. Lysolphus. Rutger von Lyskirchen was a member of the council in 1304/05.
  • Overstolz : is probably the ancestral family of the patriciate; The progenitor was Gottschalk, whose two sons Gottschalk II and Gerhard became lay judges around 1232. Gerhard Overstolz fell in the Battle of Worringen , he was a son of Matthias Overstolz, who died in the Battle of the Ulrepforte. The sex accumulated enormous wealth and mingled with the families of the Meliorate .
  • Quattermart: Ancestor Henrich Quattermart lived around 1292.
  • Raitz von Frentz originally only Raitz or Razo: This family was first mentioned in 948. The uninterrupted line of trunks begins in 1106. Henricus Raitz - "Henricus de foro", mayor of the free imperial city of Cologne (1182), lay judge; Rutger I. Raitz († 1330), knight, mayor of the free imperial city of Cologne (1305–1306), aldermen, member of the inner council of the free imperial city of Cologne, envoy of the free imperial city of Cologne at the court of Pope Johannes XXII. to Avignon. He fought in the battle of Worringen (1288); Johann I. Raitz, knight, he fought in the battle of Worringen (1288); Tilman (Dietrich IV.) Raitz, knight, he fought in the battle of Worringen (1288); Rutger II. Raitz, knight, mayor of the free imperial city of Cologne (1341–1342). This family continues to flourish today.
  • Scherf (f) gin: progenitor Herman Scherfgin (* 1246) was mayor. The family was the most violent in defending the rights of the patricians against the archbishop.
  • Spiegel: Ancestor Bruno vom Spiegel lived around 1230 and named himself after the house "zum Spiegel" in St. Brigiden , Wolbero vom Spiegel belonged to the Richerzeche, Matthias vom Spiegel was a lay judge.

Patrician of the "wide council"

Councilor Johann Rinck
Hermann Rinck (around 1550)
Johann Jakob von Wittgenstein
  • Benesis: Alderman Gerhard von Benesis was a grain dealer and moneylender. At the beginning of 1375 he and the knight Johann Scherfgin led a night mercenary command against the city of Cologne in order to occupy the town hall. For this he was banished from the city on May 29, 1375 for life.
  • Beyweg (h): The progenitor is probably Henrich Beyweg. Mayor Johann Arnold von Beyweg († 1716) was a banker, his brother Peter Cornelius Beyweg was auxiliary bishop in Speyer from 1700 .
  • Birkelin (Bircklin): The family has been documented for the first time since 1210, Johann Bircklin lived at Hohe Straße 113, Hilger Birkelin was a vassal of the Duke of Brabant and lived around 1381.
  • Birreboyme: named himself after the house "zum Pirnbaum", Winemar von dem Birboim was mayor 1424–1431.
  • Hackeney: Claiws Hageney van Hirtzberg in Genten bought a house in the Columbine parish in 1436. The Cologne goldsmith Nicasius I Hackeney was considered wealthy from 1477 at the latest, in 1479 he financed Maximilian I 's purchase of jewelry; He fell victim to a robbery in 1483 (the perpetrators Johann van Roide and Hermann Hilger looted valuables amounting to 4,000 guilders). His son Nicasius II Hackeney (around 1460-1518) studied from 1479 at the University of Cologne . He married Guetgin von Merle in 1501/1502 and in 1507 acquired a plot of land on Neumarkt on which the predecessor building of today's Richmodis House was built.
  • Hardenrath : The progenitor Henrich Hardenrath has been documented since 1279 and married in 1307, Johann I Hardenrath (Harderoide van Hamele; † before 1479) became a citizen of Cologne in 1449, Johann II († before 1499) was the son of Johann I and married Stingin von Straelen, who Daughter of the mayor Goswin von Straelen. Johann Hardenrath III was mayor between 1582 and 1630.
  • Rinck (Rink, Rynck): The progenitor is probably Conrad Ryngk de Corbecke from Korbach , where he was mayor. His sons were Johann I († 1464) and Peter Rinck (around 1430–1501). Johann I Rinck was called “de Colonia mercator” in 1423 when he was still a trader in England and in 1432 acquired Cologne city rights. In 1426 he married Gertgin Blitterswich from Cologne, after her death (1439) the rich widow of the patrician Tilmann Questenberg; between 1439 and 1457 member of the city council.
  • Sudermann / Suderman: the most important representative was Heinrich Sudermann .
  • Weise (Wyse): The progenitor is Dietrich Weise, who worked as a lay judge between 1179 and 1182, as Cologne mayor around 1185 and died in 1205. The third generation of the wise men reached the climax of their political standing in the city with the brothers Heinrich (Rufus), Dietrich († 1259/60) and Ludwig. Dietrich von der Mühlengasse was charged with murder in January 1237 when he killed an opposing knight ("militaris") in a street fight. Archbishop Heinrich I of Cologne then banished the city's wise men in 1237, but Emperor Friedrich II had them return. The name of this long-distance trading family often appears in connection with their place of residence, Mühlengasse. The wise men were the most powerful family dynasty in Cologne when they occupied around a quarter of the lay jury's offices around 1231. A permanent conflict with the Overstolzes broke out in numerous disputes, with the wise men being defeated for the last time by the Overstolzes in 1268 in the battle of the Ulrepforte and losing their power forever.

Other influential families

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fritz Morré, Council constitution and patriciate in Regensburg until 1400 , 1935, p. 5.
  2. ^ Luise von Winterfeld, Handel, Kapital and Patriziat in Cologne until 1400 , 1925, p. 4
  3. ↑ Jiří Kejř, The Medieval Cities in the Bohemian Lands , 2010, p. 383.
  4. ↑ Edith Ennen, Women in the Middle Ages , 1999, p. 235.
  5. ↑ Hans Hartmeyer, The wine trade in the area of ​​the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages , 2013, p. 51.
  6. ^ Andreas Heusler, The Origin of the German City Constitution , 1872, p. 193.
  7. ↑ Edith Ennen, Women in the Middle Ages , 1999, p. 19.
  8. ↑ The Overstolz family had 2 members, the rest came from the families von der Aducht, Birkelin, Gryn, Gyr, Hardevust, Hirzelin, vom Horne, Jude, Kleingedank, Lyskirchen, Quattermart, Scherfgin and Spiegel.
  9. ↑ Dietrich Proek, Rituale der Ratswahl, 2003, p. 48.
  10. ↑ Dieter Strauch, Der große Schied von 1258 , 2008, p. 42.
  11. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), The Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, 1991, p. 213.
  12. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), The Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, 1991, p. 216.
  13. ↑ Ludwig Röhrscheid, Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter , Volume 62, 1998, p. 74.
  14. ↑ Manfred Groten, Cologne in the 13th century , 1998, p. 297.
  15. ↑ Helga Jorag, The Relationships Between Clergy and Citizenship in Cologne , 1977, p. 182.
  16. ^ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 1.
  17. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 112.
  18. ^ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 122.
  19. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 135.
  20. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülische and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 154.
  21. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), The Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, 1991, p. 316.
  22. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülische and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 172.
  23. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 63.
  24. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 251.
  25. ^ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 317.
  26. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 341.
  27. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülische and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 385.
  28. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 405.
  29. ↑ Sabine Picot, Electoral Cologne Territorial Policy on the Rhine under Friedrich von Saar Werden , 1977, p. 279
  30. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 33.
  31. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülische and Bergischen families , 1848, p. 31.
  32. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülische and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 129.
  33. ^ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülischen and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 137.
  34. ↑ Anton Fahne von Roland, History of the Cologne, Jülische and Bergische sexes , 1848, p. 361.
  35. ↑ Ulrich S. Soénius / Jürgen Wilhelm, Kölner Personen-Lexikon , 2008, p. 377