Cologne judiciary from the Middle Ages to the modern age
The Cologne court system was for centuries firmly in the hands of the Cologne archbishops . With the establishment of the first municipal administration in 1216, the city council, representing the citizens, succeeded in gradually gaining independence in the field of jurisdiction .
Districts, Courts, and Structures
The core of the developing Roman city was the Rhine suburb , the St. Aposteln district with the Almende extending behind it , the suburbs of Oversburg and Niederich , the upstream communities of St. Severin and St. Pantaleon , the district of St. Gereon and the districts of Eigelstein and Hacht . These formed the subdivisions of the city , regardless of some immunity districts.
The high court
The jurisdiction of the high or high court extended to the Roman and Rhine suburbs as well as the entire district of St. Aposteln. In this area the parish boundaries coincided with those of the bourgeois special communities and their lower courts , but did not affect the area of responsibility of the lower courts there . In the suburb of the Rhine, the district of the parish of St. Brigida and that of St. Martin , whose district with the old parish “St. Peter and Paul “protruded a little into the Roman city. To the east of the Hohe Straße line , there were the districts of the parishes of St. Laurenz and St. Alban , the area that belonged to the parish of St. Johann Evangelist , the Vogteiliche Hacht district and the area of cathedral immunity of the parish of St. Maria im Pesch . To the west of the "Hohe Straße" there were the districts of St. Kolumba and St. Peter and the district of St. Aposteln.
The high court initially consisted of 12, later of 25 lay judges , all of whom belonged to the wealthy upper class . Capital crimes fell under the jurisdiction of the High Court . Since it was impossible for the archbishop to preside over a blood court due to his clerical status , he appointed the count as his deputy. This was awarded the title of burgrave.
Burgraves and Greven
The first burgrave was Count Arenberg , to whom this office was given as a fief . The Arenbergs held the office until Siegfried von Westerburg bought back the fief in 1279. In addition, the burgrave was also the chief judge of the lower courts . As a rule, in the early special communities, the suburbs such as Niederich or Oversburg , a Greve as court lord had in turn received his office as a fief from the burgrave. Furthermore, the burgrave was responsible for ensuring that the Jews , who had to pay him an annual fee for this, in exceptional cases (visits to the doctor, etc.), for a day stay in the city.
The spiritual judgment
Opposite the secular high court was the ecclesiastical court of the archbishop, the officialate . All misconduct of the clerici and, after the foundation of the university, also those of the clerical masters, were subject to him. Its judges also negotiated in some civil law cases, such as lawsuits involving perjury , marriage disputes, wills and usury . From the end of the 13th century, this court was chaired by a qualified church lawyer ( Dr. jur. Can. ), The official. After their activity at the clergy or official court, whose meeting place was the "hall" of the archbishop's palace at the cathedral courtyard , the officials there were called the gentlemen in the hall . After 1451 the seat of the official office was a small building adjacent to a chapel on the southern cathedral courtyard. The court has been demonstrable as an episcopal judiciary instance especially for clergy in Germany and in the Archbishopric of Cologne since the 13th century . The civil law competence of the ecclesiastical court within the city ended after the Archbishop's loss of power in 1288 with the victory of the citizens in the Battle of Worringen .
The academic jurisdiction of the university
.svg)
In its beginnings, the old University of Cologne did not have a separate building. As a rule, the meetings took place as guest events in larger monastery rooms, primarily in those of the mendicant orders . The Faculty of Law used a school facility originally located on Waidmarkt and was acquired in 1433 as a result of a college foundation by a Dr. Johann Vorburg, in the possession of the house "Vrechen" which was subsequently named after the faculty the law school. After this, the Vogelstrasse, which runs behind the monastery of the Friars Minor, the "platea vogelonis", was given the name An der Rechtschule , which is still used today . The “Dwerch” college, the so-called “Kronenburse”, was later located in a building at the back of the property. The law faculty was expanded in 1477 through the legacy of a Dr. “Loppo von Zieriksen”, who bequeathed the “Spänheim” house to the faculty on the nearby Burgmauer street. The building is said to have remained in the property of the faculty until 1623.
The chapter house of the cathedral chapter was used for the meetings of the theological faculty . The cathedral chapter later provided the faculty with a theological school behind the cathedral ambulance, from which a new building emerged in 1523 next to the south tower of the cathedral. However, the faculty is said to never have owned the building.
The medical faculty, which is poorly represented in Cologne , was only allowed to use the premises of the artist school to a limited extent. This had the building of the Versėlenkonventes (probably a former property of the mayor family Jude) on the Stolkgasse, in their possession already since the year 1398. It had been rebuilt and expanded several times for the purposes of the artist faculty. From 1411 to 1416 the faculty also owned the Riehl farm on Marzellenstrasse.
The universities, which had functioned as corporations since the Middle Ages , had special insignia or emblems . With them they clarified the claim to have a separate legal area within the framework of the respective social order. Insignia of the highest representative of the universities, in Cologne the office of the rector was mostly held by a cleric, were official scepter , register book and statute book.
The pedell guarded the seal and the keys to the Senate Chamber and the detention center . Initially, academic jurisdiction spanned all areas and even acted on capital crimes. The first university in Cologne, founded in 1388, also became an exempt group of people and was given its own jurisdiction.
Development of the council or city courts
The city council tried to influence the judiciary as well. In the beginning only the close council acted as a court. His responsibilities included the settlement of construction disputes and the execution thing legal suits , which a succession law was based. The council took over the task of settling guild disputes from the mayors of the Richerzeche .
From 1326, the council transferred parts of its jurisdiction to the special courts established by it. These initially included the guest court (1326), the court of violence (1341), the horse court (1348), the court in the hall (1373) and the court in the Wollküch. The latter remained insignificant and was replaced by the Cloth Hall Court in 1371. The special courts negotiated and ruled in various legal cases on behalf of the Council in the first instance . The council itself was responsible for a revision. The Syndicate Court and the Commissar Court were later created for this purpose. The council received formal recognition with regard to its jurisdiction by the archbishop and the aldermen of the high court through a treaty concluded in 1362. Both parties declared in the agreement to respect the jurisdiction of both sides as independent . Despite the intrigues of the lay judges, who feared for their power, the archbishop was not ready to give in to the pressure to restore the universal jurisdiction of the judges' college. In 1375 he reaffirmed the rights granted to the council.
Places of jurisdiction
The seat of the Cologne High Court was always in the southern cathedral courtyard. The legal lower court had its seat in the Grosse Neugasse. The ecclesiastical court under the direction of an official met in the hall of the archbishop's palace. In the 14th century, the seat of the “Eigelstein” court was relocated from the village of Volkhoven to the “Büchel” (possibly Gresberg?) Part of the Eigelstein outside the judicial district. The Vogtsgericht St. Gereon was held opposite the Vogtshof on Gereonsdriesch. The court and “Gebuirhaus” of the “Airsbach” district was on the “Mühlenbach”. In 1469/70 the court owned a house on Follerstrasse. The Niederich district building was on Johannisstrasse, the front building of which was the seat of the jury's court and the court messenger's apartment. The rear building housed the officials and the shrine . The lay judges of St. Severin had their “Dinghaus” on Severinstrasse. The "hereditary comrades" of St. Pantaleon and the officials of St. Mauritius met on the Weidenbach. In the 15th century, the lords of the Mauritius district moved to the Nideggen house on Weyerstraße, which they had acquired at the time. The hereditary comrades of the "Unter Lan" district held the belt maker 's house on "Unter Käster" as a courthouse until 1360. The members of the Cologne farmers' banks mostly had their meetings and internal court sessions in houses near the city gates of their district.
Guest dish
The court of the guests behind the door was created for foreign merchants and visitors. The institution, also called the Council Court, met in the town hall and only negotiated at the request of the foreign guests. Since these rarely got into disputes to be negotiated, the judges who were recruited from the councilors received only an additional share of council wine as remuneration in addition to their regular income . The two judges were not allowed to work on the side during the two-year term of office . From 1373 onwards, all matters of the court were transferred to the court of the hall and then to the department store Gürzenich court.
Court of violence
Through the establishment of its own violent court, which was reserved for the official office and the high court until 1341 , the council acquired additional competence in this area without much resistance from the archbishop. The court's place of negotiation was the Golden Chamber and, from 1558, the Twenty-Four Chamber in the town hall building . At this court with two judges, only fines could be imposed in the 14th and 15th centuries . For example, half a mark was levied for "pulling a knife", one mark for bodily harm and two marks for manslaughter . The money collected was received by the city treasury in the Friday Rent Chamber . Injured persons or relatives of someone killed were not entitled to any compensation. In the 16th and 17th centuries, more and more of these crimes were punishable by corporal punishment . In the case of manslaughter , robbery and theft , the violence funnels now ordered punishment and tower access . Judges appointed at the court of violence also had a term of two years. Like all city judges, you could then hold an office as rentmaster . As compensation for his efforts, each judge received a share of the fines collected from him as well as a share of council wine .
Bailiff
Four servants were subordinate to the two judges of the court of violence. These helped with criminal investigations and with the prosecution and arrest of criminals who had fled. The names of fugitives who could not be caught again were entered in the so-called blood book ( wanted list) from 1558, so that the same person can be remembered at any time . If, at the behest of the court, they had to seek out a defaulting debtor and he was penniless, he was taken into custody (seizure of the body). Furthermore, as part of the administrative assistance , the servants also enforced judgments from other city courts, including those of the archbishop's high court if necessary (except for matters relating to the sword servant). They received their income, as did the judges as their immediate superiors, from the collected fines submitted to the rent chamber . Her monthly salary was 30 thalers , the rest of the money collected by this authority was distributed to the judges by the rent chamber.
The servants of the court of violence were prohibited from accepting any private invitations due to the risk of bribery from third parties. They had to do without beer or wine at socializing, were only allowed to enjoy the barley juice in the many Cologne breweries in the city center in the hallway at the Zappes next to the bar , without entering the dining room. They were not popular with the population anyway and were shunned.
Mayoral courts
For smaller debts and market police matters on the Kornmarkt there was the mayor's court, in front of the rainbow house and another in the meat shop . Even before 1375, the council appointed former mayors as heads of a court specially established for food control.
The mayor's and civil servants' court in the town hall was set up for larger debts and real estate disputes.
Mayor, functions and income
In December 1690, the council decided, in agreement with the 44ers , to pay an annual lump sum of 1000 Reichstalers to the mayor, 800 Reichstalers were granted to a rent master. The two governing mayors, each elected for a one-year term of office, could be re-elected two years later after their term of office had expired. During the time as mayor a. D. They continued to be members of the city government and received city salaries in other areas of responsibility. So they functioned as presidents of the rent chambers or department stores. They earned further income as head of the mill table , as provisional agents for the university and the hospitals, but also often as court lords at the numerous courts of the city.
Cloth hall dishes
In 1371, a new hall was built as a department store in the place of a previous junk store. A court office was set up in this building, which was called the court in the halls . The court intervened as soon as eynigh gast of coufman, de beclagede van eyncher scholt of abreche in the coufhuyse .. wanted a judicial decision. Provided that the legal dispute arose in the hall, everyone, non-residents and citizens of Cologne, could seek a judgment. The two judges appointed to this court were elected by the council every six months. Since they also acted as supervisors in personal union, meetings were held three days a week at Vesper time, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. As from the 15th century the hall was mainly used for cloth trading, the name of the court changed to Cloth Hall Court . While maintaining the old area of responsibility, the newly named authority now primarily judged the defects and breakages of the cloth .
Department store Gürzenich Court
In 1427 the council made considerable purchases of houses, hostels, a forge (Zum Blasbalg) and department stores southwest of the town hall. The largely dilapidated buildings were torn down and left generous terrain for a complex construction project in the city. The properties, which originally belonged to the von Gürzenich family from Düren , came into the possession of the Cologne families Gyr, Cleingedank vom Horne, Scherfgin, Quattermart, Roitstock and Lyskirchen over time . The name Gürzenich, although later also called Löwenburg, was popularly retained for the courtyard in Martinstrasse and gave the new urban building its name. The mayors Johann von der Arken and Johann von Heimbach gave the order for the construction, the construction time of the magnificent building, initially designed as an event building for noble receptions and dance events, was seven years. In the following period the building was expanded and received additional functions. A reorganization of the cloth hall court took place with the expansion of the Gürzenich into a municipal department store. An independent court, the Gürzenichgericht department store , was opened here at the beginning of the 16th century . After a short period of coexistence, the previous cloth hall court was integrated into the Gürzenich court.
The Gürzenich Court dealt exclusively with the settlement of disputes ex locum freight and the delivery of goods between the sales assistants and hauliers . After the merger of the two courts, the number of judges was increased to three. These were also re-elected every six months from the center of the council and financed themselves through collected fines. Store clerks hired to assist the judges paid close attention to any violations of the store rules by visitors, as their wages accounted for a third of the fines received. The clerk was also remunerated, he was responsible for registering the seizures made and had to summon the parties to court.
Offenses, charges and results
In a decree of 1538 Archbishop Hermann von Wied wrote :
- in bourgeois matters, how in embarrassing matters should be dealt legally ..., because such things are not small, but body and life, honor and glympff, and appealing to goods .
Whether a private or public report led to the arrest of an accused depended on the gravity of the offense and the social status of the accused . If a hearing took place, the embarrassing questioning has been used in serious circumstantial cases since the Carolina was introduced . In most cases this led to the desired result, a confession . The questioning of the person suspected of a criminal offense was carried out by a municipal tower master in one of the prisons (e.g. Frankenturm , Hacht). The statements made in the interrogation statements kept the Turmschreiber by a protocol in the tower book resistant. They were then submitted to a Syndicius for assessment. The evaluation of the protocol was then sent in writing to the high or later to the court of violence. If one came to the conclusion that there had been a capital crime, they withdrew the proceedings and set the start of negotiations. If the offense was considered to be minor, they were referred further or their release ordered.
Public punishment
The hardest punishment under the public eye was the execution of the death penalty. At the beginning of the 13th century, executions took place on a Rhine island off the city and on the Judenbüchel on the southern road to Bonn . Heretics from Flanders are said to have found death at the stake there as early as 1163 . For the execution of political criminals were chosen to Haymarket . The Junkerkirchhof near Melaten and the Rabenstein there served as a further place of execution (mentioned in 1356) . At a later time, around 1513, another Junk churchyard in front of the Weyertor is said to have been used.
Honor penalties were imposed in the late Middle Ages until well into the early modern period . In contrast to other honor penalties, such as heuke or carrying stones and candles, the pillory penalty was imposed in connection with a specific offense. The court condemned this form of punishment in lighter cases, such as theft, fraud, forgery, violation of the city ban, fornication and especially with women in cases of pimping . The large marketplaces of the city offered themselves to the desired broad public for the dishonorable punishments to be carried out.
Crimes against morality
The trial of the crimes against morality was in the hands of the magistrate. Medieval criminal law was not only shaped in its views in Cologne by the specifications of the Holy Scriptures and their classifications of sins. The Canon Law which already the sinful saw thought as an offense, and should penalize the secular court, which would have only the criminal act as such, stood out in the strict Catholicism of the time hardly differ.
The city's courts did not have a different opinion regarding the criminality of a crime or the sentence to be imposed. They only argued about responsibilities.
For stone and candles wearing sentenced the sixth case of gross violations commandment , of adultery . A yoke- style wooden beam was placed on the culprit's shoulder, and two iron chains with heavy stones were attached to both ends. With this burden he had to begin his penance, a candle in hand and accompanied by the judge of the violence. This began, accompanied by the mockery and scorn of the onlookers, at the Frankenturm and first went to the cathedral, where the candle was sacrificed at the altar of the Three Kings . Then it went with a new candle according to the judicial regulation through the Hachttor and Unter Taschenmacher to the old market and the Heumarkt to St. Maria in the Capitol , where he offered the second candle as an offering. In serious cases, they were referred from the city.
prostitution
In 1389 the council decided that all prostitutes in the city had to wear a red veil or headscarves. So they should be recognizable for everyone and thereby distinguish themselves from the honorable citizens, with which they should be protected from mobbing and speeches.
In Koehlhoff's chronicle it was later noted: In demselven jaor droigen the common women roide will up irem heufte, up dat men they kent from other women .
The women of this trade , which is said to be the oldest in the world, became a fringe group despised by many in late medieval Cologne . From 1455 the council tried to limit the prostitution to a few streets, the streets Berlich , Schwalbengasse and the Alte Grabengässchen .
Theft, fraud and begging
Public places, especially the Heu- and Neumarkt with their market events, but also the cathedral with its pilgrims, were preferred places for the so-called bag cutters . Here, in the crowd, they cut the unwary's purse off the belt. The fact that property crimes were not at the forefront of the offenses in terms of their frequency was probably due to the harsh sanctions known to the perpetrators.
The penalties for fraudulent city officials were also severe. In 1367 Rudger Hirzelin von Grine , assessor of the Cologne Rent Chamber , was accused of having embezzled city funds. He was executed that same year. It was easier for dishonest market traders to get away. Standing at the Kax or Schuppstuhl on the hay market was a kind of pillory for those who had used the wrong measure and weight in the market.
Beggars were brought to the Frankenturm, where they were given iron horns and bells and had to sweep the streets in this suit with long brooms.
Heuke for blasphemers
Blasphemy or denial of beliefs and heresy were often severely punished. In the case of the four Cathars from Flanders who claimed to be the true Christians, "short process" was made. The heretics were burned on the Judenbüchel outside the city in August 1163 . In 1326, on the initiative of Archbishop Heinrich von Virneburg, an inquisition procedure was initiated against the Dominican Master Eckhart , who taught in Cologne as lector primarius at the Studium generale , for alleged heretical statements of faith . Although he was defended by his order, he also defended himself to the Pope in Avignon , who in 1329 issued a bull that posthumously condemned Eckart for heresy. Meister Eckhart died in Avignon in 1328. The subsequent rigorous action against the supporters of the Reformation also make punishments such as those of carrying hay appear minor.
The heuke , a throw worn by wealthy citizens, was hung around the condemned in a form of mockery and derision . It was made of barrel staves in the shape of a Spanish wheel jacket. It closed tightly around the neck and rested on the shoulders. She released her head and reached up to her calves. Blasphemers but also matchmakers were often sentenced to this punishment. The offense of which the delinquent was guilty was written in large letters on the Heuke . The prescribed Bußweg also went back from the Frankenturm via Alter- and Heumarkt to the Frankenturm.
Prison towers and torture
The tower detention was only one of the possible measures taken by the authorities as part of their investigations and sanctions . A source from the beginning of the 18th century, the Visitationis Prothocollum of the Towers and Prisons from May 1709, names the following towers of the Cologne city wall as prisons:
- The honor gate with 3 prison rooms
- The Gereonsturm with 4 prison rooms and 2 holes that can only be reached via a ladder or rope
- The Eigelsteinpforte had 2 small and 4 larger rooms, but was rarely used for detention.
- The Kunibert Tower with 3 vaulted prison rooms. (the Weckschnapp was not used as a prison)
- The drinking alley gate with 2 prison rooms
- The Frankenturm had 4 prison rooms on the Rhine side, 2 on the city side.
- The Bayenturm had a kitchen with a Pütz (fountain), 2 small and 2 large prison rooms.
- The Pantaleon gate with 2 prison rooms.
- The Weyerpforte with 2 prison rooms .
- The sheep gate with 3 prison rooms .
The Hahnen- , Friesen-, Severins- and Bachpforte were not used for imprisonment. When the towers were frequented, 70% of the prisoners were used via the Frankenturm, 15% of the prisoners were brought to the Trankgassenpforte and the rest were distributed among the other options. The high utilization of the Frankenturm and the Trankgasse gate was also a result of the proximity to the court and caused the investigating officers less trouble due to the short distances. In addition, security guards at the two towers were largely exempt from defensive duties.
Evaluation of offenses
Arrests and negotiated cases by Cologne courts in 1575/88
| Type of offense | arrested | negotiated | Percentage ownership % |
| magic | 26th | 14th | 53.8 |
| Counterfeit | 15th | 6th | 40.0 |
| robbery | 106 | 40 | 37.7 |
| homicide | 71 | 26th | 36.6 |
| Property crimes | 341 | 80 | 23.5 |
| Child murder / suspension | 10 | 2 | 20.0 |
| Religious offenses | 186 | 27 | 14.5 |
| Moral offenses | 234 | 17th | 7.3 |
| violence | 417 | 30th | 7.2 |
| insult | 71 | 3 | 4.2 |
| Misconduct | 34 | 1 | 2.9 |
| vs. Authorities | 128 | 3 | 2.3 |
| Transfer city ban | 57 | 1 | 1.8 |
| begging | 79 | 1 | 1.3 |
| vs. order | 172 | 2 | 1.2 |
| Debtor | 46 | - | - |
| All in all | 1993 | 253 | 12.7 |
| Source: Schwerhoff | |||
End of "confusion"
The growing diversity of competencies in the city's judicial system, which had developed over the centuries, came to an end with the introduction of the civil code in the so-called French era . In a complaint about the municipal judiciary in 1609 it says:
Item whether it wants to be useful and useful to arrange a council of diverse and indistinguishable sub-courts in a formally wolbestelt court and thus draw in the diversity of the judges, through which many confusions of matters arise, also continentia causarum are divided .
Code Civil
The procedures of municipal jurisdiction shown here remained essentially unchanged until the French period in 1794. On March 21, 1804, the Code Civil , the French code of civil law , came into force in Cologne . The people of Cologne celebrated Napoleon as the man who ended the revolution and ensured peace and legality.
The Civil Code was to remain in force beyond the time of the French occupation. On September 11, 1817, the Cologne council asked the Prussian king to keep the French administrative and legal system in a memorandum .
literature
- Gerd Schwerhoff: Cologne in cross-examination. Crime, Domination, and Society in an Early Modern City. Bouvier, Bonn 1991, ISBN 3-416-02332-3 .
- Hermann Keussen : Topography of the city of Cologne in the Middle Ages . Taking into account the “Revised Special Print”, Bonn, 1918. Volume 1 . Droste, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-7560-9 (reprint of the Bonn 1910 edition).
- Hermann Keussen: Topography of the city of Cologne in the Middle Ages . tape 2 . Droste, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-7561-7 (reprint of the Bonn 1910 edition).
- Hermann Keussen: Register of the University of Cologne. 7 volumes (Cologne 1892), ND continuation Düsseldorf 1979/81.
- Klaus Dreesmann: Constitution and proceedings of the Cologne council courts. Dissertation in the Law Faculty of the University of Cologne, 1959.
- Hubert Graven: The emblems of the old Cologne University in connection with intellectual life and art. In: Festschrift to commemorate the founding of the old University of Cologne in 1388. Cologne 1938.
- Thomas, Adolph: History of the parish St. Mauritius in Cologne. 1st edition JP Bachem, Cologne 1878.
- Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, ISBN 3-611-00193-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dresmann, p. 12
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, p. 3.
- ^ Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume I, p. 188.
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, p. 3, reference to Ratjen FA, constitution and seat of the courts in Cologne in the overall picture of the city , p. 23 ff.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: Die Chronik Kölns , p. 91.
- ↑ Schwerhoff, p. 366.
- ^ A b Carl Dietmar: The historical city guide , pp. 54/55/57/79.
- ^ Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume I, p. 139.
- ↑ Hubert Graven, pp. 384–459.
- ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff, p. 37.
- ↑ a b Klaus Dresmann, Ratsgerichtte, p. 14 ff.
- ^ Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume II. Plan of Cologne's Jewish quarter up to 137 ff9, farmers' benches with reference to Wrede, p. 24.
- ↑ so that they could be identified at any time.
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, pp. 21, 24.
- ↑ Ernst Menden: Cologne on the Rhine a hundred years ago - moral images along with historical allusions and linguistic explanations in the reprint of the book published in 1862 under the title Cologne on the Rhine fifty years ago , Verlag Stauff & Cie., Cologne, 1913, p. 109.
- ↑ Merlo, Cologne in 1531, p. 9: der Stadt Kornhaus, “built for all citizens for great benefit; It has windows, shutters and battlements more than days a year ”.
- ↑ Merlo, Cologne in 1531, p. 9: "There are five meat halls in the city where meat is sold by the pound".
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 200.
- ↑ The court took action at the request of foreign merchants if they were sold defective goods of inconsistent quality or quantity.
- ↑ Reference to: JJ Merlo: “Die Koelhofsche Chronik” reports p. 308a: “Anno domini Mccccxli. Dat dantz huys tzo Coellen Gurtzenich genoempt. In the selven jair begonde the Stat Coelen tzo make the great delicious dantzhuys boven mudslides dat men noempt Gurtzenich ”.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 138.
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, reference to: Paul Clemen Volume II, Section IV, p. 286.
- ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff, p. 84.
- ↑ Klaus Dresmann, p. 30.
- ^ German legal dictionary: Name for an execution place.
- ^ Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Volume II. Plan of the Jewish quarter up to 138.
- ↑ Thomas Adolph, Mauritius, Jurisdiction Section, p. 74.
- ^ Koehlhoff's Chronica van der hilligen stat van Collen (1499).
- ↑ Merlo, Cologne in 1531, p. 9 “On the neighboring Berlich there is“ the common house ”, the women's shelter. Beautiful ladies come and go there. "
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 125.
- ↑ Schwerhoff, p. 361.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. P. 119.
- ↑ Thomas Adolph, p. 73, reference “Pick's monthly journal for rhein. and westf. History “4. – 6. Booklet, p. 355.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. SS 72, 110.
- ↑ Thomas Adolph, Mauritius, Jurisdiction Section, p. 73.
- ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff, p. 96.
- ↑ Schwerhoff, Table 5 Deliveries to the High Court, p. 117.
- ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff, page, 49 with reference to: Weinsberg IV, p. 191.
- ^ Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. Pp. 121 f, 124.