Residences of Cologne bishops
The residences of Cologne bishops are to be seen in the succession of an early Carolingian royal court in Cologne , also called "Pfalz". These were relocated to different locations within the episcopal city in the course of communal development. The double function of the episcopal residents, who officiated as electoral sovereigns and city lords and also as bishops in the city, led to political upheavals, as a result of which residences were established in other places of the diocese and used as headquarters. After the Archdiocese of Cologne was abolished in connection with the French occupation of the Rhineland , the bishops returned to their original seat in the city of Cologne during Prussian times.
history
A bishop's residence probably already existed at the time the diocese of Cologne was elevated to an archbishopric . This took place under Hildebold , who ascended the Cologne bishop's chair between 784 and 787. An exact date for the establishment of the Cologne church province as a metropolitan seat with 6 suffragan dioceses is missing. In the will of Charlemagne from 811, Cologne was referred to as an archbishopric.
Cologne bishops' residences
The localization of an early 11th century Cologne palace has not yet been successful. This bishopric is said to have been stormed in connection with an uprising of Cologne citizens against their unpopular sovereign , Archbishop Anno , in 1074. A new building that was probably better secured was not built until about 100 years later.
Old palace
The archbishopric, led by a person endowed with extensive privileges of kings and emperors, became a determining factor in the city and beyond as the seat of the archbishopric and the electorate of Cologne .
The older archbishop's palace was on the south side of the cathedral on the area of the old Franconian royal palace . ( Vita Annonis (Mon. Germ. SS.XI, p.503, 1075): aedes episcopales in curia regia , and later, vetus domus archiepiscopi ante capellam Johannis et lapidea cathedra ibidem sita )
Court chapel
The palace was directly connected to the Walburgis Chapel, which was mentioned as the successor to a 10th century chapel . This may have been replaced or the name changed. The church of St. Johann Evangelist , attested since 1074 as the oratorio "s.Johannis" and later elevated to the parish status , was referred to as the bishop's court chapel . It was mentioned several times in the 12th century and was explicitly referred to again in 1172 as " capella S. Johannis in domo episcopali ". It still had the status of “ capella ” in 1237/38 , until a little later (from 1244) in an episcopal letter with the name plebanus s. Johannis was mentioned in the Curia . This court chapel is said to have been a double chapel , to the upper floor of which there was a connection from the adjoining palace. A floor opening provided a view of the lower Johannes altar , while the upper floor itself had a chapel room, which was equipped with an altar dedicated to St. Dionysius . In front of this stood the bishop's seat, the stone cathedra .
Archbishop Heinrich donated the old house at the cathedral courtyard ( super curiam ), adjoining ( continguam ) to the St. John's Chapel and the old palace ( antiquum palatium ), to the cathedral chapter in February 1238 . It was supposed to help remedy a lack of Klaustral houses and was later called Reifferscheider or Linneper Hof .
Heinrich reserved the right to use the chapel and the archbishop's seat in front of the Dionysius altar, so that he and his successors would be free to enter it on festive occasions as before.
When the church was demolished, the archbishop's seat, the Cathedra, was given away. It was used around 1840 when a garden wall was built on Mariengartenstrasse as crushed building material for filling.
Rainald von Dassel's new building
In 1163 Archbishop Rainald von Dassel had a new palace built at great expense. It was now also in the southern cathedral courtyard, opposite the old building. The palace Reinald was a three-story, elongated Romanesque hall building with a length of about 80 meters and ended with a dormer tipped gable roof . The building was located between the two immunity gates of the cathedral district, the "Drachenpforte" in the east, which was broken off in 1807, and the "Hachtpforte" in the west, which was destroyed by fire in 1404 but was renewed in 1820 and finally broken off in 1893. The main gate in the basement of the palace faced north, but was mostly covered in later illustrations (Mercator, Woensam, Finkenbaum etc.) by the " Gaddenen " (merchants' booths ) that had been built on the cathedral courtyard since 1315 . There the building had round-arched panel structures into which the windows were incorporated. The gable front of the east wall erected over the eastern Roman wall was provided with an external chimney projecting as a risalit , on the sides of which two paired arched windows lay in niches on both upper floors. The flanks of the building were divided into three parts and provided with a row of arcades in the middle section, the arched openings of which were framed by fan-like openings. The part of the structure of the structure with crenellated cross windows was assigned to another, later construction phase. Above the windows, the masonry ended with a surrounding arched frieze . The east side of the roof carried a small round tower, the upper part of which had been designed as a waiting room and ended with a pointed tent roof . A "tower chamber" mentioned in 1467 is said to have been on this side.
Names and usage
A hall took up most of the interior of the building. It is said to have extended over two storeys in its facility. Because of this impressive spatiality, the palace of the "High Lord" was usually only called "Hall" in the vernacular . It served homage , parties and receptions, as well as court sessions.
With the lost battle of Worringen , the political power structure had changed considerably. Although Cologne was formally the seat of the archbishopric, the prince and at the same time the pastor of the diocese resided mainly in other places. Nevertheless, important sovereign and ecclesiastical events still took place at the Cologne headquarters.
- In 1383 the archbishop's keeper Hermann von Goch was given the “hall” as a pledge.
- In 1349 the building was probably named after Archbishop Wilhelm von Gennep , it was named "Genneperhof".
- In 1363, when Adolf , Bishop of Münster, succeeded Wilhelm in Cologne, it was for a long time the court of the "Lord of Münster".
In September 1404, the “hall” suffered severe fire damage. 1449 was probably the time when the later "Cologne Court", whose main building had also been equipped with a representative hall, gradually took over the role of palace at the cathedral courtyard. This property of the Archbishop of Cologne was at the western end of the "Drankgass", the still existing Trankgasse . Since the 16th century at the latest, the “hall” has been the seat of the archbishop's official court . As the "Grand Sealer", Thomas von Quentel was made official for the Archdiocese of Cologne in 1664 by Archbishop Maximilian Heinrich .
Until then, on their sporadic visits to important imperial cities, some of the rulers also took quarters in Cologne and held court and court in the “hall”. There were:
- Heinrich (1301)
- Ruprecht (1401)
- Sigismund (1414)
- Friedrich (1442)
- Maximilian (1494)
There were several disputes between the city and the archbishop over the addition of " gaddemen " and apartments (probably servants' apartments ) to the palace. The city received it as a fief in 1414/15. The St. Thomas Chapel "under the Saale", first mentioned in 1172 and apparently built at the same time as the palace, collapsed in 1449 and was rebuilt after 1451 in late Gothic forms. Until the end of the 18th century, the archbishop's high court was located next to this chapel .
End of the residence at the Domhof
The dilapidated "Rainaldsche" palace at the cathedral courtyard was demolished in 1674 after its partial collapse, except for the chapel. Remains of the south wall of the palace are said to have been in the courtyard of the property on the street “Unter Gottes Gnaden” in the 19th century.
The Cologne Court
The Archbishops of Cologne then initially used the “Kölner Hof” at Trankgasse 7 as a new building for receptions, parties and court sessions . This farmstead was mentioned as early as 1449, "as adjoining the vineyards of the cathedral chapter". In the 19th century, after new construction and renovations, it became the first museum in Cologne, the “Wallrafianum”.
The "courtyard" increasingly took on the role of the old residence. It was still used as such by Josef Clemens , who however had a new domicile built in Bonn . In 1473, the Cologne court was the lodging quarters of Emperor Friedrich and Maximilian , who was staying in Cologne as king . The latter, however, did not like his quarters; on the contrary, it found " the majesty's total displeasure ".
In 1584 Archbishop Ernst intended to expand the Cologne court with the adjoining Wittgenstein court , but this project was rejected by the Cologne council. After the building was damaged by fire in 1593, the Cologne chronicler and councilor Weinsberg reported on structural details of the early courtyard: “ […] Porzhaus, horse stable and office burned down, the burgrave's kitchen above and the stone spiral staircase in front of the large housing remained stand. "
Since the court was also inhabited by the papal nuncio , it was planned to rebuild it immediately.
New building and end of the courtyard
The Cologne Court was rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century. According to a letter from the hereditary bailiwick from 1721, the master stonemason Ringens , the master carpenter Johs. Schmitz and the master locksmith Peter Hilgers “impeccable work”.
The new building had a ten-axis and two-storey facade, the great regularity of which met with general approval. The street front had a round arched portal framed by columns and was equipped with two balconies. Two side wings flanked the building's courtyard. The building was designed in the style of Italian builders, corresponding to the shapes of the Düsseldorf and Bonn courts. A large hall, which also exists again in this new building, is said to have been furnished with tapestries around 1740 .
In the French period, the Cologne court served as a correctional tribunal, which was used as a district court and then as a district court during the Prussian period.
Already existing plans for major renovations by the builders JJ Hittorff and Johann-Peter Weyer became obsolete with the construction of the Appellhof, the old courthouse that still stands today. The Cologne court became the property of the city and, after a few minor structural adjustments, was intended to accommodate the Wallraf collections . After the establishment of the museum at the Minoritenkirche , the Cologne court was sold in 1863 to the Cologne banker and councilor Deichmann , who later had the court demolished. In 1913 a seven-storey office and commercial building complex was built on the Trankgasse site, which is still popularly known today as the “ Deichmannhaus ”.
Residences in the Cologne area
Archbishop Heinrich had already conceded to the people of Cologne, whose council was mentioned for the first time in 1216, that in the event of disputes in legal jurisdiction a committee should make binding arbitral awards (arbitration). With this, Heinrich recognized a city institution that also touched the concerns of the city lord with its arbitration awards. A more and more self-confident council tried to limit the rights of the bishop in all areas.
The efforts of the episcopal city lords to create an adequate environment for their palace through a residence-like design of the cathedral district also failed due to the lack of a council. At the latest around 1315, after the archbishop had lost his remaining reputation with the Cologne people due to the devastating defeat in the Worringer Battle in 1288, the cathedral courtyard was also built on. This showed the loss of importance that the archbishopric "Palatinate" had suffered.
- Archbishop's castle seats and palaces
An old coat of arms of Zons also showed the cross of the Cologne archbishopric
The Godesburg before the destruction (Merian, 1646)
The Brühl residence in the 18th century
Poppelsdorf Castle, Johann Andreas Ziegler , 1792
After their defeat in the Battle of Worringen in 1288, the Archbishops of Cologne chose their residence in different regions of the Cologne area. In addition to the located in the northern diocese range Zons where the deployment of a fortress Archbishop Friedrich III. von Saar Werden had moved the Rhine toll from Neuss in 1372 , they preferred places to stay south of the city of Cologne, where they had feudal residences built. There were the palace or castle complexes in Brühl , in Bonn the electoral palace (which later remained the permanent seat for a long period of time), the palace in Poppelsdorf and the Godesberger Godesburg .
Archbishop Siegfried died in exile in Bonn on April 7, 1297 and was buried in Bonn's cathedral church. His unpopularity in Cologne caused Archbishop Ruprecht to move the episcopal residence to the old palace complex in Brühl (later the Augustusburg and Falkenlust palaces) as early as 1469 . The castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust were probably only used as a summer residence and for hunting trips.
During Walram's reign, the Landesburg Lechenich came to the fore, and Wilhelm von Gennep also seemed to prefer Lechenich. Lechenich Castle was frequented during these reigns. It offered itself to the stately travelers with their entourage on the way between the imperial city of Aachen to Bonn for short stays. The Hofburg in Bonn became a permanent residence.
Like Ruprecht, his successors preferred residences outside the city of Cologne, where they still had their possessions. They continued to exercise their remaining privileges and duties as sovereigns, including in Cologne, which was made an imperial city in 1475 .
In the late 14th century, Godesburg, located south of Bonn, appears to have been an important archbishop's residence. Archbishop Friedrich moved into it from October 1383 to September 1384 . Up until the middle of the 15th century, the hilltop castle, which was expanded in the 14th century, housed the archbishop's archive and registry.
Archbishop Dietrich preferred Poppelsdorf near Bonn as his residence.
Secularization and the Prussian Period
The electorate and archbishopric with its rights, its possibilities of influence and extensive possessions, lasted until the 1803 law of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss . The vacancy of the Cologne bishop's chair, the previous archdiocese of Cologne was now subordinate to the newly founded diocese of Aachen , should last until the dioceses were reorganized. On July 16, 1821, with the bull De salute animarum of Pope Pius , the re-establishment of the Cologne archbishopric was ordered.
Archbishop's Palace in Gereonstrasse
Ferdinand August von Spiegel was the archbishop who after centuries not only had his official residence in Cologne, but also took his permanent residence in the city. In June 1825 he was solemnly enthroned.
The palace, built in 1758 by the Cologne mayor Johann Balthasar Josef von Mülheim, was later owned by the family of Baron Engelbert Heereman von Zuydtwyck . In 1811 the family made the Palais Napoléon Bonaparte and his wife, Empress Marie-Louise , available as an apartment on the occasion of their visit to Cologne. In 1817 the property was bought by the Prussian state and in 1824 it was made the archbishop's residence.
description
The first repairs were carried out in 1866 by the building inspector "Hauck", who built a new roof structure and renewed the gable facade. The stately, two-storey building with extensive wing structures ended with a mansard roof . The three-axis system with a medium risalit bore the archbishop's coat of arms in the gable field . The balcony grille above the portal as well as the cast-iron lantern holders in Empire style attached to the entrance were designed in the shape of a snake. The latter are said to have been preserved and to have been used in today's palace.
The staircase with wood carvings of a three-armed staircase in the front area of the house (street side) corresponded to the Rococo style . Only a few details of the other interior fittings are known, such as the doors with solid fittings, the paneling of the plinth areas or the stucco ceilings in several rooms.
Today's residence
The current complex of the Archbishop's Residence was designed from 1957 to 1958 by the Cologne architect Hans Schumacher and implemented in collaboration with Willy Weyres . In the spirit of the post-war period, it is deliberately designed to be simple and houses the archbishop's seminary, the historical archive of the archbishopric and the archbishop's office . The buildings are under monument protection.
The building complex is located on the corner of Gereon Street and Kardinal-Frings-Straße, named after Archbishop Josef Cardinal Frings , and was built on a park with old trees, some of which has been preserved during the development, including in the two inner courtyards. The archive is on the street front of Gereonstrasse; the main entrance to the seminary and the entrance to the actual bishop's seat, which leads into a spacious inner courtyard equipped with a fountain, is via Kardinal-Frings-Straße. The church protrudes structurally towards the street from the complex and thus forms an additional free space to the opposite stock exchange in front of the IHK .
The buildings, supported by a concrete skeleton and walled up with brick, are laid out like a cloister around two inner courtyards. The larger, southern part is the seminary, the smaller, northern part is the bishop's residence. A high wall, mainly from the pre-war period, surrounds the preserved park area, turning into "Altengrabengässchen" and further into the street "Im Klingelpütz". It ends at the level of the “Gereonsmühlengasse” which opens there and where private development begins.
Enclosing wall north side "Altengrabengässchen"
Entrance to Kardinal-Frings-Straße
Fountain in the courtyard
literature
- Hermann Keussen : Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , in 2 volumes. Cologne 1910. ISBN 978-3-7700-7560-7 and ISBN 978-3-7700-7561-4 .
- Hans Vogts , Fritz Witte: The art monuments of the city of Cologne , on behalf of the provincial association of the Rhine province. Published by Paul Clemen, Vol. II, IV: The profane monuments of the city of Cologne , Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1930.
- Ludwig Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts: Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the city of Cologne , Volume II, expansion volume, The former churches, monasteries, hospitals and school buildings of the city of Cologne. Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1937. Reprint 1980, ISBN 3-590-32107-5 .
- Carl Dietmar: The Chronicle of Cologne. Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1991, ISBN 3-611-00193-7 .
- Jens Friedhoff : Lechenich Castle in the context of late medieval residence development in the Archbishopric of Cologne. In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine , issue 204. Pulheim 2001, ISSN 0341-289X .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Vol. IS 91
- ↑ Toni Diederich : From the beginnings in Roman times to the end of the High Middle Ages. 1st issue of the series "The Archdiocese of Cologne" 5 issues. Echo Buchverlag 1994. p. 9 ff.
- ^ Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Vol. II., Col. 296 a
- ^ Lantbert von Deutz : Vita Heriberti
- ↑ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witte: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, p. 49, reference to the city archive, document 25 a
- ↑ Cf. Archbishop Heinrich v. In addition to a canonical apartment, Cologne gives the cathedral chapter the house on the cathedral courtyard, called the old palace, near the Johannis-Chapel ... , February 1237. In: Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (arrangement): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine , vol. II Wolf, Düsseldorf 1846, No. 226, pp. 117f.
- ↑ Lac. Archive II, more detailed in Richard Knipping: Regesta of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Vol. III No. 889
- ↑ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witte: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, pp. 236 ff.
- ↑ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witte: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, p. 339
- ^ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witte: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, p. 336
- ↑ Keussen, Topography II Col. 293a
- ↑ Keussen, Topography II Col. 293b
- ↑ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witt: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, p. 236 ff.
- ^ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witt: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, p. 342, reference to: Ennen, Geschichte, p. 437
- ↑ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witt: Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln, by Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, p. 342, reference to the State Archives Düsseldorf: Kurköln, Erbvogtei, Akten 5, letter dated Sept. 27, 1721
- ↑ Dietmar, Die Chronik Kölns, page 84, Dietmar refers to the chronicler Gottfried Hagen
- ↑ Jens Friedhoff: Lechenich Castle in the context of late medieval residence development in the Archbishopric of Cologne , pp. 125–155
- ↑ after Dresmann, page 29 ff., Reference to F. Walzer p. 45.
- ^ Hans Vogts, Fritz Witte: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , on behalf of the Provincial Association of the Rhine Province. The profane buildings , p. 450 ff.