Trankgasse (Cologne)

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Trankgasse between the cathedral and Deichmannhaus. View to the west. Right the transition to the station forecourt

Trankgasse is the street name of a 455 meter long street in the north of Cologne's old town , which is directly adjacent to the Domplatte and Cologne Cathedral and runs in an east-west direction.

history

The Trankgasse can be traced back to Roman times .

Roman times and early Middle Ages

In Roman times, Trankgasse was located in the area of ​​the old Roman city moat directly out of town in front of the Pfaffenpforte and the northeast corner of the Roman city wall . Possibly it served as Wallgasse, which was crossed by the Roman road Cardo Maximus. The first major expansion of the cityscape took place during the early Middle Ages, probably in the first half of the 10th century, when the flood plain in front of the Roman city was included in the protection of the fortifications. On the north side, parallel to the Roman wall on the side of the later archbishop's garden, a trench was dug, after which today's Trankgasse was named "Grabengasse". Since the northern side wall of the cathedral rested on the Roman wall, the moat will probably have been led to the Pfaffenpforte in order to protect the cathedral as well. The fact that the Trankgasse was dug along a protective ditch is evident from a shrine map from the end of the 12th century, according to which there was a bridge on the Rhine ( Latin: "secus Rhenum" ) next to the provost of St. Maria ad Gradus ; There was also a wall here, apparently on the north side of Trankgasse, as a house in a ditch near St. Lupus ( Latin "in vallo iuxta S. Lupum" ) is mentioned there.

middle Ages

Trankgasse / Maximinenstraße - St. Lupus ( Anton Woensam , Cologne city view from 1531 )
Frankentor and Trankgassentor ( Arnold Mercator , Cologne cityscape from 1570 )

Street names

The Trankgasse was initially called "platea valli" (Wallstrasse), then "in vico potus" (Tränkestrasse) and "platea equorum" (Horse Street). Johann Gerhard Aloys Imhoff already mentioned in November 1849 that two of Niederich's oldest shrine books for Trankgasse - instead of "in platea potus" - were called "platea equorum". In the 13th century, after Imhoff, it was called "drancgazzen" (Niederich in the years 1231, 1253 and 1259) and later "Drankgassen" (1405), as across the street Triedelpferde to drink on the Rhine were performed and the road probably initially as Viehtrift served. It seems beyond doubt that the street takes its name from a horse trough on the banks of the Rhine to which it led. The Roman “platea valli” eventually became “grave gaze”. In the late Middle Ages it was called “dranggass”, “dranckgass” or “tranckgass”.

building

The first buildings in Trankgasse are likely to have been built in the 12th century. Between 1164 and 1176 the canons ( Latin “domini de San Petro” ) bought a house in the “platea equorum”, and after 1184, cathedral provost Ludwig von Dollendorf also moved into a house belonging to Albert Suevus. The parish church of St. Lupus is mentioned for the first time in 1173 (closed in 1803 during the secularization , demolished in 1808), it was located at the level of Trankgasse, where today the railway line leads to Cologne Central Station. Around 1200, Count Wilhelm von Jülich and his wife Mettilde owned the “zum Thurm” house opposite the cathedral. The house "Drachenfels" of Heinrich von Niederich was already in 1215 in Trankgasse No. 25. Neighbor was in No. 23 house "Wolkenburg" of Richmod von Wolkenburg, first mentioned in 1215. Around 1220, Ministerial Rutger von Galen and his wife Hadwig lived in a house on “Dranggasse”. After the acquirer Heinrich III. The Saynerhof, which he acquired in 1232, was named by Sayn . The Coming Breisig acquired in 1237 in the Trankgasse a big yard "zuome Temple," a first indication of the extent of the Knights Templar in Cologne. The house "zum Tempel" was donated by Rudolf vom Tempel in 1259 to the Dalheim Cistercian monastery . In the meantime, Canon Johannes bequeathed a stone house in Trankgasse to the cathedral monastery in 1246 . In a document dated June 25, 1261 about a property transfer by the cathedral chapter, there is talk of a library tower in Trankgasse. On March 30, 1266, the cathedral canon Walram von Sponheim bought a house from the cathedral chapter in Trankgasse opposite the dormitory . In 1271 Master Arnold is mentioned for the first time as master builder when buying the house "Drachenfels" in No. 25 . After the death of his wife, he sold the house in 1274. In 1284, the knight Johann von Merheim received a house in Trankgasse from the cathedral chapter on a long lease against a hereditary interest of 6 marks annually with a right of first refusal for the cathedral chapter. The Trankgassentor was first mentioned by name in 1293 as "turis de Drancgassin".

The house in No. 2 next to the Pfaffenpforte belonged to the knight Johann Scherfgen together with Everhard von Schwan and their wives in 1304. In 1310, “the day after the birth of John the Baptist”, Master Johann von Bueren acquired the “Lutzelinburg” house in Trankgasse from Hermann von Jülich, a clergyman. This passed to Johannes dictus Roytgin as co-owner in 1333 and was now called "Luzzillinburg". Roytgin probably made weapons, namely swords ( Latin "facienti arma, id est sarwortere" ). Since May 1, 1487, the house in the "dranckgassen" has been called "Lutzelenburg". After cathedral builder Nikolaus van Bueren ("Master Claiws von Buere") bought a house in July 1433 in the street opposite the north portal of the cathedral (today Trankgasse 9), he charged it on August 3, 1433 with a pension of 12 gold guilders. In 1445 Conrad Kuenen and Styngin (the niece of the cathedral master builder) inherited ¼ of this house next to the "Groß-Geldern" house, which came from the estate of the cathedral master builder, who died on May 16, 1445. In the meantime, Tilmann (Theoderich) von der Trankgasse had sold his "Haus Ysenburg" to Gobelin Morart in 1327, and in 1330 there was a second reference to the Knights Templar in Trankgasse through the house "Zum neue Tempel". In 1351 a building was built in Trankgasse 9 for the afterdechant from the cathedral, which was rebuilt in 1583. The Frankenturm , first attested in 1370, stood at the end of Trankgasse next to the Trankgassentor. Alderman Johann Overstolz had lived in Trankgasse since at least 1380, because that year he received 40 marks for the guards during the carnival period. "Haus Schiderich" in No. 13 belonged to Richmodis Schiderich, it was first mentioned in a document on July 17, 1397, when the Indenacker brothers acquired hereditary interest on it.

In 1431 the Cologne Cathedral was already used as a passage from the Domhof to Trankgasse. In 1447 the Cologne cathedral builder Konrad Kuene van der Hallen and his wife Styne lived in "Haus Mirweiler" at no. 41. In 1449, the later "Kölnischer Hof" at the western end of "Drankgass" at no Role of the archbishop's palace at the cathedral courtyard. This is evidenced by a protocol dated October 22, 1449, when the Cologne patrician Hirtzelin was turned away in the building with a claim for damage. On May 16, 1485, the dean and chapter handed over the cathedral curia in No. 7 to Ulrich Kreidweiß against the usual lease.

From November 30, 1473, the Cologne court was the quarters of Emperor Friedrich and Maximilian's son ( Cologne collegiate feud ). The latter, however, did not like his quarters; on the contrary, it found "the majesty's total displeasure". Archbishop Ernst's intention to expand the Cologne court with the neighboring "Wittgensteinschen Hof" was rejected by the Cologne City Council in October 1584. After fire damage on January 9, 1593, the Cologne chronicler and councilor Hermann von Weinsberg reported on structural details of the early Cologne court:

".. Porzhaus, horse stable and office burned down, the burgrave's kitchen above and the stone spiral staircase in front of the large housing remained standing."

Since the court was also inhabited by the papal nuncio , it was planned to rebuild it immediately.

Book printer

The first printer in the street seemed to have been Arnd von Aich, whose books, published between 1514 and 1536, were labeled “by Sankt Lubus” because his apartment was on Trankgasse in front of St. Lupus. Around 1518 the oldest German song collection “75 hubscher lieder myt descant, alto, bass and tenor” appeared here. In Arnold Mercator's Cologne cityscape from 1570 , the Trankgasse is called “Die dranck gass”. It was completely built up from the banks of the Rhine and went over from the Pfaffenpforte to “Voir St. Andreae” (today: Komödienstraße). Since 1597, the was Offizin the printer Johann Büreich (Bureckius, Bürich) in the "Dranckgassen". Büreich previously worked in the printing works of the descendants of Heinrich Quentell . Printer Wilhelm Friessem had been registered as a bookseller in his office "im Bäumgen vor St Paul" since 1638, and from 1648 he traded "to the Archangel Gabriel in Tranckgasse" and quickly developed into one of the largest printing and publishing houses in Cologne. As late as 1672, the book "Societatis Jesu: Cum approbatione et facultate Superiorum" written by Gaspar Sevenstern proves in the imprint that it was published "by Wilhelm Friessem in the Trankgassen".

Further urban development

Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg had the cathedral mechanic (No. 2) built in 1658. It had a fenced-in front garden, which was separated from the street on the right by a wall, facing Trankgasse by a long building wing. The Roman city wall formed part of the northern front of the building.

In the 18th century, several important buildings were built on the north side of Trankgasse. At the beginning of 1700 there was a new building of the "Kölnischer Hof" in No. 7. According to a letter from the Cologne hereditary bailiff from 1721, the master stonemason “Ringens”, the master carpenter “Johs. Schmitz ”and the master locksmith“ Peter Hilgers ”“ impeccable work ”. The new building had a ten-axis, two-storey facade. The street front had a round arched portal framed by columns and was equipped with two balconies. Two side wings flanked the building's courtyard. During the Prussian period, the "Kölnischer Hof" served as a district and then as a regional court.

Trankgasse 7 - Kölnischer Hof (around 1820)
Trankgasse 7 - Kölner Hof (1853), lithograph by Bernhard Wilhelm Harperath
Trankgasse 7 - Deichmann House (1867)

Around 1720 a representative house with portal-window ensembles was built in No. 13. In 1721, Count Franz Ernst Salm-Reifferscheidt acquired a house at No. 25 next to the Church of St. Lupus, which he had converted into a stately palace with an orangery, summer house, bird house and horse stables (“Salmscher Hof”). In travel reports of the time, Trankgasse was praised as one of the few well-paved and spacious streets in the otherwise sad, dark city. Architect Adam Dechen created the three-story palatial house of Count Franz Ernst Fugger in No. 6 in 1725/1726 with eleven window axes and two entrances next to St. Lupus and in 1730 the "Wichterich House", also for the Fuggers. The "Wittgensteinsche Hof" in No. 9 had been owned by the mayor family of Wittgenstein since 1754 at the latest, when Johann Jakob von Wittgenstein was born here on February 24, 1754 as the son of Melchior Dittmar von Wittgenstein .

During the French era , on January 13, 1794, Abraham Schaaffhausen from A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein acquired the “Salmschen Hof” (“Die Aue”, before “Drachenfels”) at no. 25, which he replaced after 1830 with a classical building. His daughter Sibylle Mertens-Schaaffhausen was born in the old building on January 29, 1797 . From 1797 he was listed in the Cologne address book as “Banquier, Commission and Spedition-Handlung in Trankgasse No. 2418”. The Domdechanei (No. 2), which in the meantime belonged to the Auxiliary Bishop Count Karl Aloys von Königsegg-Aulendorf and was renewed by him, served as a criminal court from 1797 (No. 2401), while on April 9, 1798 in the "Cologne Court" the breed police court began work for the Arrondissement of Cologne . In no. 9 of Douanen receiver received (inch Einnehmer) is established. On the occasion of the celebrations for the inauguration of Johann Jakob von Wittgenstein on July 9, 1803 Maire wine bar of the brothers mentioned Riegeler in Trankgasse herein as last Domkeller Master across from the cathedral stairs. It was demolished in 1865. After the Itinéraire de Cologne , the Trankgasse was called "rue des Francs" from January 1, 1813. Franz Joseph zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst owned houses no. 9 and 23 here and lived in house no. 9 when the French marched in, which he sold to Kommerzienrat Johann Philipp Heimann on May 23, 1816.

During the Prussian period, from August 1816, the newly wed married couple Joseph Ludwig Mertens and Sibylle Mertens-Schaaffhausen lived in No. 21 . Kommerzienrat Johann Philipp Heimann offered numerous prominent guests accommodation in his spacious house at No. 9. King Friedrich Wilhelm III stayed here at the same time . , whose brother Prince Wilhelm , Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands , the Duke of Nassau and Grand Duke Nikolaus of Russia with his wife Charlotte during their visit on June 30, 1821. From December 1830, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm acted as Governor General of the provinces of Westphalia and Lower Rhine with headquarters in Cologne . Since there were not enough accommodation options at Kommerzienrat Heimann, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and his family also moved into the nearby house of the Mertens from late 1830 to July 1832. Alfred Julius Becher had lived with his father at No. 15 since 1834, when he was working as a music critic for the Kölnische Zeitung .

Founding period

  • Trankgasse 7 - Kölner Hof ( Guillaume Wintz , 1844)

  • Trankgassentor - Peter Schieffer: The Cologne Railway on the new city wall at the Trankgassentor, lithograph (before 1869)

  • Trankgasse 1-5 - Hotel Englischer Hof and Hotel Ernst (around 1880)

  • Cologne - Trankgasse 2 Domdechanei (around 1890)

  • Trankgasse 7-9 - Wittgensteiner Hof (1890-1910)

  • Trankgasse 5/7/9 - Hotel Ernst and Deichmannhaus (around 1894)

  • Trankgasse 1 - Hotel Fürstenhof (April 1911)

During the founding period, the banker Abraham Oppenheim lived in No. 9 between 1834 and 1843. In 1838/1839 the bankers Wilhelm Ludwig Deichmann and Heinrich von Wittgenstein also left their houses at No. 23 (today No. 7; the former cathedral curia) No. 25a (No. 9; the former rectory of St. Lupus) to be replaced by classicist new buildings. Heinrich von Wittgenstein had a new city palace built by the cathedral builder Ernst Friedrich Zwirner in 1839 at Trankgasse 6 (French period: No. 2398) on the site of the abandoned parish church of St. Lupus, which was again named "Wittgensteinscher Hof". The first "Diné" noted in Therese Wittgenstein's kitchen book took place here on January 2nd, 1841. Among the 22 invited guests were Elisabeth "Lisette" Merkens (the stepsister of Heinrich von Wittgenstein), the married couples Abraham Schaaffhausen, von Groote , von Seydlitz , Deichmann and art collector Anton Joseph Essingh, the Lord Mayor Johann Adolph Steinberger with daughter and Messrs Wilhelm Mülhens and banker Friedrich Peter Herstatt . The building at no. 9 moved into the "Central Office of the United Sugar Refineries" in 1839, an entrance to the station forecourt was added in 1865 and Deichmann acquired it. The former "Wittgensteiner Hof" in No. 6 served from 1839 as the new company headquarters of the newly founded Colonia Insurance . Between 1840 and 1890 there was the Hotel and Weinhaus Picht in No. 15.

Central Station

The construction of Cologne Central Station should develop into the largest construction project in the area of ​​Trankgasse . On April 19, 1849, the city council of Cologne turned against plans to build a railway bridge from Trankgasse to Deutz because it considered this bridge to be damage to Cologne. But on July 22nd, 1854, the city granted the concession for the construction of a bridge over the Rhine to the Cologne-Minden Railway Company , in which the Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft contributed financially. The old botanical garden on the north side of Cologne Cathedral had to give way to this plan , while the track body was supposed to span the Trankgasse with an iron construction.

First a temporary passenger station ("Rheinstation") was built on Trankgasse in April 1857, which remained until September 1859. From the ramp on Trankgasse to Thürmchenshafen (at today's Theodor-Heuss-Ring ) there was only an 8 to 15 meter wide riverside road, the one inland from the “Rheinstation” train station, from the Kehlmauer, the “Kunibert-Kavalier” and the Rhine connection railway and was bordered on the Rhine by a steeply paved embankment. In June 1859, the construction of a new residential building designed by Heinrich Nagelschmidt began in No. 13, into which the new office of the station administration moved. During excavations, a holy stone of the Matres Mediotautehae was found here . After the Hohenzollern Bridge (“Muusfall”; Mausefalle) went into operation on October 3, 1859, the “Cölner Central-Personenbahnhof” opened on December 5, 1859.

In order to free the cathedral from additions, the Cologne-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (Trankgasse No. 8) and Colonia-Versicherung (Trankgasse No. 6) donated their buildings to the city in 1863. The city council of Cologne decided on January 9th, 1883 to raise the tracks in the city about 4.50 meters higher and to lead them through the city on dams or masonry viaducts . The higher level of the track made it possible for the first and second class waiting rooms to be built underneath the tracks between Trankgasse and Johannisstraße and prevented a large number of urban level crossings . On May 25, 1894, the three-part platform hall was handed over as part of an expansion. This led to the railway overpass across Trankgasse. The Royal Railway Directorate resided here at No. 24. However, the station had a destructive effect on the formerly quiet and elegant Trankgasse.

Other structures

Today's Excelsior Hotel Ernst was originally called "Royal Court Restoration" and "To the King of Prussia" for a short time. It was created from 1862 in No. 3–5 (today No. 1–5) by Lorenz Breisig and opened on May 16, 1863. It is named after the builder Carl Ernst, “Royal Court Restorer at Centralbahnhof”. An extension took place before 1867 to include the western side house at Trankgasse 1a / Marzellenstrasse 2-4 / Andreaskloster 8. This replaced the parish church of St. Paul, which was demolished in 1807 as a result of the secularization. The Swiss hotelier Friedrich Kracht, who lives in Brussels, bought the Hotel Ernst in 1871, and after his death in 1875 his wife continued to run the hotel. The first structural changes were made here in 1909. Further renovations were carried out in 1910 by Franz Ahrens and in 1926 by Heinrich Müller-Erkelenz ; In 1948 it was rebuilt, which provided a flat saddle roof with two rows of dormers instead of the mansard gable roof. The hotel "Englischer Hof", built by Heinrich Nagelschmidt, had existed at Andreaskloster No. 8 since 1865, and since 1895 it was in the address book at Trankgasse 1a / Marzellenstrasse 2-4.

After the "Kölner Hof" and the "Wittgensteinischer Hof" were demolished in 1863, the Cologne banker Wilhelm Ludwig Deichmann acquired both properties and had Hermann Otto Pflaume build the semi-detached house "Palais Deichmann" (No. 7-9) in 1867 the family was able to move in in 1868. In October 1868, the city began with a sewer in the eastern part of the Trankgasse. Wilhelm Ludwig Deichmann owned the bank Deichmann & Comp , founded in 1858 . who resided in No. 9. Wilhelm Ludwig's son Carl Theodor Deichmann (1866–1931) and his children Carl (1906–1985), Hans (1907–2004) and Freya Deichmann (1911–2010) were born in the three-storey, eight-axle property . They lived on the side of the house facing the cathedral. The "Palais Deichmann" was closed in 1913. Before that, houses No. 24 (provost of Sankt Maria ad gradus; demolished in 1888/1910), No. 2 and 13 to 25a (1892/93) were demolished for the purpose of expanding the station. There are also subsequent demolition notes from 1907 for houses No. 13-19. Due to the extensive demolition work, the building near the cathedral in the southern part of Trankgasse was completely eliminated.

On the lyche

At Litsch / Domkloster 9: Here, around 1870, cathedral builder Richard Voigtel lived , in the background on the right, Deichmannhaus (around 1900)

Since the late Middle Ages, the alley on the Litsch has led past the west facade of Cologne Cathedral in a north-south direction and connected Trankgasse and the cathedral monastery. It was first mentioned in a document in 1530 as "Litsche", where the cathedral monastery was located in No. 1. In 1610 the rectory of St. Maria im Pesch was built in Trankgasse at the east end of the Litsch . From November 1825 , Maria Clementine Martin sold her nun Melissa Spirit on Litsch No. 1 . The cathedral initially had the address Auf der Litsch No. 2. After the cathedral was completed, its immediate surroundings were rounded off, to which the entire Litschgasse fell victim.

Modern times

Trankgasse 1-5, Excelsior Hotel Excelsior Ernst (September 2008)
Deichmannhaus and reception building (2010)

In 1888 the Hotel Fürstenhof was built on the corner property at Marzellenstrasse 2-4 based on a design by the architect Heinrich Nagelschmidt on behalf of the Schmitz brewery . The two properties at Marzellenstrasse 2-4 and 6 belonged to a newly founded Hotel GmbH. After they were able to acquire the neighboring property at Marzellenstrasse 8, lengthy negotiations began to rebuild the entire site. The building permit was ultimately based on an expert report by the cathedral master builder Bernhard Hertel . The Hotel Fürstenhof, Marzellenstrasse 2-8 / Trankgasse, was built according to a design by the Cologne architect Carl Moritz and opened in December 1911. The café, which opened on December 20, 1911, was able to compete with the finest addresses in other large cities, according to a newspaper article. At the beginning there were over 40 hotel rooms on the three upper floors. After the Second World War , the slightly damaged hotel was first restored in 1946/1947 by Josef Kögl for the new owner, Erste Allgemeine Unfall- und Damage-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft . In 1966 the hotel closed. While the upper floors were expanded for office purposes, the ground floor including the basement was converted into a sales salon for the Volkswagen general agency Fleischhauer. The renovation work, which was completed in November 1967, was based on designs by the architect Hans Schilling . After Fleischhauer left the Fürstenhof in 1973, one of the first McDonald’s branches in Cologne has been located there since January 1976 .

On the property at Trankgasse 7-9, today's seven-storey Deichmannhaus , completed in August 1914, was built according to a design by the architect Heinrich Müller-Erkelenz , with a facade made of shell limestone and an even row of monumental half columns. The 60 meter × 50 meter long corner building opens onto Trankgasse and the station forecourt. After its opening, the Gerling Group, previously housed in five buildings, brought its activities together on the fourth floor of the Deichmannhaus. After the British occupying power had confiscated the Deichmannhaus with the rented business premises in the winter of 1918, the Gerling Group was faced with the need to move its companies and in 1920 acquired the Palais von Langen at Von-Werth-Strasse 14 from Johann Gottlieb von Langen new company headquarters. The Deichmann house stands since December 13, 1985 under monument protection . The restaurant "Gaffel am Dom" operated by Gaffel-Kölsch has existed here since January 2006 . In May 2008, the gutting and renovation of the Deichmannhaus was completed.

Trankgasse on Shrove Monday 2019

The station building of the main station, officially Trankgasse 11, which was partially destroyed in the war on March 4, 1944 , was only replaced from 1957 by a new building designed by the architects Ottmar Schmitt and Max Schneider. It stands out due to its distinctive, shell-shaped roof construction and the high, fully glazed facade facing the station forecourt and was opened on September 23, 1957. The “Flowers in the Central Station” shop pavilion, the waiting room at the cathedral and the “dean & david shopping station” also belong to the property at Trankgasse 11. The Gulliver survival project for the homeless ( Cologne unemployment center ) and the Bogen2 club have been located at Trankgasse 20 since January 2001 .

location

Illuminated tunnel under the tracks of the main train station in the direction of Konrad-Adenauer-Ufer

In the modern Cologne cityscape, Trankgasse / Marzellenstraße, Eigelstein and, further on, Neusser Straße still mark the straight line of the former Römerstraße. The Trankgasse connects the Marzellenstraße with the Konrad-Adenauer-Ufer ( Bundesstraße 51 ) in an east-west direction and leads past the Domplatte, its western extension is the Komödienstraße. The proximity to the cathedral and the main train station makes Trankgasse, next to Dompropst-Ketzer-Strasse, which runs parallel to the north, into one of the first access roads for tourists and business travelers traveling by train . Today it is only built on on its north side with house numbers 1-5, 7-9 and 11, to the east of the railway underpass there is still number 20. The Cologne city railway serves Trankgasse through the Dom / Hauptbahnhof underground station .

The Trankgasse on the left bank of the Rhine should not be confused with the street of the same name on the right bank of the Rhine in Cologne-Zündorf .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jacob Lintz, West German Journal for History and Art , Volume 28, 1909, p. 473
  2. ^ Hermann Keussen , Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume II, 1910, Sp. 160 b
  3. ^ Johann Gerhard Aloys Imhoff, in: Kölner Domblatt No. 56 of November 4, 1849, The first bringing in of the remains of the Three Kings in Cologne , p. 3
  4. ↑ Yearbook of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland, 1882, p. 101
  5. ↑ Helmut Signon / Klaus Schmidt, all roads led through Cologne , 2006, p 334
  6. ↑ Manfred Groten, Priorenkolleg and cathedral chapter of Cologne in the High Middle Ages: On the history of the Cologne archbishopric and duchy , volumes 109-111, 1980, p. 238
  7. ↑ Anton Fahne, History of the Counts, current Princes of Salm-Reifferscheid, and their countries and seats , Volume I, 1866, p. 44
  8. ^ Anton Fahne, The Cologne Cathedral in its Surroundings , 1864, p. 54 FN 100
  9. ^ Anton Fahne, research in the field of Rhenish and Westphalian history , Volume 1.1, 1864, pp. 60–81
  10. ↑ Thomas Bohn, Countess Mechthild von Sayn (1200 / 03-1285) , 2002, p. 63
  11. ^ Hermann Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume II, 1910, Col. 158a No. 1–3
  12. ^ Hugo Stehkämper, Citizens and Churches in Cologne in the High Middle Ages , 2007, p. 31
  13. ↑ Peter Fuchs (ed.), Chronik zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln , Volume 1, 1990, S. 214
  14. ^ Theodor Josef Lacomblet, Archive for the History of the Lower Rhine , Volume 6, 1868, p. 34
  15. ↑ Herbert Rode, Meister Arnold already 1271 Cologne cathedral master builder , in: Kölner Domblatt 21/22, 1963, p. 164
  16. ^ Hugo Böhlau, Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History: German Department , Volume 4, 1863, p. 212
  17. ^ Hermann Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume II, 1910, p. 158, Col. a
  18. ↑ Bonner Jahrbücher, volumes 72-75, 1882, p. 101
  19. ↑ Ludwig Röhrscheid, Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine, especially the Old Archdiocese of Cologne , issues 41-60, 1896, p. 239
  20. ↑ Yearbooks of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland, Volumes 75-77, 1883, p. 104
  21. ↑ Yearbooks of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland, Volumes 75-77, 1883, p. 115
  22. ^ Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Bonner Jahrbücher of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn and the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland , Volume 74, 1882, p. 105
  23. ↑ Jürgen Wilhelm, Das große Köln-Lexikon , 2008, p. 148
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Herborn, The History of Cologne Carnival from the Beginnings to 1600 , 2009, p. 28
  25. ^ Franz Theodor Helmken, Der Dom zu Köln , 1887, reprint 2012, p. 1 5
  26. ^ Leonard Ennen, History of the City of Koeln , Volume 3, 1869, p. 405
  27. ↑ Hans Vogts / Fritz Witt, Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , in: Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, 1930, p. 342
  28. ^ Friedrich Lau, Das Buch Weinsberg , Volume IV, 1898, p. 160
  29. ↑ Rochus Freiherr von Liliencron / Franz Xaver von Wegele, General German Biography: Van der Aa - Baldamus , Volume 1, 1875, p. 165
  30. ↑ 75 beautiful songs for soprano, alto, bass and tenor
  31. ↑ Birgit Boge, Literature for the "Catholische Teutschland": The range of the Cologne Offizin Wilhelm Friessem in the period 1638–1668 , 1993, p. 30 f.
  32. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, p. 90
  33. ↑ Hans Vogts / Fritz Witt, Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , in: Paul Clemen: Die profanen Denkmäler, Volume II, IV, 1930, p. 342, reference to the Düsseldorf State Archive: Kurköln, Erbvogtei, Akten 5, letter of September 27, 1721
  34. ↑ Heinke Wunderlich, Study Years of the Counts Salm-Reifferscheidt (1780–1791): A contribution to education for the nobility at the end of the Ancien Régime , 1984, p. 24
  35. ↑ Heinke Wunderlich, Study Years of the Counts Salm-Reifferscheidt (1780–1791): A contribution to education for the nobility at the end of the Ancien Régime , 1984, p. 24
  36. ^ Richard Klapheck, Die Baukunst am Nieder-Rhein , Volume 2, 1916, p. 244
  37. ↑ Udo Bürger, Die Guillotine im Schatten des Domes: On the criminal history of Cologne in the French period (1794–1814) , 2001, p. 7
  38. ^ Johann Peter Balthasar Kreuser, Again Christian Church Building , 1869, p. 261
  39. ↑ Klaus Schlegel, Cologne and his Prussian soldiers: The history of the garrison and fortress Cologne from 1814 to 1914 , 1979, p. 22
  40. ↑ Angela Steidele, Story of a Love: Adele Schopenhauer and Sibylle Mertens , 2010, p. 22
  41. ^ Judith Breuer, The Cologne Cathedral Environment as a Mirror of the Cathedral Reception in the 19th Century , 1981, p. 18
  42. ↑ (1787–1864), his art collection was auctioned off on September 18, 1865 in Neumarkt 37 where he died
  43. ↑ Gisela Mettele, Bürgerertum in Köln 1775-1870 , 1998, p. 214
  44. ^ Judith Breuer, The Cologne Cathedral Environment as a Mirror of the Cathedral Reception in the 19th Century , 1981, p. 17
  45. ^ Judith Breuer, The Cologne Cathedral Environment as a Mirror of the Cathedral Reception in the 19th Century , 1981, p. 195
  46. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, p. 140
  47. ^ Hans Schweers / Henning Wall, Railways around Aachen: 150 years of the international route Cologne, Aachen, Antwerp , 1993, p. 45
  48. ↑ Peter Fuchs (Ed.), Chronicle of the History of the City of Cologne , Volume 2, pp. 145 f.
  49. ↑ Hasso von Wedel, Heinrich von Wittgenstein 1797 to 1869: Entrepreneurs and Politicians in Cologne , 1981, p. 180
  50. ^ Gerhard Fehl / Juan Rodríguez-Lores, Stadt-Umbau: The planned renewal of major European cities between the Congress of Vienna and the Weimar Republic , 1994, p. 165
  51. ↑ Yearbooks of the Association of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland, issues 53-56, 1873, p. 77
  52. ↑ A new café. In: Kölner Tageblatt , No. 585 of December 21, 1911
  53. ↑ From the area around the cathedral. In: Stadtanzeiger , No. 181 IV of April 22, 1911
  54. ↑ VW sales salon also at the cathedral. Underfloor heating for the sidewalk on cold days. In: Kölnische Rundschau of November 30, 1967
  55. ^ Wolf von Niebelschütz : Robert Gerling. A dramatic capital of German economic history. 1954, p. 189.
  56. ↑ 100 years of Gerling. A chronicle.

Coordinates: 50 ° 56 '30.1 "  N , 6 ° 57' 22.9"  E