Cologne city map from 1752

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Johann Valentin Reinhardt - Cologne city map from 1752

The city ​​map of Cologne from 1752 by Johann Valentin Reinhardt shows the topographical condition of the still medieval Cologne before the significant changes of the 19th century from a bird's eye view .

prehistory

Werner Rolevinck - City View of Cologne (1479)
Johann Valentin Reinhardt - Cologne city map from 1752 (cover sheet)

For historians , the cityscapes that depict reality are particularly valuable from a cartographic perspective. These include the view of the city from Werner Rolevinck's Fasciculus temporum ("Assembly of Times"), who in 1479 published the first printed view of Cologne at the Cologne book printer Heinrich Quentell . The monumental city ​​panorama by Anton Woensam from 1531 occupies a prominent position . The Cologne cityscape from 1570 by Arnold Mercator provides a structural description on a geometric basis on a scale of about 1: 2450. He did not draw a pure bird's eye view , but made it possible to view individual buildings through his elevation technique , which he drew in with great detail right down to the windows and doors. Frans Hogenberg (after 1572) and son Abraham Hogenberg (1609) brought out Cologne cityscapes with bird's eye view again.

Reinhardt's city map

Little is known about the talented artist Johann Valentin Reinhardt (born December 29, 1712 in Ohrdruf / Thuringia ; † November 4, 1769 in Cologne). In 1747 he designed the floor plan of a Cologne brick bakery in front of Severinstor and had served the city of Cologne as captain since 1747. In 1748 he converted to Catholicism on the occasion of his wedding. On May 5, 1751, the city ​​council of Cologne decided to name him as the successor to the deceased artillery captain Johann Peter Solff (* July 7, 1688; † April 7, 1751). In this function he led an artillery force about 50 men and in 1754/1755 he bought a house in Cologne. He presented the floor plans of a new brick bakery in front of the Eigelsteintor on March 18, 1754 and December 22, 1755.

He must have started his cartographic work around 1749, because a final drawing was only available in 1751. It is uncertain whether he acted on behalf of the incumbent mayor Johann Balthasar Josef von Mülheim . In any case, the mayor supported the production with “a sum of money.” The Nuremberg engraver Michael Rößler transferred the final drawing onto a single copper plate in Frankfurt between 1752 and 1753. Rößler decorated the banks of the Rhine with numerous ships on his own initiative. After a few test prints were made in 1753, these ships were removed again, the legend revised in several places and expanded to no.100. However, the Kupfergasse and Langgasse, which were still correctly recorded in the final artwork, were swapped. The Cologne city map from 1752 shows the topographical condition of the medieval Cologne, which had not changed significantly in the city structure for over 500 years, before the significant changes of the 19th century. The secularization led from 1802 to demolish numerous religious buildings, the city wall was deposited from the 1881st Reinhardt therefore depicts a situation that largely still existed in 1802. Friedrich Everhard von Mering stated in 1839 that Reinhardt's map from 1752 showed that old Cologne was far smaller than it was in its day.

Iconographic interpretation

Johann Valentin Reinhardt - Cologne city map from 1752 (Detail: between Neumarkt, Heumarkt and Alter Markt)
Johann Valentin Reinhardt: Cologne city map from 1752 , Domhof (S ↔ N). Legend:
  A - Metropolitana (cathedral choir)
  G - St. Maria ad Gradus
  g - St. Johann Evangelist
  Moon symbol crescent.svg - Hospit. Spirit. Sanct.
52 - Seminarium ( formerly:
       Linneper Hof )
91 - Official Court
92 - High Court
93 - Blauer Stein
94 - Hacht

Reinhardt's plan on a scale of 1: 2450 measures 90 × 57 cm and - like most medieval maps - is oriented towards the west. Reinhardt and Michael Rössler published it in Nuremberg in 1752. It was the first geometrically exact plan of the city. Several corrections had been made prior to publication , including the confusion of Kupfergasse and Langgasse, which was not immediately corrected. The bird's eye view does not offer any structural details; only buildings, green spaces and streets can be distinguished in the plan. The Hohe Straße is still divided (from south to north) into "Unter Pfannenschläger", "Before the Augustinians", "Unter Spormacher" and "Unter gold Waagen". He represented “Neu Marck” ( Neumarkt ), “Heu Marck” ( Heumarkt ) and “Alten Marck” ( Old Market ) as squares planted with trees on which smaller buildings stand. According to Reinhardt's city map, “Holy Cologne” had 19 parish churches, 11 collegiate churches, 2 abbeys, 14 male and 27 female monasteries, and 2 communal churches . The map shows that the area occupied by buildings in the city was no larger than it was 250 years earlier.

On the first page there are 6 coats of arms of mayors - three on top of each other - which contain the following names. Frantz Josef von Herrestorff, Frantz Caspar von Wymar, Dominus in Pesch, Johann Peter von Herweg, Ferdinand Joseph von Beyweg, Melchior Rutger von Kerich and Johann Balthasar Joseph von Mülheim. On the same page there is the richly decorated Cologne coat of arms at the top right, and below is a list of “the most noble buildings and gates of this city”. The title is given in Latin and German: "Nova et accurata Ichnographia Liberæ ac Imperialis Civitatis Coloniensis anno 1752 confecta et ejusdem Civitatis Perillustribus Strenuis Consultissimisque Dominis Dnis Consulibus et Senatui humillimé dedicate á JVReinhardt Rei Tormentari Grundig Capitaneo" Roman empire freÿer city of Cöllen manufactured in 1752 and named city Wohlgebohrnen Gestrengen and honorable gentlemen master masters and council submissively assigned by JV Reinhardt Dero submissively obedient artillery captain “.

Reinhardt's map formed the basis for historical works. The historian Leonard Ennen used Reinhardt's plan as a basis for the course of the streets in his books, Hermann Keussen used the map of 1752 in his plan of the shrine districts, which is the basis for all previously existing plans of the shrine districts. Reinhardt drew the cityscape a few decades before the French era.

In February 1755 Reinhardt created a "real ground plan of the Deutzer Werths together with the situation of the Rhine river between the city of Cöllen and Deutzs". He subjected the Rhine bed to a more detailed examination and in 1766 located the old Roman bridge at the height of today's Salzgasse Gate and the Deutz Abbey. He found the remains of 3 massive pillars. In February 1784 Reinhardt also created a detailed site plan of Deutzer Werth, Schnellert and the left bank of the Rhine from the Bayenturm to the Frankenturm with the sandbanks and the Kribben before the ice drift from February 27th, 1784.

Whereabouts

In addition to the original hand drawing from 1751, the Historical Archive of the City of Cologne also contained a file with contract documents and invoices, the original copper plate, a test print, at least one print of the final state and other prints with later thematic entries.

literature

  • Karl Kroeffges, The Cologne Artillery Captain Reinhardt's city map from 1752 , in: Yearbook of the Cologne History Society 6-7 (1925)
  • Otto Doppelfeld, The old Cologne: A city map based on the status of the year 1752. With drawing of the Roman city center and the extensions from 940, 1106 and. 1180 (1948).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner Rolevinck, Fasciculus temporum , 1479, p. 24.
  2. ↑ a b Joachim Deeters / Johannes Helmrath, Sources for the history of the city of Cologne , 1996, p. 267.
  3. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Lierz / Uwe Schwarz, The Cologne city map of Johann Valentin Reinhardt 1751–1753 and its forerunners from the 16th to the 18th century , in: Cartographica Helvetica, Fachzeitschrift für Kartengeschichte, issue 40, 2009, p. 34.
  4. ↑ Konstantin Höhlbaum / Josef Hansen, communications from the city archive of Cologne , volumes 30-31, 1902, p. 271 ff.
  5. ↑ a b Cologne and its buildings , Association of German Architects, 1888, p. 164.
  6. ↑ Georg Mölich / Joachim Oepen / Wolfgang Rosen, Monastery culture and secularization in the Rhineland , 2002, p. 29.
  7. ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mering / Ludwig Reischert, On the history of the city of Cologne on the Rhine , Volume 1/2, 1838, p. 4.
  8. ^ Carl Dietmar / Gérald Chaix, Chronik Köln , 1997, p. 208
  9. ^ Wilhelm Hamacher, The Imperial City of Cologne and the Seven Years War , 1911, p. XIII
  10. ^ Johann Jakob Merlo, Art and Artists in Cologne , 1850, p. 344 f.
  11. ^ Leonard Ennen, History of the City of Cologne , 1869, p. IX f.
  12. ^ Hermann Keussen, Directory of Shrine Maps and Shrine Books , in: Mitteilungen aus dem Stadtarchiv von Köln, Volume 32, 1904.
  13. ^ Leonard Ennen, History of the City of Cologne , Volume 1, 1863, p. 85.
  14. ↑ Not yet identified after its collapse in March 2009.

Web links

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