Conradines

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This article or section needs to be revised: The house of Nassau as a branch line of the Konradines and the designation of Udo, who fell in 982 as Count of Nassau, are speculative. Please prove that this view has established itself scientifically. - Neferhotep ( discussion ) 20:26, Oct. 11, 2013 (CEST)
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The Konradiner were a noble family of the West Germanic Franks from the 8th to 11th centuries. The area around Trier was their original dominance ; Even during the Carolingian rule, this shifted eastward via the Lahngau into the Middle East Franconian Empire to Hesse and Thuringia . With Konrad I , the family provided a king of the East Franconian Empire from 911 to 918 .

history

The family was first mentioned in 832 with Count Gebhard im Niederlahngau, and a second in 861, when his sons were mentioned as propinqui (close relatives) of Seneschal Adalhard , who years before had the Franconian Empire alongside Ludwig the Pious and his wife, Empress Judith had managed. They were deposed by Ludwig the German in 861 and fled with Adalhard to Charlemagne , but in 866 they reappear in the entourage of Ludwig the Younger , a son of Ludwig the German. The ancestors of the family were close relatives of the Carolingians .

The rise of the Konradines began with Oda , the wife of the Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia , who belonged to the Konradines without the exact reference being known. Konrad the Elder is known as the nepos (nephew, cousin, grandchildren, descendant) of the emperor because of his blood relationship with Oda . He and his brothers were apparently also the closest relatives of the emperor, who relied heavily on the Konradines in his fight against the Popponen and in this context - in addition to their power base in Hesse - gave them a supremacy in Thuringia and Mainfranken .

After Arnulf's death, the Konradines were the only relatives of the new king, Louis the Child , and the ruling clan in the empire. At this point they were already widely ramified. Konrad's brother Gebhard became Duke of Lorraine in 903 . Konrad's son Konrad the Younger was appointed Duke of Franconia in 906 after the competition between the Franconian Babenbergs had been eliminated after the Battle of Fritzlar , in which his father was killed ( Babenberg feud ).

Seal of the East Franconian King Konrad I.

In 911, after the death of the last Carolingian on the East Franconian throne, Konrad the Younger was replaced by King Karl III of West Franconia . of the simple-minded in Forchheim as Konrad I was elected King of East Franconia and thus ended the rule of the Carolingians in the East Franconian Empire.

Konrad died childless in December 918, and the royal crown went to the Saxon dukes ( Ottonen ) with the election of Heinrich I. With this, the Konradines fell back to the level of power of tribal rulers. Konrad's brother Eberhard , his successor as Duke of Franconia, was loyal to the new Saxon King Henry I for life and was even enfeoffed temporarily (926-928) with the Duchy of Lorraine in order to pacify it. But when Heinrich's son Otto I became king (and emperor), Eberhard, together with Arnulf of Bavaria and Thankmar , son of King Heinrich from his first marriage, got involved in an uprising that finally ended in 939 with the death of Eberhard in battle von Andernach and the loss of the duchy ended. In this battle he was defeated by his cousins ​​Konrad Kurzbold and Udo von der Wetterau. The family also succeeded in inheriting the Duchy of Swabia in 926. Although it was lost to the king's son Liudolf in the meantime, it was acquired again in 982 and kept until 1012.

The Konradines died out in 1036 after the loss of the last county in the male line.

Tribe list

The main list of the Konradiner is controversial in the specialist literature. The following presentation follows that of Schwennicke in the European Family Tables , Volume I.1, 2005, in which the work under discussion by Johannes Fried , Donald C. Jackman , Eduard Hlawitschka and Armin Wolf (see below) was consulted.

By the end of the 10th century

  1. Gebhard , attested in 832, count in Niederlahngau , donated a monastery for regulated canons in Kettenbach in 845 , which was moved to Gemünden in 879 ( St. Severus (Gemünden) ), in 879 spiritual in Gemünden ⚭ sister of Margrave Ernst in Nordgau ( Ernste ) - ancestors : see Geroldonen
    1. Udo , Count in Lahngau ; ⚭ NN, daughter of Konrad I , Count of Auxerre ( Welfen ) and Adelheid von Tours ( Etichonen )
      1. Konrad the Elder ; † February 27, 906 near Fritzlar , 886 Graf im Oberlahngau , 897 Graf in Hessengau , 903 Graf im Gotzfeldgau , 905 Graf in Wetterau , Graf im Wormsgau , 892 up to 903 Margrave in Thuringia , 893 instead of Popponen Margrave in Maingau , Nepos of the Carolingian emperor Arnulf of Carinthia , who was married to the Konradine Oda , buried in the Martinskirche in Weilburg ; ⚭ Glismut , an illegitimate daughter of the emperor Arnulf, attested in 906; † April 26, 924
        1. Konrad I the Younger ; † December 23, 918, 908 Graf im Hessengau , 910 Graf im Gilde- / Keldagau , Margrave im Maingau and Duke of Franconia , 7./10. November 911 East Franconian king as successor to the last East Franconian Carolingian Ludwig the child ; founded in 912 by Sankt Walpurgis in Weilburg , buried in Fulda ; ⚭ 913 Kunigunde, sister of Counts Erchanger and Berthold ( Ahalolfinger ), widow of Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria ( Luitpoldinger ), buried in Lorsch Abbey
        2. Eberhard ; † October 23, 939 near Andernach , Duke of Franconia, 909 lay abbot of Sankt Maximin in Trier , 913 Count in Hessengau and Perfgau , 913 and 928 Count in Oberlahngau , 914 Margrave , 936 Truchsess , Margrave in Maingau, 938 Count Palatine
          1. Konrad, 953/965 Graf im Lobdengau he gets the Lobdengau from Konrad Kurzbold
            1. Meingaud, 965–987 Graf im Maingau , 987–1002 Graf im Lobdengau
        3. Otto; † after 918, 904 Graf im Ruhrgau , 912 Graf an der Mittel Lahn
        4. Daughter ⚭ Burkhard
      2. Eberhard; † 902/903 before Bamberg , Count in Niederlahngau , 888 Count in Ortenau , ⚭ Wiltrud 903–933 attested, probably daughter of Walaho , Count in Wormsgau ( Walahonen )
        1. Sons , mentioned in 903
        2. Konrad Kurzbold ; † June 30, 948, 906/907 and 932 Graf im Wormsgau , 910 Graf im Niederlahngau , 927 Graf im Ahrgau , Graf im Lobdengau , founded the St. Georg monastery in Limburg ad Lahn in 910 , where he was also buried, he had no descendants .
        3. Gebhard; † after January 15, 947, 940 Graf im Ufgau , ⚭ probably NN von Vermandois , daughter of Count Heribert I ( Carolingian )
          1. Konrad, Kuno I .; † probably 982, 961 Vogt of Schwarzach am Main , 948–951 Count in Rheingau , 973 Count in Ortenau , ⚭ Judith of Thuringia
            1. Konrad † 20-08-997, 983 Graf, 985 and 995 Graf in Rheingau , 987 Graf in Ufgau , 994 Graf in Ortenau ⚭ Adelheid, Konrad - is perhaps identical to Kuno von Öhningen, Duke Konrad of Swabia, see below
          2. Drutwin I (Lord of Lipporn 940, Count in the Esterau 950)
            1. Drutwin II (Herr zu Lipporn, Count in Königssondergau 991) (This line is dying out and the county of Königssondergau goes to Reginhard { Reginbodonen }, son of Konrad / Kuno I. 982)
            2. Rupert (Archbishop of Mainz 970–975)
          3. Udo; † July 19, 982 in Calabria , Count of Nassau (this line is dying out and the county of Nassau is continued by the children of Dudu Heinrich von Laurenburg through an exchange with the Archbishop of Trier in 1159)
          4. Judith; † October 16, probably 973, ⚭ Heinrich the Bald Count in Heilangau ; † May 11, 976 ( Udonen )
        4. ? Daughter ⚭ Werner , attested around 890–910; † probably 920, 906 Graf im Speyergau and Wormsgau ( Salier )
      3. Gebhard (attested in 888, † (June 22nd, 910 near Augsburg ), 897 and 906 count in the upper Rheingau , 909 count in the Wetterau , 903 duke in Lorraine dux regni quod a multis Hlotharii dicitur ("Duke of the kingdom, that of many that is called Lothar “, which means the Lotharii Regnum, the later Lorraine), had a Salvator Church consecrated in Wetzlar in 897 .
        1. Udo ; † 949, 914 Graf in der Wetterau , 917 and 948 Graf im Rheingau , 918 Graf im Lahngau , founds the monastery Sankt Maria in Wetzlar in 914/915 , where he was buried, ⚭ NN von Vermandois , daughter of Count Heribert I. ( Carolingian )
          1. Gebhard; † 938 before Belecke
          2. Udo ; † 965, 950–965 Bishop of Strasbourg
          3. Heribert ; † 992, 976 Count in Kinziggau , Count Palatine , Count in Engersgau , Count of Gleiberg ; ⚭ Imiza, daughter of Count Megingoz and Gerberga ( Matfride )
            1. Otto von Hammerstein (Otto von Zutphen), attested in 1002; † probably June 5, 1036, 1016 count in der Wetterau , 1019 count in Engersgau , ⚭ Irmgard; † 1042, daughter of Gottfried the prisoner , Count of Verdun ( Wigeriche , Hammerstein marriage )
              1. Udo; † 1034
              2. Mathilde; ⚭ Ludolf , Vogt von Brauweiler ; † April 11, 1031 ( Ezzonen )
            2. Gebhard; † November 8, 1016, count
            3. Irmtrud , b. 972; † after 985, heiress of Gleiberg , ⚭ Friedrich von Luxemburg ; † October 6, 1019, Graf im Moselgau ( Wigeriche )
            4. Gerberga; † after 1036 ⚭ Heinrich von Schweinfurt , attested in 980; † September 18, 1017, Graf im Nordgau , buried in Schweinfurt
        2. Hermann I .; † December 10, 949, around 914–915 Count, 926 Duke of Swabia , 939 Count in Niederlahngau , Count in Engersgau , 947 lay abbot of Echternach , founds Sankt Florin in Koblenz , buried on the island of Reichenau ; ⚭ 926 Regelinda ; † 958 after April 29 on the island of Ufenau , widow of Duke Burchard II of Swabia, probably daughter of Count Eberhard II in Zürichgau ( Eberhardinger ) and Gisela
          1. Ida (Ita) ; † May 17, 986; ⚭ Late 947 / early 948 Liudolf of Saxony ; † September 6, 957 in Pombia , 950–954 Duke of Swabia , buried in Sankt Alban near Mainz ( Liudolfinger )
      4. Rudolf ; † August 3, 908 in Thuringia , 892–908 Bishop of Würzburg
    2. Berengar , attested in 860; † after 879, 876 Count of the Hessengau
    3. Waldo; † October 30th…, 839 monk, 868/879 abbot of Sankt Maximin in Trier
    4. Berthold , Archbishop of Trier from 869–883

In the 11th century

  1. Konrad , Kuno von Öhningen; † August 20, 997, 983 Duke of Swabia ( dux Alemaniae et Alsatiae ) - is perhaps identical to Count Konrad in Rheingau, Ufgau and (994) Ortenau, see above and note afterwards - ⚭ Richlind , perhaps daughter of Liudolf , Duke of Schwaben ( Liudolfinger ), and / or Judith (see "Open Points")
    1. Liutold, laicus
    2. Konrad, laicus
    3. Hermann II ; † May 2 or 3, 1003, 996 Dux , 997 Duke of Swabia , candidate for the royal election of 1002 ; ⚭ around 986 Gerberga of Burgundy ; † July 7, 1019, maybe also 1018, daughter of Konrad III. des Friedfertigen ( Pacificus ), Duke of Burgundy ( Welfen ), widow of Count Hermann von Werl
      1. Mathilde , * probably 988; † July 29, 1031/1032, buried in Worms Cathedral ,
        ⚭ I around 1002 Conrad I , Duke of Carinthia ; † December 12, 1011, maybe also December 15, ( Salier ),
        ⚭ II Friedrich II. , Count of Bar and Duke of Upper Lorraine ; † 1026 ( Wigeriche ),
        ⚭ III Esiko Graf von Ballenstedt , Count in Schwabengau and in the Serimunt district ; † probably 1059/1060 ( Ascanians )
      2. Gisela , born October 11, probably 990; † February 16, 1043 in Goslar , buried in Speyer Cathedral ;
        ⚭ I at 1002 Bruno ; † 1012/1014, count, probably from Braunschweig ;
        ⚭ II around 1014 Ernst I Duke of Swabia ; † March 31 (maybe also May) 1015 by a hunting accident, buried in Würzburg ( Babenberger ),
        ⚭ III before January 1017 Conrad II , Duke of Franconia , 1024 German King , 1027 Emperor ; † June 4, 1039 ( Salier )
      3. Berchtold, * beginning of 992; † beginning of 993, baptized in Einsiedeln 992, buried in Marchtal
      4. Beatrix; † February 23 after 1025; ⚭ Adalbero von Eppenstein , 1012–1035 Duke of Carinthia , 1000 attested; † November 28, 1039 ( Eppensteiner )
      5. Hermann III. ; † April 1, 1012, 1003 Duke of Swabia
    4. Ita von Öhningen ⚭ Rudolf II. Count von Altdorf († March 10th ...) ( Welfen )
    5. Daughter ⚭ after 1011 Vladimir I. Svyatoslavich, Vladimir the Holy; † July 15, 1015, Grand Duke of Kiev ( Rurikids )
    6. Judith ⚭ I NN (from Rheinfelden ), ⚭ II Adalbert Graf von Metz ; † 1033 ( Matfride )
    7. Kunizza; † 1020, ⚭ Friedrich I, 1003/1027, Count probably von Dießen
    8. Reginhard, Count in Königssondergau, standard bearer / high bailiff of the Fulda monastery († 1040) {progenitor of the Reginbodonen .}

Open points

Numerous questions about the exact relationships within the Conradin family and to the other important families of the empire remain unanswered. In particular, the relationships from the daughters' marriages are unclear.

So it is questionable whether the mother of Conrad the Red , the ancestor of the Salian emperors, comes from the family of the Conradines. It could be a sister or (illegitimate) daughter of King Conrad I; A descent from Eberhard († 902/903) is also possible.

The dispute in specialist science revolves mainly around Duke Konrad von Schwaben († 997) and his wife.

The identity of Duke Konrad with Kuno von Öhningen, which Armin Wolf demonstrated in 1980 (see below: Who was Kuno von Öhningen?), Is now widely recognized.

On the one hand, Konrad's parents are controversial. Erich Brandenburg saw him at the beginning of the 20th century as the younger son of Udo, the Count in the Wetterau, and his wife, unknown by name, a daughter of Count Heribert I of Vermandois. Konrad's parents are unknown to Wolf, but Jackman and Fried name Duke Konrad (from Alsace; † 982) as his father, Judith or Jutta von Öhningen as his mother, and instead put Gebhard (X 938) and Bishop Udo of Strasbourg as the sons of Udo von der Wetterau a. Heinzelmann sees him more as a cognatic grandson of Udo.

In addition, Duke Konrad von Schwaben was equated by Erich Brandenburg with Count Konrad im Rheingau (949), a relative of Duke Hermann I (son of a cousin Hermann I). But this would include his son of the same name, if only because of his age , who was count in the Rheingau in 985 and 995 - which, on the other hand, would also classify the Alsatian Duke Konrad led by Jackman and Fried.

Research also disagrees about Konrad's wife. She sees one position (e.g. wolf) as "filia Ottonis Magni imperatoris" ( Genealogia Welforum , Historia Welforum ), whereby "filia" would generally have to be translated as a descendant (here: granddaughter) whose name was Richlint (Jackman and Fried). If her father had been Emperor Otto's son Liudolf, then Richlint would have been a granddaughter of Konrad's (indirect) predecessor as Duke of Swabia, Hermann I. Another position is that of Dungern (1906) and Hlawitschka, who see a Judith or Jutta, Hlawitschka also a daughter of Adalbert von Marchtal from the Ahalolfinger family (see below: Wolf, Quasi hereditatem ...)

literature

used therein:

  • Marie Luise Crome: Konrad Kurzbold . In: Nassau Annals . Volume 98, Wiesbaden 1987.
  • Irmgard Dietrich: The house of the Konradiner. Investigations into the constitutional history of the late Carolingian period . Marburg 1952.
  • Irmgard Dietrich: The Konradiner in the Franconian-Saxon border area of ​​Thuringia and Hesse . In: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte . Volume 3, self-published, Marburg 1953.
  • Ernst Dümmler : History of the East Franconian Empire . Volume 3: The Last Carolingians and Konrad I. Reprint, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1960.
  • Johannes Fried : Prolepsis or Death. Methodical and other remarks on the Konradin genealogy in the 10th and early 11th centuries . In: Johannes Dahlbauer among others: Papal history and regional history. Festschrift for Hermann Jakobs on his 65th birthday . Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna / Weimar 1995.
  • Hellmuth Gensicke : Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes (= publications of the historical commission for Nassau , volume 13). Wiesbaden 1958.
  • Winfried Glocker: The relatives of the Ottonians and their importance in politics. Studies on family policy and genealogy of the Saxon imperial family . Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna / Weimar 1989.
  • Josef Heinzelmann : Spanheimer chips. Chess coat of arms and Conradin heritage . In: Yearbook for West German State History . Volume 25, Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz 1999, pp. 7–68.
  • Eduard Hlawitschka : Studies on the change of throne in the first half of the 11th century and on the nobility history of southern Germany . Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1987.
  • Donald C. Jackman : The Konradiner. A Study in Genealogical Methodology (= Ius commune - Publications of the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History , Volume 47). Frankfurt am Main 1990.
  • Karl Hermann May: Territorial history of the Oberlahnkreis (Weilburg) (= writings of the institute for historical regional studies in Hesse and Nassau, volume 18 ). Elwert, Marburg 1939.
  • Friedrich Stein: History of King Konrad I of Franconia . Nordlingen 1872.
  • Wolf-Heino Struck: Addenda to Konrad Kurzbold, Count of the Niederlahngau and founder of the St. Georg Abbey in Limburg an der Lahn († 948) . In: Nassau Annals . Volume 101, Wiesbaden 1990.
  • Stefan Weinfurter : The Salians and the Reich (exhibition catalog, 1st volume). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991.
  • Rudolf Wendehorst: The dioceses of the ecclesiastical province of Mainz. The Diocese of Würzburg, Volume 1: The series of bishops up to 1254 (= Germania Sacra , New Series , Volume 1). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1962 ( online ).
  • Reinhard Wenskus : Saxon tribal nobility and Franconian imperial nobility (= treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, philological-historical class, volume 93). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1976.
  • Gerd Wunder: Contributions to the genealogy of Swabian ducal houses . In: Journal for Württemberg State History . Volume 31, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1972, pp. 1–15. *
  • Armin Wolf : candidacy for king and kingship. Hermann von Schwaben as a touchstone for the "principle of free choice" . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages . Volume 47, Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna / Weimar 1991.
  • Armin Wolf: Quasi hereditate inter filios. On the controversy about the right to vote for kings in 1002 and the genealogy of the Konradines . In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History , German Department. Volume 112, Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna / Weimar 1995.
  • Armin Wolf: Who was Kuno "von Öhningen". Reflections on the Duchy of Conrad of Swabia († 997) and the election of a king in 1002 . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages . Volume 36, Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna / Weimar 1980.

Further literature:

  • Eduard Hlawitschka: Konradiner genealogy, inadmissible relatives marriages and late Ttonian-early Salian occupation of the throne. A look back at 25 years of research disputes . In: MGH , Studies and Texts . Volume 32, Hannover 2003, ISBN 3-7752-5732-2 . ( Review by Caspar Ehlers (Concilium medii aevi 7 (2004) pp. 1017–1018) as pdf ; review by Franz-Reiner Erkens )
  • Eduard Hlawitschka: The ancestors of the high medieval German kings, emperors and their wives. An annotated table work . 2 parts in one volume. 2006.
  • Donald C. Jackman: The pedigree of the earliest German kings . In: Herold Yearbook, New Series. Volume 15, self-published by Herold, Berlin 2010, pp. 47–67.
  • Gudrun Vögler: The Konradines. The family of King Konrad I. A Franconian high aristocracy in Hessengau at home ( beech leaves. Supplement to the Fuldaer Zeitung for Heimatfreunde ). 81st year. No. 1 of January 9, 2008.

Web links

Wiktionary: Konradiner  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Filiation is controversial, see there and the article on Gebhard im Lahngau for details
  2. ^ Jackman (2010) and Hlawitschka (2006)
  3. ↑ im Lahngau, Gebhard II. In: Genealogie Bohrer. Peter Bohrer, Heppenheim, November 3, 2015, accessed July 10, 2016 .
  4. ↑ After Donald C. Jackman: "Cousins ​​of the German Carolingians", in: Keats-Rohan , Settipani (Ed.): Onomastique et Parenté dans l'Occident médiéval (Oxford, 2000)