Richlind

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Richlind (* around 948; † probably after 1007) was a noblewoman who is mentioned in sources about the origin of the Guelphs , but whose historical existence is controversial. According to the "Richlind thesis", their family ties played with the successor to Emperor Otto III. a significant role.

Sources

The sources on Richlind and especially on her family relationships are sparse:

  1. as the mother of Ita von Öhningen, the wife of Rudolf von Altdorf, a progenitor of the Welfs ,
  2. as the wife of the nobilissimus comes Kuno and
  3. as the daughter of Emperor Otto the Great ("filia Ottonis Magni imperatoris").
  • The Historia Welforum , created in 1167/74, adopts the information from the Genealogia and names the wife Kunos (von Öhningen) and daughter of Emperor Otto the Great Richlind ( Richlint nomine ).

Both the Genealogia and the Historia report that the fourth of Kuno's daughters (von Öhningen) married a Count von Andechs / Dießen. The Dießen tradition reports that this daughter, here called Kunizza (Kunigunde), married a Count of Andechs / Dießen, and that "Emperor Otto the Great was Kunizza's grandfather".

In a memorial entry of the Reichenau monastery from 983 or shortly before, ten people are listed who could be assigned to the Kuno von Öhningens family, including a Júdita and a Richlint, whose identities are disputed, but Wolf sees Júdita as another daughter and Richlind as Konrad's wife, Hlawitschka sees Júdita as the wife and Richlint as the granddaughter due to the arrangement of the names.

The Richlind thesis

The mere combination of these data shows that Richlind, a daughter of Emperor Otto the Great, married Count Kuno von Öhningen. The couple had several children, including Hermann , Ita, who married the Guelph Rudolf von Altdorf, and Kunigunde or Kunizza, the wife of Count Friedrich von Andechs or Dießen, whose grandfather is Otto the Great.

For a long time it was suspected that Kuno von Öhningen was a legendary figure (which made the Welf Chronicle seem unreliable), but Schmid was able to show in 1966 that he was a real person. Wolf then proved in 1980 that Kuno von Öhningen is identical to Duke Konrad I of Swabia .

It is also undisputed that Richlind cannot be a daughter of Otto the Great and Otto cannot be Kunigunde's grandfather. Wolf sees in her a daughter of Otto's son Liudolf and his wife Ita von Schwaben, i.e. a granddaughter of the emperor.

Inferences

If the "Richlind thesis" is valid, there are a number of implications:

  • Konrad von Öhningen was the son-in-law of the Swabian Duke Liudolf and the brother-in-law of Duke Otto I , who died childless in 982 , when he himself became his successor as Duke of Swabia that year.
  • Konrad's son, Duke Hermann II of Swabia , applied after Otto III's death. in the election of the king of 1002 for the successor. Since the sons of the sister of Emperor Otto III. were underage and the Salier Duke Otto von Kärnten , a cousin of the emperor, had renounced, Hermann was the one among the applicants who was most closely related to the deceased emperor, because Richlind was Otto III's biological cousin. and Hermann her son. Hermann was also closer to Otto III. related to Duke Heinrich of Bavaria , who was a second cousin. Heinrich prevailed in the end by having himself elected and crowned before the general election meeting.
  • The marriage of Duke Hermann II with Gerberga of Burgundy was a 4: 3 relationship between relatives, prohibited in the strictest version of canon law : Hermann's great-grandfather Otto the Great (4 generations) was a brother of Gerberga 's grandmother of the same name (3 generations). Hermann's competitor, King Heinrich II, addressed this question with a view to the marriage of Hermann's daughter Mathilde with Conrad of Carinthia at a synod in January 1003, when he said, “that so close relatives marry each other that they ... even connect Do not avoid consanguinity of the third degree ”.
  • Hermann and Gerberga's second daughter, Gisela , was married to Duke Konrad von Franken , who was elected king on September 4, 1024 (as Konrad II) with the Archbishop of Mainz Aribo as the driving force. On September 8, 1024, Aribo crowned Konrad German king in Mainz - and refused to do the same to Gisela. Wolf concludes from this that Gisela posed a problem for Aribo and sees this as a consequence of the uncanonical 4: 3 marriage of her parents, which Aribo could not tolerate because he was involved in the Hammerstein marriage between Otto von Hammerstein and Irmingard von Verdun , who was also a 4: 3 marriage of relatives, and to whom he had even opposed Pope Benedict VIII the year before , did not want to weaken his position by prejudice in favor of Gisela. Gisela's coronation was carried out on September 21, 1024 by the Archbishop of Cologne, Pilgrim, in Cologne. At the Synod of Frankfurt in 1027 , the proceedings surrounding the Hammerstein marriage were finally discontinued at the request of Konrad II: Konrad was not willing to take action against the marriage, because firstly he was related to Otto and secondly he and his wife were vulnerable on this point .

swell

  • Genealogia Welforum, MGH Scriptores XIII (Supplementa tomorum I-XII, 1881), pp. 733ff
  • De fundatoribus monasterii Diessensis, MGH Scriptores XVII (Annales aevi Suevici, 1861), p. 329
  • The fraternization book of Reichenau Abbey , MGH Libri memoriales et Necrologia, Nova series 1, plate 135
  • Erich König (ed.): Historia Welforum. In: Swabian Chronicles of the Staufer Period I (1938)

literature

  • Karl Schmid: Problem with the “Count Kuno von Öhningen”. A contribution to the origin of the Guelph house tradition and the beginnings of the Hohenstaufen territorial policy in the Lake Constance area . In: Herbert Berner (Ed.): Dorf und Stift Öhningen , 1966
  • Armin Wolf : Who was Kuno “von Öhningen”? Thoughts on the Duchy of Konrad von Schwaben († 997) and the election of a king in 1002 . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages , Volume 36, 1980, pp. 25–83.
  • Eduard Hlawitschka : Who were Kuno and Richlind von Öhningen. Critical considerations for a new identification proposal . In: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins , Volume 128, 1980, pp. 1-49.
  • Donald C. Jackman : The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology. In: Studies on European Legal History. Volume 47, 1990, pp. 178-195.
  • Johannes Fried : Prolepsis or Death? Methodical and other remarks on the Konradin genealogy in the 10th and early 11th centuries . In: Joachim Dahlhaus and Armin Kohnle (ed.): Papal history and regional history. Festschrift for Hermann Jakobs on his 65th birthday. Cologne u. a. 1995, pp. 115–117 (excursus 3)
  • Alois Schütz: The Counts of Dießen and Andechs, dukes of Merania . In: Armin Wolf (ed.): Royal daughter tribes, king voters and electors. Frankfurt 2002, p. 236.
  • Armin Wolf: On Henry II's election as a king in 1002. Family conditions of the king's suffrage . In: Genealogisches Jahrbuch , Volume 42, 2002, pp. 5-88.
  • Eduard Hlawitschka: Konradin genealogy, inadmissible relatives marriages and late Ttonian-Early Salian occupation of the throne: a review of 25 years of research dispute , 2003.
  • Detlev Schwennicke: European family tables . Volume 1.1, 2005, plate 10.
  • Eduard Hlawitschka: The ancestors of the high medieval German kings, emperors and their wives. An annotated table work. Volume 1, 2006, pp. 917-1137.
  • Johannes Fried: Konradiner and no end or the invention of the noble family from the spirit of canon law. A discussion with Eduard Hlawitschka , In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History, German Department , Volume 123, 2006, pp. 1-66.
  • Eduard Hlawitschka: Konradiner disputes. A field only for non-binding hypotheses, not also for plausibility arguments and logic proofs? In: Journal for Bavarian State History , Volume 71, 2008, pp. 1–101
  • Armin Wolf: Ancestors of German kings and queens . In: Herold Yearbook. New series, Volume 15, 2010, pp. 77ff.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Wolf (2010), pp. 134/135
  2. ↑ This thesis is supported u. a. von Jackman, Fried, Wolf and Schütz, for the opposing position is mainly von Hlawitschka (see section literature)
  3. ↑ ". Ruodolfus uxorem accepit de Oningen Itam nomine cuius pater fuit Chuono nobilissimus comes, vero mater filia Ottonis Magni imperatoris fuit" (Genealogia Welforum, caput 4, p 734) - "Rudolf took Ita of Oehningen the wife whose father of noble Count Kuno, the mother of a daughter of Emperor Otto the Great. "
  4. ↑ "Roudolfus [...] accepit uxorem de Oningen itham nomine cuius pater Chouno nobilissimus comes, mater vero eius filia Otthonis Magni imperatoris fuit, Richlint nomine" (King: Historia Welforum, caput 6, pp 12/13)
  5. ^ Genealogia, caput 4: "4a comiti nupsit de Andhese"; Historia, caput 6: "quarta comiti de Diezon nupsit"
  6. ↑ "Huius itaque Kunizza avus fuit Otto imperatoris magnus ..."; De fundatoribus monasterii Diessensis, MGH Scriptores XVII (Annales aevi Suevici), p. 329
  7. ↑ MGH Libri memoriales et Necrologia, Nova series 1: The fraternization book of the Reichenau Abbey, plate 135: The names are: [1] Cuonradus comes / [2] Liutoldus laicus / [3] Cuonradus laicus / [4] Herimannus / [5] Ita [6] Júdita / [7] Richlint / [8] Ruo- / dolf / [9] Vuelf Heinrich [10] Heinrich; the numbers are inserted for better understanding, a new column begins between [6] and [7] in the same handwriting. There is agreement on persons [1] to [5] (Konrad, three sons, including Duke Hermann II of Swabia, and a daughter) and [8] to [10] (son-in-law Rudolf von Altdorf and his sons), [6] and [7] are disputed.
  8. ↑ Wolf (2010), p. 134; Hlawitschka (2003), pp. 35-38
  9. ^ Schmid: Problem with the "Count Kuno von Öhningen" (1966), see section literature
  10. ↑ Wolf: Who was Kuno "von Öhningen"? (1960), see section literature
  11. ↑ Wolf (1980), Wolf (2010), p. 126ff
  12. ↑ In research it is controversial whether Kuno was the son of Count Udo in the Wetterau or of Count Konrad in the Rheingau; as Udo's son, his marriage to Richlind would have been a forbidden 2: 3 marriage (with Duke Gebhard von Lothringen as Konrad's grandfather and Richlind's great-grandfather), as Konrad's son a permitted 4: 4 marriage (with Count Udo im Lahngau as great-great-grandfather both Konrads and Richlinds); Hlawitschka represents the first variant (Hlawitschka (2006), p. 273f), Wolf the second (Wolf (2010), p. 139f)
  13. ↑ Konrad's relationship with Duke Hermann I of Swabia , who belonged to his own family, is much more distant: Konrad's grandfather Gebhard, Count in the Ufgau, was a cousin of Hermann I.
  14. ↑ The Fundatio monasterii Brunwilarensis , the history of the founding of the Brauweiler Abbey and the Ezzonian house chronicle, reports (cf. King Election of 1002 and Ezzonen ) that Count Palatine Ezzo of Lorraine , the husband of Otto's sister Mathilde and father of the minor nephews , was a candidate .
  15. ↑ “Canon law in its strictest version forbade marriages within the 7th degree of kinship. But the counting methods, which were used here and there in Christendom, differed so strongly that the most diverse possibilities were actually practiced. "Fried, Prolepsis or Tod, p. 72, with reference to: Joseph Freisen, Geschichtliche Studium über die kinship counting according to canon law, in: Archive for Catholic Church Law (AKKR) 56 (1886), pp. 217–263, here 235f; summarizing Paul Mikat , Ehe, in: Hand Wortbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte (HRG) 1 (1971), S: 824; Rudolf Weigand , Ehe, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters Volume 3 (1986), Column 1623f.
  16. ↑ Another filiation is also critical: Gerberga's grandmother Berta and Konrad's grandmother Ita were half sisters; they had the same mother with Regelinda , but different fathers ( Burchard II and Herman I , both dukes of Swabia); with the same father it would have been a forbidden 3: 3 marriage, the different father turns it into a 4: 4 marriage (cf. Wolf (2010), p. 137)
  17. ↑ This Synod of Diedenhofen took place immediately after Henry II's ride around the king, which in turn began immediately after the coronation and submission of Hermann II.
  18. ↑ Wolf (2010), p. 136/137, names a synod in January 1003 or April 1005 - the main difference is that Hermann died in May 1003, so the marriage no longer existed in 1005
  19. ^ Vita Adalberonis II. Mettensis episcopi auctore Constantino abbate, caput 16, MGH Scriptores IV, p. 663, quoted from Wolf (2010), p. 136
  20. ↑ There is no evidence of Aribo's motivation
  21. ↑ The marriage of Konrad and Giselas himself was a tolerated 4: 4 marriage of relatives, Otto the Great and Edgitha were the great-great-grandparents of both
  22. ↑ Otto von Hammerstein and Gisela's father Hermann were cousins

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Richlind
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Richlint, Reginlind
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German nobles
DATE OF BIRTH 10th century
DATE OF DEATH 10th century or 11th century