Geography

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The Area Studies is a discipline of geography . It represents the idiographic direction of regional geography, in which a certain earth or landscape area is considered individually. The geography emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual rooms . According to the Austrian geographer Norbert Krebs , the object of investigation of regional studies, in contrast to landscape studies, is not a landscape in the sense of “repeatedly recurring types”, but a country as “individual”; Carl Troll defined this country as a state , a politically limited territory or as the residential area of ​​a people .

history

15th century map of the British Isles based on information from Ptolemy's Cosmography

The history of geography in its form as a descriptive representation of countries goes back to ancient Europe and ancient China. Strabo and Ptolemy were important geographers of antiquity .

At the end of the 19th century, geography was essentially equated with geography, and geography had "been primarily geography since ancient times."

Until the 1960s, geography in German-speaking countries was regarded by geographers as the core area or “crown” of geographical sciences. With the Kiel Geographers' Day in 1969, at which it was criticized as unfounded in terms of the theory of science , holistic and naturalistic , geography lost much of its importance. Since the 1970s, it has mainly been used in the form of problem-oriented regional studies .

Regional schema

The regional geography scheme , after Alfred Hettner also Hettner's regional geography scheme or Hettner's scheme , has been used since the 19th century to standardize the structure of a geography. According to the regional geographic scheme, a fixed sequence should be adhered to when presenting regional geographic facts:

  1. Location, shape and size
  2. Geology and surface shapes
  3. climate
  4. Waters
  5. Plant dress
  6. Wildlife
  7. human
  8. Settlements
  9. economy
  10. traffic
  11. Linguistic , religious and state conditions

Dynamic and problem-oriented area studies

The dynamic regional geography developed by Hans Spethmann in the 1920s aimed to convey the essence of a country on the first pages and to emphasize the dominant geofactors . A geography based on this method is usually more detailed and specific than one based on the geography scheme. However, in country customers created using this method, it is more difficult to compare countries with one another, and the representations can be colored very subjectively.

The problem-oriented regional geography constitutes a development of Dynamic Studies . Individual problems and problem areas are in the center and form a common thread .

See also

literature

  • Axel Borsdorf : Think geographically and work scientifically . Klett-Perthes, Gotha 1999, ISBN 3-623-00649-1 . P. 55ff.
  • Gustav Fochler-Hauke : “On becoming, essence and goal of geographic geography.” In: Die Große Illustrierte Länderkunde , Volume I, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1964. pp. 34–52.
  • Nicolas Ginsburger: "Les enfants terribles" de la "Landscape". Revendications, contestations et révoltes dans la geographie universitaire ouest-allemande (Bonn, Berlin-Ouest, Kiel) in 1968–1969 . In: Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines , January 2015, No. 26, pp. 173-208.
  • Ute Wardenga: German Geographical Thought and the Development of Länderkunde (PDF; 110 kB) in: Inforgeo, 18/19, Edições Colibri, Lisbon 2006, pp. 127–147.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Axel Borsdorf : Think geographically and work scientifically . Klett-Perthes, Gotha 1999. p. 44.
  2. ↑ Gabler's Wirtschaftslexikon , 16th edition, GMV Fachverlage, Wiesbaden 2005. ISBN 3-409-10386-4 . P. 1854.
  3. ↑ Gustav Fochler-Hauke : "On becoming, essence and goal of geographic geography." In: Die Große Illustrierte Länderkunde , Volume I, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1964. p. 39.
  4. ↑ Gustav Fochler-Hauke : "On becoming, essence and goal of geographic geography." In: Die Große Illustrierte Länderkunde , Volume I, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1964. pp. 40f.
  5. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . Volume 5, 5th edition, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig, Vienna 1897, pp. 899f.
  6. ↑ Axel Borsdorf : Think geographically and work scientifically . Klett-Perthes, Gotha 1999. p. 55.
  7. ↑ Axel Borsdorf : Think geographically and work scientifically . Klett-Perthes, Gotha 1999. p. 60.
  8. ↑ Axel Borsdorf : Think geographically and work scientifically . Klett-Perthes, Gotha 1999. pp. 57f.
  9. ↑ Axel Borsdorf : Think geographically and work scientifically . Klett-Perthes, Gotha 1999. pp. 59f.