Landscaped garden
The terms landscape garden and landscape park denote a relatively large area designed as a landscape according to certain ideas of garden art or landscape architecture , which is characterized by its natural, scenic or cultural properties. Landscape parks and gardens originally had primarily symbolic functions, nowadays they mainly serve to preserve and enhance nature, landscape and culture and are intended to promote the quality of life of the population and, as a soft location factor, strengthen the economy. This means that the landscape park is neither exclusively a natural space nor a green space or a recreation area and is differentiated from the national park and nature park .
Distinction
English landscape garden
→ Main article: English landscape garden
The English Landscape Park or English Landscape Garden (also English Park or English Garden for short) is a landscape park whose shape and style developed in England in the 18th century. As a further development of garden art , it emerged as a deliberate contrast to the previous formal gardens with the dominating French-style baroque garden , which forced nature into geometrically exact forms.
Folk and city parks
In the second half of the 18th century landscape parks were public parks and downtown city park adds.
Ferme Ornée
After the English garden and landscape designer William Shenstone , the aim of the Ferme Ornée , also known as Ornamental Farm, is to harmonize the aesthetic design and agricultural use of a landscape. In his work Unconnected thoughts on gardening (1764) he describes the concept and the essential design and usage elements of the Ferme Ornée :
- Pasture farming and agriculture as the backbone of land use
- Running and standing waters
- Forest islands with hat forests and wilderness
- Formal and ornamental garden elements
- Creation of avenues to structure the landscape
- Staged special places and picnic areas
- (Circular) hiking trails to develop the landscape scenery
The English park was built in the 18th and 19th centuries. Artistic further development in Germany by Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell , Hermann von Pückler-Muskau and Peter Joseph Lenné .
A current version of this concept is currently (2008) in the northern Saarland . There, based on the model of the Ferme Ornée, the " Imsbach Landscape Park " project is being implemented on an area of around 180 hectares .
Recultivated industrial landscapes
In more recent times, industrial architecture or post-industrial urban landscapes that have been recultivated in some places for entertainment purposes have also been referred to as "landscape parks", such as the Duisburg-Nord landscape park ( Lapadu ) or the Emscher landscape park . The Neue Landschaft Ronneburg is such a park .
Landscape parks in Germany
List see under English landscape garden .
Individual evidence
- ^ Siegmund, Andrea 2011: The landscape garden as a counterworld. A contribution to the theory of the landscape in the field of tension between Enlightenment, sensitivity, romanticism and counter-Enlightenment. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
literature
in alphabetical order by authors / editors
- Agnieszka Derda: The landscape garden in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries using the example of the gardens of Izabela Czartoryska . In: Die Gartenkunst 28 (2/2017), pp. 313–319.
- Garden Tour 2008. On the way to Germany's palaces, parks and gardens . Labhard, Konstanz 2008, ISBN 978-3-939142-24-9 .
- Uta Hassler, Julia Berger, Kilian Jost: Constructed mountain experiences - waterfalls, alpine scenery, illuminated nature . Hirmer, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-7774-2579-5
- John Dixon Hunt: The Change in Landscape Parks in England and America during the 19th Century . In: Die Gartenkunst 2 (1/1990), pp. 20–31.
- Kilian Jost: "That harmony is deeply rooted in nature (...) especially shows us the Aeolian harp". A forgotten acoustic equipment of the early landscape garden . In: Die Gartenkunst 26 (2/2014), pp. 201–208.
- Kilian Jost: Rock landscapes - a building task of the 19th century. Grottoes, waterfalls and rocks in landscaped gardens . Dissertation, Zurich 2015, ISBN 978-3-00-053146-0 .
- Simone Schulz: "Divini gloria ruris!" Garden art, agriculture and poetry with William Shenstone and his Ferme Ornée "The Leasowes" . In: Die Gartenkunst 22 (1/2010), pp. 75ff.
- Simone Schulz: Garden art, agriculture and poetry with William Shenstone and his Ferme Ornée “ The Leasowes ” in the mirror of his literary circle . Free University of Berlin, 2005 ( online version - dissertation).
- Anna Zádor: The English Garden in Hungary . In: Die Gartenkunst 2 (1/1990), pp. 41–52.
