Volksgarten
The Volksgarten or Stadtgarten is a design form of the public park that was created at the end of the 18th century and was further developed into the Volkspark or Stadtpark at the end of the 19th century . In practical application, the terms are not necessarily used as selectively as in theory.
The purpose of public gardens and public parks is to give the population access to nature and places to relax in urban areas. One of their problems is that they usually (have to) arise where areas of lower land value (areas prone to flooding or landslides, feudal residual greenery, outdated infrastructure complexes, etc.) cannot be better utilized and / or where the population demands better green provision so can be met in the simplest way.
The Volksgarten
The design idea for the Volksgarten emerged in Germany at the end of the 18th century. It is still based on garden art, which is based on aesthetic criteria, and was developed theoretically by Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld and refined by Friedrich Ludwig Sckell to Peter Joseph Lenné and Gustav Meyer , but it also solidified in schematically planned formalisms.
For the recreation, education and upbringing of the urban population, parks have been created throughout the German-speaking area by the municipalities , but also by the respective sovereigns . In addition to forest and meadow areas , ponds , water features, resting places, monuments and pavilions were also created. Originally, these were mostly feudal (hunting) parks that were opened to the public by enlightened rulers (for example in the case of the Vienna Prater and the Augarten ), later on specially created grounds (e.g. Englischer Garten , Munich).
The Volkspark
The idea of the Volkspark arose at the end of the 19th century from criticism of the Volksgarten concept. The new conception marks the transition from garden art, which is strongly oriented towards aesthetic criteria, primarily based on the concept of the English landscape garden, to modern, user-related open space design and landscape planning .
What was new about the Volkspark concept was, in particular, the consideration of the urban population's needs for space to play and exercise, not just for decent strolls and use of a few less planned amusement areas. Central, large and contiguous play and sports areas that can be walked on are typical of public parks, with a correspondingly reduced network of paths (for example, at Leberecht Migge, also allowing any trampled paths that may arise as a result).
Well-known designers of the first Volksparks are, for example, Fritz Schumacher and Fritz Encke , other designers were Ferdinand Tutenberg , Leberecht Migge , Harry Maasz .
Size comparison of urban green spaces
| International size comparison | |
|---|---|
| investment | Size in km² |
| National City Park , Stockholm | 27 |
| Richmond Park , London | 10 |
| Amsterdamse Bos , Amsterdam | 9.35 |
| Sutton Park , Birmingham | 9 |
| Bois de Boulogne , Paris | 8.4 |
| Phoenix Park , Dublin | 7th |
| Eilenriede , Hanover | 6.4 |
| Silesian Park , Chorzów / Katowice | 6.2 |
| Wiener Prater , Vienna | 6th |
| Golden Gate Park , San Francisco | 4.1 |
| Kings Park , Perth | 4th |
| Ohlsdorf Cemetery , Hamburg | 3.89 |
| English Garden , Munich | 3.75 |
| Tempelhofer Park , Berlin | 3.55 |
| Central Park , New York | 3.5 |
| Borisova gradina , Sofia | 3.02 |
| Barmer plants , Wuppertal | 3 |
| Great Tiergarten , Berlin | 2.1 |
| Altonaer Volkspark , Hamburg | 2.05 |
| Bürgerpark and Stadtwald , Bremen | 2.02 |
| Big garden , Dresden | 1.8 |
| Niddapark , Frankfurt am Main | 1.68 |
| Rheinaue , Bonn | 1.6 |
| City Park , Hamburg | 1.5 |
| Jungfernheide Volkspark , Berlin | 1.4 |
| Volkspark Dutzendteich , Nuremberg | 1.3 |
| Grugapark , Essen | 0.7 |
List of public and city gardens
Selection of representative public and city gardens in German-speaking countries (according to today's name, then sorted by city)
Public gardens
- Bürgerpark Bremen
- Hofgarten Düsseldorf
- Klosterbergegarten Magdeburg
- Volksgarten Düsseldorf
- Volksgarten Kray (Essen)
- Volksgarten (Cologne)
- Volksgarten (Leipzig)
- Volksgarten (Linz)
- Lütgendortmund Volksgarten
- Volksgarten Mengede
- Volksgarten (Mönchengladbach)
- Volksgarten Nymphenburg ( Munich )
- Volksgarten Osterfeld
- Volksgarten (Salzburg)
- Volksgarten Vienna
- Volksgarten (Graz)
Public parks
- In Bavaria
- In Berlin :
- In Hamburg :
- In North Rhine-Westphalia :
- Fritz-Encke-Volkspark in Cologne-Raderthal
- Volkspark Marl in Marl
- Kaisergarten at Oberhausen Castle in Oberhausen
- Rheinpark Golzheim in Düsseldorf - Golzheim
- In Rhineland-Palatinate :
- In Saxony :
- Volkspark Räcknitz in Dresden
- Mariannenpark in Leipzig - Schönefeld
- Volkspark Kleinzschocher in Leipzig
- In Saxony-Anhalt
- In Schleswig-Holstein
- In Thuringia :
City gardens and city parks
- City Park (Bernau near Berlin)
- Bochum City Park
- City Park Dessau in Dessau-Roßlau
- City Garden Dortmund
- Great Garden (Dresden)
- Stadtgarten Essen
- City Park (Flensburg)
- Grüneburgpark in Frankfurt
- City Park Fürth
- City Park Gütersloh
- Stadtpark Hain in the south of Bamberg
- Hamburger Stadtpark and Harburger Stadtpark in Hamburg
- City Park Hannover
- City Park Kempten
- City garden Cologne
- City Park Lübeck
- Rotehorn Park Magdeburg
- City Park New World Memmingen
- Pasinger Stadtpark in the west of Munich
- Nuremberg city park
- Regensburg City Park
- Tórshavner City Park in the capital of the Faroe Islands
- Vienna City Park
- Winterthur City Garden
See also
literature
- Robert Schediwy , Franz Baltzarek: Green in the Big City , Tusch Urbanistica Vienna 1982
- Erika Schmidt: City parks in Germany - variants from the period from 1860 to 1910 . In: Die Gartenkunst 1 (1/1989), pp. 104–124.
- Erika Schmidt: Original condition and current condition of some German city parks from the 19th century . In: Die Gartenkunst 2 (1/1990), pp. 77–86.
