Running fountain
Running wells or tube wells are used by people and cattle to draw running well water and usually have an open water basin.
Before the installation of widely ramified distribution networks, the running fountains built in public places ( market fountains ) formed the essential elements of the urban drinking water supply . This was supplemented by direct water withdrawal from water bodies , cisterns or water well historically often, " Sodbrunnen " called. Fire brigades took extinguishing water from the well for fire fighting. Today they are valued as ornamental fountains because of their decorative effect in the cityscape and are used for refreshment on hot days and for children's play.
Running fountains are fed by water pipes , formerly tube journeys that bring the water from springs or rivers. Well rooms or reservoirs are often used to compensate for the flow rate and pressure fluctuations. These supply systems were formerly known as water art .
Designs
Running wells usually consist of a well stock (also called stud in Alemannic ), which contains the ascending supply line to the outlet pipe, and a well basin ( well bowl ) or trough . The well bowl or trough contains a drain or overflow. The basin is regionally called Kump .
In its original form and origin of the word, the well stick is a tree stump pierced lengthwise. Representative running fountains are often built around a central fountain column, the fountain column, which is often crowned by sculptures or statues. The construction method is called a stick fountain , in contrast to a bowl fountain with a fountain bowl attached.
In the case of purely decorative fountains, the draining water is often fed back into the fountain via a circulation pump in order to minimize water consumption.
distribution
The large cities in the Roman Empire were supplied with drinking water via fountains, often fed by aqueducts . The first running fountains date back to the Republican era, but they did not reach their peak until the imperial era. Although there were private running fountains, most of them were public. The wells were often stately facilities with representative well houses known as nymphaeans . The simpler running fountains intended for everyday use were called salientes . Augustan Rome had 500 of them (in addition to 700 wells) which Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had built.
Running fountains were also widespread in medieval and early modern cities in Central Europe. The city of Basel was famous for its running fountains and already had 40 public fountains in 1440, plus 22 more in monasteries and hospitals or private houses. The mountain town of Annaberg in the Saxon Ore Mountains has also been well researched. In the 17th century, a few private households there already had a pipe water connection, but more than half of the population was dependent on the communal water wells. These were simple vats, troughs and tubs made of wood, which were also supplied with wooden pipes. A stone market fountain existed only in central locations, such as the market square . According to the fountain plan from 1732, the city of Freiburg im Breisgau had 60 running fountains; in 1843 there were 40 public and 90 private ones, to which about 1,500 cubic meters of water were added daily.
Today, some of the historical fountains continue to be operated as ornamental fountains or are even newly built, for example in Wiesbaden or Zurich. The first Zurich running water fountain, the "Amazonenbrunnen", has been documented since 1430.
See also
Web links
- From antiquity to the Middle Ages - when the water suppliers were revered as "artists" , website www.wasser-bayern.de (on the history of water supply)
Individual evidence
- ^ Felix Biermann: Wells in medieval rural settlements in Germany: an overview . Památky archeologické Supplementum 17: 152-173.
- ^ A b Albert Baur: Well: Sources of life and joy: technology, history, stories . Oldenbourg Verlag, 1989. ISBN 978-3-486-26409-8 .
- ↑ floor. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 19 : Stob – Strollen - (X, 3rd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1957, Sp. 28 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
- ↑ Gregor Frehner, Moritz Flury-Rova, Heinz Pantli: Well I . Leaflets of the Federal Office for Civil Protection, Protection of Cultural Property. published by the FOCP Federal Office for Civil Protection of the Swiss Confederation, 2003 ( PDF; 345 kB ).
- ^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . 31st edition. Wissenmedia, Gütersloh 2013, ISBN 978-3-577-00302-5 .
- ↑ Andrea Schmölder-Veit: Fountains in the cities of the western Roman Empire . Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-89500-698-2 .
- ↑ Werner Dahlheim: Baths make life. Urban way of life in the Roman Empire . Research currently (of the TU Technical University Berlin) Issue 1/2000: 77–87.
- ↑ Werner Dahlheim: History of the Roman Empire . Oldenbourg Verlag, 2003. ISBN 978-3-486-70127-2 . on page 244.
- ↑ Eberhard Isenmann: The German city in the Middle Ages 1150–1550: city structure, law, constitution, city regiment, church, society, economy . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne and Weimar 2014. ISBN 978-3-412-22358-8
- ↑ Axel Rüthrich: The historical water supply and sewage disposal of the mountain town Annaberg in the Saxon Ore Mountains . In: Deutsche Wasserhistorische Gesellschaft: Ten Years of Water History Research and Reports , Part 2. Edited by Christoph Ohlig. ISBN 978-3-8448-1160-5 .
- ↑ Water supply companies of the state capital Wiesbaden. Wiesbaden and its fountains. In: wlw-wiesbaden.de. Retrieved March 26, 2017 .
- ^ City of Zurich, water supply: Brunnenguide Altstadt. Leaflet, undated
- ^ Well history. City of Zurich, Department of Industrial Companies ( Memento of the original from March 28, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 27, 2017.
