List of classic experiments in psychology
One of the most famous psychological experiments is the Milgram experiment (1962)
The first classic experiments in psychology date from the 19th century. In this century psychology developed into an empirical science. Research into psychological phenomena that meet scientific requirements began with the establishment of the Institute for Experimental Psychology in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig . At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov carried out the Pavlovian dog , which was awarded a Nobel Prize , and in which he accidentally discovered the mechanism of action of classical conditioning .
The psychological experiment , in comparison with other scientific experiments, both the hypotheses and by the specifics of the investigation "objects" some additional aspects. Some of the cited experiments on humans are now considered "unethical" and would not be replicated in this way. There are ethics committees responsible for research methods that are carried out on living beings .
List of classic experiments
The classic experiments in psychology are listed in chronological order from the 19th century to the present day.
Experiments up to 1925
| designation | Authors / date |
|---|---|
| Experiments on the Ringelmann effect (group performance) | Maximilian Ringelmann (1882), later Bibb Latané (1979) |
| Experiments on social activation (social facilitation) | Norman Triplett (1897), Gordon Allport (1920), Robert Zajonc (1965) |
| Halo effect or courtyard effect ( attractiveness research , perception errors ) | Edward Lee Thorndike (1920) |
| Little Albert experiment (possibility of classical conditioning in humans) | John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) |
Experiments up to 1950
| designation | Authors / date |
|---|---|
| Experiments on attitude discrepant behavior | Richard LaPiere (1934) |
| Procedure for measuring the individual tendency to interference in color-word interference (so-called Stroop effect ) | J. Ridley Stroop (1935) |
| Investigation of the autokinetic effect (optical illusion) | Muzafer Sherif (1935, 1936) and Mausner (1954) |
| Hawthorne experiments (discovery of the Hawthorne effect ) | Fritz Roethlisberger and WJ Dickson (1939) |
| Experiments on behavior in groups (group leaders vs. group members) | Ronald O. Lippitt and Ralph K. White (1943) |
| Barnum effect also Forer effect (deception through personal validation) | Bertram R. Forer (1948) |
| Experiments on change of opinion (dependence of the change of opinion on one-sided or bilateral communications) | Carl I. Hovland , Arthur A. Lumsdaine and Fred D. Sheffield (1949) |
Experiments up to 1975
| designation | Authors / date |
|---|---|
| Yale approach to changing attitudes (effects of persuasive communication on people's attitudes. Communicative influence and credibility; so-called sleeper effect ) | Carl I. Hovland and Walter Weiss (1951) |
| Conformity experiment (conforming behavior as a result of normative social influence ) | Solomon Asch (1951) |
| Fear Appeal Experiment (effect of terrifying communication, so-called fear appeals ) | Irving L. Janis and Seymour Feshbach (1953) |
| Experiment on conformity | Richard Crutchfield (1955) |
| Greenspoon experiment (attempt at verbal operant conditioning, so-called Greenspoon effect ) | Joel Greenspoon (1955) |
| Experiments on the influence on individual judgment | Morton Deutsch and Harold B. Gerard (1955) |
| Experiments on the genesis of cooperation (effect of punishment and reward in a so-called prisoner's dilemma ) | JB Sidowski, LB Wyckoff, L. Tabory (1956) |
| Holiday camp experiments (conflict between groups - Robbers Cave experiment ) | Muzafer Sherif & Sherif (1954, 1956, 1966) |
| Attitude conditioning experiments | Arthur W. Staats and Carolyn K. Staats (1957, 1958) |
| Experiments on the effect of threats on interpersonal negotiation | Morton Deutsch and Krauss (1960) |
| Experiments on the risk surge phenomenon (on responsibility and willingness to take risks in individual and group situations) | James AF Stoner (1961) and Michael A. Wallach, Nathan Kogan & DJ Bern (1962, 1964) |
| Milgram experiment (obedience experiment ) | Stanley Milgram (1962) |
| Experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion | Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer (1962) |
| Rosenthal effect or experimenter expectation effect | Robert Rosenthal (1965) |
| Experiments on changing opinions (depending on the credibility of the communicator) | Elliot Aronson , Judith A. Turner, J. Merrill Carlsmith (1963) |
| Experiments on conformity and attitudes change | Philip Zimbardo , Weisenberg, Firestone, Levy (1965) |
| Experiments to change group structures | Bavelas, Hastorf, Gross, Kite (1965) |
| Bobo-doll experiments (including the Rocky experiment , learning and adopting imitative behaviors, so-called " model learning ") | Albert Bandura (1961, 1963, 1965) |
| Experiment to perceive one's own degree of activation (so-called valine effect ) | Stuart Valins (1966) |
| Experiment with the "foot-in-the-door" technique | Jonathan L. Freedman and Scott C. Fraser (1966) |
| Experiment on " Fundamental Attribution Error " | Jones, Harris (1967) |
| Social experiment to demonstrate fascist movements. ( The Third Wave ) | Ron Jones (1967) |
| Simon effect on processing speed for compatible and incompatible stimulus-response arrangements | Simon, JR and Rudell, AP (1967) |
| Experiment to deport personal responsibility ( diffusion of responsibility ) | John M. Darley and Bibb Latané (1968) |
| Deferring rewards ( marshmallow test or the delayed reward paradigm) | Walter Mischel (1968) |
| Experiments on minority influence (influence of a consistent minority on the behavior of a majority) | Serge Moscovici , Lage, Naffrechoux (1969); previously by Solomon Asch |
| Experiment on the boomerang effect and reactance | Worchel and Brehm (1970) |
| Dr. Fox experiment (influence of expectations on the assessment of a lecture) | Donald H. Naftulin, John E. Ware, Frank A. Donnelly (1970) |
| Stranger Situations Test (1970) (experiments on attachment quality) | Mary Ainsworth |
| Stanford Prison Experiment (researching human behavior in captivity) | Philip Zimbardo (1971) |
| Rosenhan experiment (reliability of psychiatric diagnosis of patients) | David Rosenhan (1972) |
| Experiment on the connotation of arousal, misattribution (interpreting fear as lust or infatuation) "bridge experiment" | Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron (1974) |
| Experiment on learned helplessness | Martin Seligman (1975) |
Experiments up to 2000
| designation | Authors / date |
|---|---|
| Experiment to influence the perception of an acoustic speech signal (so-called McGurk effect ) | Harry McGurk (1976) |
| Donald's experiment on priming and indentation | Higgins, Rholes and Jones (1977) |
| Libet experiment | Benjamin Libet (1979) |
| Ultimatum game on altruism and selfishness | Werner Güth (1982) |
| Experiments to Understand False Beliefs ("Maxi and the Chocolate Paradigm") | 1. David Premack & Guy Woodruff (1978), 2. Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner (1983) |
| Possession experiments (so-called endowment effect ) | Richard Thaler (1980) and Daniel Kahneman (1991) |
| Experiment on memory for schema-inconsistent information | Stangor and McMillan (1992) |
| Experiments on the impossibility of thought suppression ( ironic processes ) | Wegner (1994) |
| Experiment on unconscious behavior control through priming | Bargh , Chen and Burrows (1996) |
| Experiment on aggression after insult ( culture of honor in the US southern states) | D. Cohen, Brian F. Bowdle, Richard E. Nisbett and Norbert Schwarz (1996) |
| Experiments on dual information processing: 1. Elaboration Likelihood Model and 2. Heuristic Systematic Model | 1. after Petty and Cacioppo (1986); 2. after Eagly and Chaiken (1998) |
| Implicit association test (procedure for measuring the strength of associations between mental representations of objects in memory) | Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz (1998) |
literature
- Steven Schwartz: How Pavlov got the dog. The 15 classic experiments in psychology. Beltz, 2nd edition, 1993, ISBN 3407851022 .
- Lauren Slater: Of humans and rats. The famous experiments of psychology. Beltz, 4th edition, 2005, ISBN 3407857829 .
Web links
- Fernuni Hagen - Psychological Experiments
- Free University of Berlin - Classical Experiments (PDF; 4.84 MB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ EL Thorndike: A constant error on psychological rating , Journal of Applied Psychology, IV, 25-29, 1920
- ↑ Prevention through fear (BZgA), Barth and Bengel, 1998, p. 51 ( Memento of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- ↑ Manfred Sader: Psychology of the group, p. 12 ff., Juventa (1996), ISBN 3779903156
- ^ Stanley Milgram: The Milgram Experiment. For obedience to authority. , P. 22, Rowohlt, Reinbek 1982, ISBN 3-499-17479-0
- ↑ Meyer, Schützwohl & Reisenzein: Introduction to Emotional Psychology , Volumes I and II, Uni Wützburg, p. 14 (PDF) ( Memento from June 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.