Lung herbs
| Lung herbs | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spotted lungwort ( Pulmonaria officinalis ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pulmonaria | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The lungwort ( Pulmonaria ) are a genus of the family of Borage Family (Boraginaceae). This genus includes about 14 to 20 species. A well-known type of Pulmonaria is the spotted lungwort ( Pulmonaria officinalis ), which is popularly known as Hansel and Gretel or Adam and Eve .
description
Vegetative characteristics
In Pulmonaria TYPES is perennial, herbaceous plant with a creeping rhizome . The aboveground parts of the plant are mostly hairy. The stems are not branched and also rough. The leaves are simple and hairy. The relatively large rosette leaves are stalked, the alternate stem leaves are sessile or indistinctly stalked and have entire margins.
Generative characteristics
The terminal inflorescences are double wraps with bracts and many flowers. The stalked flowers are hermaphroditic, heterostyle , radial symmetry and five-fold with a double perianth . The five sepals are fused, bell-shaped at most to the middle, five-lobed and enlarge after the flowering period. The five initially red, then blue petals in many species are fused together like a funnel, the corolla tube being about as long as the calyx. The pharyngeal scales are reduced to five tufts of hair arranged in a ring. The five stamens that do not rise above the crown have very short stamens and elongated anthers. Two carpels are at a four-part ovary grown. The thin stylus is included in the corolla tube, ending in a capitate or shortly bilobed stigma .
The partial fruits of the Klausenfrucht are straight, egg-shaped, hairy to sometimes balding and shiny. Their attachment points are surrounded by a poorly developed annular bulge. The seeds have an elaiosome .
ecology
The heterostyle flowers are homogeneous, nectar-bearing plate flowers. They are particularly pollinated by bumblebees ( bombus ) species, but also by moths. Ants spread the seeds ( myrmecochory ).
Origin of name
The botanical genus name Pulmonaria is derived from pulmonarius for lung disease. This pre-Linnean name was used for different genera; on this genus probably by comparing the corollas of lung gentian ( Gentiana pneumonathe ), whose roots probably correspond to the drug "radicula pulmonaria" used in lung diseases. The German common name lungwort also refers to the use of Pulmonaria officinalis as a medicinal plant for lung diseases.
Systematics
The genus name Pulmonaria was 1753 Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, p 135 first published . Type species is Pulmonaria officinalis L. The genus Pulmonaria belongs to the tribe Boragineae in the subfamily of Boraginoideae within the Boraginaceae .
There are around 14 to 20 types of Pulmonaria .
- Pulmonaria affinis Jord. : It occurs in France and Spain.
- Narrow-leaved lungwort ( Pulmonaria angustifolia L. )
- Southern lungwort ( Pulmonaria australis (Murr.) W.Sauer ): It occurs in Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.
- Karawanken lungwort ( Pulmonaria carnica W.Sauer ): It occurs in Austria and Slovenia.
- Hill lungwort ( Pulmonaria collina W.Sauer ): It occurs in Germany and Switzerland.
- Pulmonaria dacica Simonk. : It occurs in Romania, European Russia and Turkey.
- Pulmonaria filarszkyana Jáv. : It occurs in Romania, Ukraine and Moldova.
- Pulmonaria helvetica Bolliger : It only occurs in Switzerland.
- Kerner's lungwort ( Pulmonaria kerneri F.Wettst. )
- Long-leaved lungwort ( Pulmonaria longifolia (T. Bastard) Boreau ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, France and Great Britain.
- Soft lungwort ( Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen , Syn .: Pulmonaria mollissima A. Kern )
- Tuberous lungwort ( Pulmonaria montana Lej. )
- Dark lungwort ( Pulmonaria obscura Dumort. )
- Spotted lungwort , also known as real lungwort ( Pulmonaria officinalis L. )
- Red lungwort ( Pulmonaria rubra Schott ): It occurs in Hungary, Albania, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and Moldova.
- Pulmonaria saccharata Mill . : It occurs in France and Italy.
- Styrian lungwort ( Pulmonaria stiriaca A.Kern. ): It occurs in Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia.
- Pulmonaria vallarsae A. Kern . : It occurs in Italy.
- Pulmonaria visianii Degen & Lengyel : It occurs in France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland and Croatia.
use
There are varieties of some species that are used as ornamental plants ; they serve as so-called ground cover, especially in shady locations.
Only Pulmonaria officinalis is known to be eaten raw and cooked leaves. The medicinal effects of this type have been studied. It is also part of the production of wormwood .
swell
- Gelin Zhu, Harald Riedl, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Boraginaceae. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. 1995, ISBN 0-915279-34-7 , p. 357. Pulmonaria - Online. (Section description)
- Masha Bennett: Pulmonarias and the Borage family. Timber Press, 2003, ISBN 0-88192-589-6 .
- Dorothea E. Kirchner: Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Pulmonaria L. (Boraginaceae). Dissertation, Verlag Mainz, Aachen, 2004, ISBN 3-928493-52-3 .
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Pulmonaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e Benito Valdés, 2011: Boraginaceae. : Datasheet Pulmonaria In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ Pulmonaria officinalis at Plants for A Future .
