Lusiana
| Lusiana | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Country | Italy | ||
| region | Veneto | ||
| province | Vicenza (VI) | ||
| local community | Lusiana Conco | ||
| Coordinates | 45 ° 47 ' N , 11 ° 35' E | ||
| height | 725 m slm | ||
| Residents | 2,581 (Dec. 31, 2017) | ||
| patron | San Giacomo il Maggiore | ||
| Church day | July 25th | ||
| Telephone code | 0424 | CAP | 36046 |
Lusiana ( Cimbrian Lusaan ) is a fraction of the northeast Italian municipality ( comune ) Lusiana Conco in the province of Vicenza in Veneto . The rural town is located about 26 kilometers north of Vicenza on the southern edge of the Alps on the plateau of the Seven Municipalities ( Sette Comuni ), where Cimbrian was traditionally spoken, a Bavarian dialect that retains numerous Middle High German elements. The language was pushed back in favor of Italian in the 19th and 20th centuries and is now almost extinct.
Surname
The name may derive from Lucus Dianae (Sacred Forest of Diana), which was changed to Ludianae, later to Luxiana, and finally to the current form. This forest area, which stretched to the Brenta (Medoacus maior) and the Astico (Medoacus minor), was already known to Strabo . According to another derivation, the name goes back to the Celtic worshipers of Lugh , the god of light and hearth fire, or to a landlord family called Lucilius. In contrast, the derivation of Lusius has been disputed, although this family is also documented, since the derivation of the Cimbric name Lusaan can be ruled out for phonetic reasons. The name Lusiana is first documented, however, only in 1297 and 1339.
history
Venetian, Roman, Cimbrian language
The history of the place probably goes back to Venetian times, but so far this has been suggested mainly by chance finds and less by systematic excavations. Numerous place names come from Roman times . A weapon discovery on the Cornione proves the presence of Lombards . The connection between these and Cimbrian is unclear, at any rate the language was so widespread around 1600 that a catechism in German was published in Vicenza for the seven parishes in 1602 .
Padua and Vicenza, Ezzelino da Romano
The place first appeared in the sources in 1080, when the church of S. Donato del Covolo was mentioned. Until 1164 the parish belonged to the diocese of Padua , then it came to the Republic of Vicenza . The new masters had to recognize the privileges of the residents, which consisted primarily of exemption from taxes, the right to transhumance , i.e. seasonal grazing, and the duty-free purchase of salt. From 1236 to 1259 the Ezzelino da Romano region was under the control of .
Merger of the Seven Municipalities (1259/1310)
In 1259 the seven mountain communities united to form a league. They allied with Padua in order to be able to react to the attacks of Vicenza.
In 1310 a separate rule arose: “Sleghe un Lusaan Genebe un Vüsche Ghel Rotz Roboan dise sain old Komeun prüdere Liben” (Asiago and Lusiana, Enego and Foza, Gallio, Rotzo, Roana, these are the seven old parishes, dear brothers). Alongside Asiago and Enego, Lusiana was the leading municipality among the seven. The Scaligeri put the communities under their protection, but in 1387 the area fell to Milan under Gian Galeazzo Visconti . The oldest surviving bell in Vicentino (1388) dates from this period.
Republic of Venice (1404–1797)
The Milanese stayed until 1404 when Michele Steno accepted the takeover by the Republic of Venice . In 1447 and 1508 they were drawn into the battles between the republic and the Holy Roman Empire , and Landsknechte Maximilian I sacked the seven communities, burning the Lusiana archives. But a contingent of the municipalities drove the invaders to Asiago, then to Trento . In the next year, the thousand men of the parishes, led by Capitano Angelo Caldogno, managed to repel another raid. Around 1500 Venice provided armament for the communities and at the same time sent 1000 men with arquebuses there. The loads were shared equally among the four quarters, so that Asiago, then Gallio, Lusiana and the Contrade Annesse (they had been separated from Lusiana and had enjoyed the same privileges as the Seven Municipalities since about 1300), as well as Foza and Enego, finally Roana and Rotzo each had to bear an equal share of the expenses. Each of these four quarters was subordinate to a Capitano.
The first tobacco plants were grown in the 16th century and linen was also produced. In the middle of the 17th century the production and sale of straw hats was added, which were made until the 20th century. In 1667 Lusiana and the towns of Conco, San Luca and Cosara were exempted from taxes on the wheat necessary for hat production, which was sown in March and whose straw was considered to be particularly fine. In addition, nuts, pears, apples, figs and in some places chestnuts grew here, here and there also wine. In addition, the residents of Lusiana were allowed to bring their linen fabrics to Venice duty-free, whereas the competition from Vicenza tried to defend themselves. At the beginning of the 18th century, the local language disappeared in Lusiana.
French and Austrians (1797–1866)
When Napoleon turned against Venice in 1797, two thousand men gathered from the seven parishes, but they were immediately sent back home. On May 16, the Republic of Venice dissolved, but in July the residents of Lusiana and Conco blocked access to Mare, Velo, Laverda and Tortima. But they had to realize the hopelessness of their resistance. The head of the Municipalité now resided in the chapter house of Lusiana.
With the Treaty of Campoformio Veneto went to Austria, but on November 6, 1805 the French returned. As in many places, the population of Lusiana was divided into friends and enemies of the French. On June 29, 1807, a decree by Napoleon repealed the rule of the seven municipalities after 497 years. Asiago became the seat of the vice-prefecture. The seven parishes and some surrounding places became the Dipartimento del Bacchiglione. During the wars up to 1815, contributions were on the community and many men were drafted into the army.
In 1815 Lusiana, like all of Veneto, returned to Austria. Vienna tried to promote the first industries and attached importance to the expansion of the infrastructure. In 1836 cholera was rampant , in 1848 some men took part in the revolution, among them Passuello Berti and Francesco Sartori. In 1866 men from Lusiana were on both the Prussian and Austrian sides.
Italy, decline in exports (from 1866)
After the defeat of Austria, Veneto came to the Kingdom of Italy . The proximity to the border and the various customs systems led to a flourishing of smuggling, especially of tobacco, alcohol and sugar , up until the First World War . In the process, high milling fees and tariffs raised many citizens, especially since the economic decline towards the end of the 19th century had serious consequences. The extremely one-sided diet, often dominated by corn, led to the spread of the pellagra , and many were forced to emigrate to America.
The production of straw hats was practically destroyed by the annexation to Italy. Before 1866 a million hats went to Austria every year. The market for these hats was limited until 1820, even though hats went to Germany and England. From 1820 to 1845, Switzerland and France took off rapidly growing quantities, although Paris introduced high tariffs in 1845. As a result, the North America region increased its deliveries. After 1866, the markets collapsed due to excessive tariffs. Production only recovered a little around 1880, and the region employed 12,000 to 14,000 people in this industry.
First World War, combat zone (1914–1918)
During the First World War , the border region was expanded militarily. This resulted in numerous batteries, trenches and galleries in the surrounding mountains, and the citizens were drawn in for war work. Cable cars connected Calvene with Marziale, Marostica with S. Caterina, a hospital was built. In 1916 the XXII. Corpo d'Armata is based in Lusiana, that is, in Palazzo Tescari and in the primary school. While the military moved in, the civil administration moved to Vicenza, and many residents left the war zone. The counter-offensive against the Austrians began on January 28, 1918, and the Austrians left Asiago and Gallio on October 28. Lusiana had 107 war dead to mourn. Around a third of the forests and plantations were completely destroyed, around half badly damaged. Prisoners of war and returnees were used to repair the worst damage.
Fascism and World War II (1922–1945)
In the interwar period and under the fascists , reconstruction work continued, an aqueduct supplied the towns with water, the village square was restored, as was the facade of S. Giacomo. During the Second World War , many women walked to Venice and Chioggia to trade their tobacco for salt. At times, Greek Jews who had been deported were housed in Lusania, as were German troops in Villa Maria. One of the few sources of income was the money paid by the German Empire to expand the fortress.
Post-war period, rural exodus (from 1945)
In the post-war period these ceased to exist and the population tried their hand at lignite mining in the Val del Ponte, some of them fed from the forests and smuggled. There was hardly any regular work. A quarter of the population emigrated, and many of the emigrants sent parcels home. In 2005 the place had 2,915 inhabitants. Lusiana was until February 20, 2019 an independent municipality and forms since then with the equally defunct community Conco the community Lusiana Conco . The former municipal area extended over an area of 3,423 hectares and bordered on Asiago , Conco, Marostica , Salcedo and Lugo di Vicenza . In the late Middle Ages, the community was considerably larger, as evidenced by a document dated May 6, 1340. This extension was confirmed by Cangrande II. Della Scala in 1357. In a decree of August 17, 1722, “Conco, Crosara, Gomarolo, Val di S. Florian and Valonara called Roveredo Alto were among the true and legitimate Contrade di Lusiana”. In 1725 Luigi Mocenigo decided that Lusiana should also include S. Luca, Felesedo, Costalunga and Costacorta, called Roveredo Basso.
Sonia Gandhi
The best- known daughter of the community is Sonia Gandhi , who was born here in 1946 as Sonia Antonia Edvige Albina Maino and who herself made a career in Indian politics as the widowed wife of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi . Many families have had the surname "Maino" for many centuries, there is the district ( contrada ) Maini . Sonia Maino Gandhi was born here.
literature
- Agostino dal Pozzo: Memorie istoriche dei Sette-Comuni vicentini , Vicenza 1820.
Web links
- Contrada Maini (PDF; 757 kB), archive.org, March 31, 2012
- Lusiana and an article about Sonia Gandhi ("Il Giornale di Vicenza", 2004) with a photo of the house where she was born (Italian)
References and comments
- ↑ The number of inhabitants on the reference date relates to the former municipality.
- ^ Giovan Battista Pellegrini: Toponomastica Italiana. 10000 nomi di città, paesi, frazioni, regioni, contrade, fiumi, monti spiegati nella loro origine e storia , Milan: Ulrico Hoepli 1990, p. 410.
- ↑ Agostino dal Pozzo: Memorie istoriche dei Sette-Comuni vicentini , Vicenza 1820, p. 334.
- ↑ Agostino dal Pozzo: Memorie istoriche dei Sette-Comuni vicentini , Vicenza 1820, p. 75.
- ^ Giuseppe Rossi: La storia dell'anno MDCCXCVIII: divisa in otto libri , 2nd part, Hamburg [1798?], P. 118.
- ↑ Silvio Lanaro: Società e ideologie nel Veneto rurale (1866-1898) , Rome 1976, p. 47, note 54.
- ↑ Legge Regionale n.11 del 18 febbraio 2019 - Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto (Italian), accessed on February 27, 2019