Vicenza

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Vicenza
coat of arms
Vicenza (Italy)
Vicenza
Country Italy
region Veneto
province Vicenza  (VI)
Local name Vicensa
Coordinates 45 ° 33 ′  N , 11 ° 33 ′  E Coordinates: 45 ° 33 ′ 0 ″  N , 11 ° 33 ′ 0 ″  E
height 39  m slm
surface 80 km²
Residents 111,764 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density 1,397 inhabitants / km²
Post Code 36100
prefix 0444
ISTAT number 024116
Popular name Vicentini
Patron saint Vincent of Valencia (September 8th)
Website www.comune.vicenza.it

Vicenza ( Italian pron. ? / I ) is an industrial city in northern Italy with 111,764 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019). It is located in the Veneto region about 60 kilometers northwest of Venice and 200 kilometers east of Milan and is the capital of the province of the same name . The city is known for its jewelry and clothing industry and for the buildings designed by the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio , which earned it the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Vicenza is one of the richest cities in Italy. The German twin city is Pforzheim . Audio file / audio sample

history

Euganeans, Venetians, Romans

Vicentia, which appears in older German-language publications as Wiesenthein or Cimbria , was settled by the Italian Euganean people and then by the Venetians in the third and second centuries BC . The Romans allied themselves with the Venetians in their battle against the Celtic tribes who colonized northeast Italy. Over time, the Roman presence in the region increased and the Venetians (whose culture reflected Etruscan and Greek values ​​much more than Celtic ones) were gradually assimilated. 157 BC The city was de facto a Roman center and was named Vicetia or Vincentia. 135 BC The place was first mentioned on a cippus in connection with the definition of the border with Ateste ( Este ).

49 BC BC the population of Vicentia received Roman citizenship . The city had a certain importance as a station on the important road from Mediolanum ( Milan ) to Aquileia , near Tergeste ( Trieste ), but was overshadowed by its neighbor Patavium ( Padua ). Very little remains of the Roman city, but three of the bridges over the Bacchiglione and Retrone rivers are of Roman origin and there are isolated arches of a Roman aqueduct outside Porta Santa Croce.

During the decline of the Western Roman Empire , Heruli , Vandals , Alaric I and his Visigoths, and the Huns ravaged the area, but the city recovered after being conquered by the Ostrogoths in 489, before falling under Byzantine rule soon after .

Lombards and Franks

In 568 the Arian Lombards occupied the city, which led to conflicts with the Trinitarian Christians and the papacy. Around 589 Vicenza became a bishopric; the first bishop was Oronzio. From the beginning of the seventh century, numerous Benedictine monasteries were built in the province of Vicenza.

With the conquest of the Longobard Empire by the Franks under Charlemagne, the area came to Frankish vassals, such as Alboin and Ingobert, the sons of Count Haio, in 809. This was confirmed by Ludwig the Pious in 816, although her father had fled to the Avars from the Franks . In 899 Vicenza was destroyed by Magyar raiders.

County, diocese and commune

The cathedral
The Basilica Palladiana is one of the landmarks of Vicenza.

Vicenza appears in several documents as a “neighbor” of Venice; There were close contractual ties between the two cities, which were confirmed by Otto I in around 967 . In the 9th century, the Verona Monastery of San Zeno acquired goods around Vicenza. The Episcopal Church of Vicenza also acted as landlady, who received land from Berengar around 916/24. In addition, the Missus Otto III spoke . , Count Oci, right there in 994. If the king himself came to Verona with his court, the county received compensation, for example in the year 1000. In 1008 the diocese was granted the fodrum. Heinrich II, however, had Bishop Hieronymus of Vicenza deposed because he had allied himself with Arduin against him.

1001, so the diocese claimed from the 12th century, Otto III. Bishop Jerome of Vicenza the entire county of Vicenza and with it the city. This claim was based on a forgery of documents. In reality, Count Lanfrancus was present at a court session that same year in 1001. In 1026 Konrad II confirmed all donations from his predecessors, as well as protection of the king and immunity.

An urban organization emerged which soon broke away from episcopal rule. Vicenza played an active role in the Veronese League and especially in the Lombard League (1164–1167) against Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , whom Padua and Treviso also had to join; Vicenzas Podestà Ezzelino I il Balbo was captain of the league. When peace was restored, however, the old rivalry with Padua, Bassano revived, and, moreover, as almost everywhere in Italy, there were the Ghibelline and Guelph factions , the former represented by the Vivaresi, the latter mainly by the Maltraversi. At the end of the 12th century, Heinrich VI. the Margrave Azzo d'Este the decision-making authority in all appellation matters in the march of Verona, including in Vicenza. At this time the consuls of Vicenza were already authorized to conclude contracts with the surrounding rural towns, which Otto IV confirmed in 1210.

In 1226 the cities of Milan, Bologna, Brescia, Mantua, Padua, Vicenza and Treviso allied. Ezzelino III. da Romano expelled the Guelphs from Vicenza and had his brother Alberico elected Podestà in 1230. The independent commune joined the Second Lombards League against Emperor Frederick II and was plundered by the monarch in 1237, after which it was annexed to Ezzelino's rule. After the final defeat of the da Romano brothers at Cassano d'Adda against the combined troops of Venice, Treviso, Vicenza, Verona, Mantua and the troops of Pope Alexander IV, Vicenza became independent again.

After Ezzelino's death, the political structure of the old oligarchic republic - a Consiglio Maggiore ("Grand Council") of four hundred members and a Consiglio Minore ("Small Council") of forty - was restored. The city formed an alliance with Padua, Treviso and Verona. Three years later, the Vicentines entrusted the protection of the city of Padua in order to secure their republican freedom, but the protectorate (custodia) quickly became dominant, and for this reason Vicenza submitted in 1311 to the Scaliger , lords of Verona, who fortified the city against the Visconti of Milan . In 1392 its Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti conquered the city.

In 1404 Vicenza came under the rule of the Republic of Venice .

La Rotonda , Andrea Palladio, 1571, near Vicenza

Venetian rule (1404 to 1797)

Vicenza, which had become the property of Venice, was drawn into the struggles between the Serenissima and the empire. It was besieged by Emperor Sigismund and Maximilian I took it into his possession in 1509 and 1516.

Vicenza nevertheless tried to keep up with the most important cities in northern Italy; after all, it was a candidate for the council held in Trento from 1545 to 1563 . The 16th century was also the time of Andrea Palladio , who left outstanding examples of his art in the form of palaces and villas in the area of ​​the city, which was said to have been the most run-down and unsightly in Veneto before Palladio's time.

French, Austrians (1797 to 1866)

After 1797, under Napoleonic rule, Vicenza became a titular duchy within the Kingdom of Italy for General Armand de Caulaincourt .

After the Congress of Vienna , Vicenza fell to the Habsburg Kingdom of Lombardo-Venetia in 1815 , whose king was the Emperor of Austria . In 1848, the population rose here much more violently than in any other Italian center apart from Milan and Brescia against Austria (for the courage of the revolutionaries at this time, the city was later awarded the highest award for military bravery). After the Third Italian War of Independence , Veneto and with it Vicenza became part of the Kingdom of Italy in the Peace of Vienna (1866) .

Kingdom of Italy, World Wars, Destruction and Post-War Period

The Palazzo del Capitanio in Vicenza

With the annexation to Italy, there was initially a massive economic decline in the region, which was reflected in mass emigration that lasted until the 1890s. As early as 1866 there was unrest over the increase in meal fees and bread prices.

The area around Vicenza was the scene of heavy fighting both in World War I (on the Asiago plateau) and in World War II (as a focal point of the Italian resistance). It was the most destroyed city in Veneto by Allied bombing raids. These included many of his monuments and over 2,000 civilian casualties. After the end of the Second World War, a period of depression followed as a result of the devastation caused by the two world wars.

Economic recovery and US base

It was not until the 1960s that the entire central part of Veneto experienced a strong economic boom through the emergence of small and medium-sized family businesses, which paved the way for the Miracolo del Nordest (wonder of the north-east) with a wide range of products . In the following years the economy grew rapidly. Huge industrial areas sprang up around the city, massive, disorganized urbanization began, and the employment of foreign immigrants increased.

Vicenza is home to the US Army Base Caserma Ederle, which in 1965 became the headquarters of the Southern European Task Force , which includes the 173rd US Airborne Brigade .

In 1981 the La Vigna International Library for Wine Culture and in January 2006 the European Gendarmerie Force were established here.

Demographics

In 2007 there were 114,268 people in Vicenza, of whom 47.6% were men and 52.4% were women. Minors (i.e. children up to the age of 18) were 17.7%, while retirees accounted for 21.60%. In contrast, the overall Italian average was 18.06% of minors and 19.94% of pensioners. The average age of the Vicentines is 43 years compared to the Italian average of 42 years.

From 2002 to 2007 Vicenza's population increased by 3.72% while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%. The birth rate in Vicenza is 9.16 births per 1000 inhabitants (compared to Italy as a whole: 9.45 births).

In 2006, 87.53% of the population was Italian. It is estimated that over a million people emigrated from the province of Vicenza from 1876 to 1976, leaving more than three million people of Vicentine ancestry around the world. The most important emigration destinations were Brazil , the USA , Canada , Australia , Germany , France , Belgium and Switzerland . More than 100,000 Vicenza citizens now live and work abroad.

Today the city has transformed from an emigration area to an immigration destination. The largest group of immigrants (6.28%) come from other European countries, the largest groups from Serbia , Albania and Bosnia . 1.85% come from South Asia, 1.44% from Sub-Saharan Africa and 1.36% from North Africa. Currently, a quarter of babies born in Vicenza have at least one foreign parent.

The city's residents are mainly Roman Catholics , but there are also Orthodox Christians , Muslims and Sikhs as a result of immigration .

economy

The Vicenza area is predominantly agricultural. Important products are wine, wheat, corn, olive oil (around Barbarano Vicentino ). Cherries and asparagus are a Bassano del Grappa specialty . There are also marble quarries, sulfur, copper and silver mines, and lignite and kaolin mining . There are also mineral springs, the most famous being those of Recoaro Terme .

On the other hand, the city itself is surrounded by extensive industrial areas with numerous metalworking and textile factories, which extend in disorganized and extensive development far into the areas of Montecchio Maggiore , Chiampo and Sovizzo in the west and Camisano Vicentino and Torri di Quartesolo in the east. The top sectors are jewelry and clothing . The important clothing companies include Diesel , Pal Zileri , Marzotto , Bottega Veneta , Marlboro Classics etc. The gold exhibition, which takes place three times a year (January, May, September) in Vicenza, is world-famous. Other industries worth mentioning are wool and silk, ceramics and musical instruments. The headquarters of the racing bike component manufacturer Campagnolo and the sportswear company Dainese are located here.

Attractions

Statue of Andrea Palladio in Vicenza

The city has a large number of palazzi from the 15th to 18th centuries, the most famous of which are by Andrea Palladio , such as the Palazzo Barbaran da Porto . The Villa La Rotonda and the Basilica Palladiana are two main works by Palladio, who created the Teatro Olimpico, the first post-ancient free-standing theater building in Europe. In 1994, UNESCO entered Vicenza as "the city of Palladio" on the UNESCO World Heritage List . In 1996 the World Heritage was expanded to include the Palladian villas outside the city center and is now called " Old Town of Vicenza and Palladian Villas in Veneto ".

The center is dominated by the main square, the Piazza dei Signori . The building type of the basilica with its distinctive barrel vault is actually not a basilica in the classical sense, but was named by the builder because of its former use as a market and court venue - after an ancient model. The square is dominated by an impressive tower, the Torre di Piazza , which reaches a height of almost 80 m and dates from the 12th century.

Sports

After the football club Vicenza Calcio's relegation from Serie B and the simultaneous merger with the neighboring club Bassano Virtus for the 2018/19 season, the club went into LR Vicenza Virtus with energetic financial support from Renzo Rosso , the owner of the fashion manufacturer Diesel , and is currently playing in the C series .

Aerial view of Vicenza with the airport

Personalities

Famous personalities of the city are included in the list of personalities of the city of Vicenza .

See also

literature

  • Carlo Cipolla : Le opere di Ferreto de 'Ferreti vicentino. 2 volumes. (Fonti per la storia d'Italia 42–43), Rome 1908–1914 (Volume 3, Rome 1920, deals with his poetic work).
  • James S. Grubb: Firstborn of Venice: Vicenza in the Early Renaissance State. (= Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science ). Baltimore 1988.
  • Alberto Broglio, Lellia Cracco Ruggini : Storia di Vicenza , 4 vol .: Il territorio, la preistoria, L'età romana , L'età medievale , L'età della repubblica Veneta, 1404–1797 and L'età contemporanea , Vicenza 1993.
  • Piero Casentini: La rivoluzione in 80 giorni. Il 1848 nel territorio vicentino. , tesi di laurea, Università Ca 'Foscari, Venice 2012 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Vicenza  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT. Monthly population statistics of the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica , as of December 31 of 2019.
  2. ^ Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz (Ed.): Minerva . tape 4 . BG Hoffmann, Hamburg 1814 ( full text in the Google book search).
  3. ^ LR Vicenza Virtus - club profile. Retrieved October 2, 2018 .