Maakhir
Maakhir or Maakhir State of Somalia ( Somali : Maamul Goboleedka Maakhiran ; Arabic ولاية ماخر الصومال, DMG Wilāyat Māḫir aṣ-Ṣūmāl ) was an autonomous state in northeast Somalia proclaimed in July 2007 . It dissolved again in January 2009 through an official connection to the autonomous state of Puntland , which was formed in 1998 .
The name was derived from the coast of the same name. The capital and founding place of the Maakhir state was Badhan . The administrative region of Sanaag in north-eastern Somalia, which has been claimed by the de facto states of Somaliland and Puntland since the collapse of the central state, was primarily considered to be the national territory . Mainly members of the Warsangeli clan live in the region , which belongs to the larger Harti and Darod clan families .
Neither Somaliland nor Puntland recognized the establishment of the state. The transitional government , internationally recognized as the representative of Somalia, but largely powerless at the time, avoided any public statement on the status of the region.
history
Despite the civil war, the region enjoyed a certain degree of independence and, in comparison to southern Somalia, which was fiercely contested by Islamic extremists and foreign troops, enabled its residents to live a more or less regulated life.
The Warsangeli clan already had a leading role within the Harti clan family pre-colonial, in the time of the sultanates, and is politically influential to this day. At first he played a major role in the development of the state in Puntland, but gradually lost influence to the Majerteen, another closely related clan of the Harti-Darod. The disputes escalated after Puntland officials granted a small Australian mining company the rights to extract oil and various metals suspected of being in the area. Public opinion in the region, in Somaliland, but also in large parts of the rest of Somalia, did not consider Puntland to be entitled to conclude such agreements. After its content became known, Puntland also received sharp criticism that the agreement was badly negotiated and that the country was being sold off.
Founding of the state
In 2007 a government was formed in Saanag to take the development of the region into their own hands, to re-establish state institutions that had long since been dissolved by the civil war and to end the border dispute between Somaliland and Puntland over the area .
With a ceremony in Badhan on July 1, 2007, the independence of the Maakhir state was declared, Warsangeli living abroad asked for support and the implementation of the first goals began. Above all, to enable direct cooperation with international aid organizations for the first time, whose support deliveries have so far only been able to reach the region via Puntland or not at all.
Conflict and drought
Despite numerous exchanges of fire at the new border, Puntland declared that the region was still under its own control.
Accordingly, the prohibition on charcoal production, which Maakhir had issued, was ignored in order to prevent the burning of his trees, especially acacias , and to stop the desertification that followed. During expeditions by charcoal traders from Puntland to the Saanag region, there were repeated clashes between the Puntland militias, who offered escorts to the traders, and the Maakhir militias, who wanted to enforce the ban. Due to the high demand from the Arab states in the Persian Gulf, the charcoal business is very profitable. In order to be able to take effective action against these expeditions, Maakhir founded the Environmental Protection Corps , a kind of environmental protection police, from volunteers .
The Maakhir government responded to disputes with Puntland after several prominent businessmen of the Warsangeli clan were arrested there by blocking the main road to Bosaso .
From February 25 to 26, 2008, heavily armed Somaliland troops besieged the city of Hadaaftimo . Even before they withdrew to Somaliland, Maakhir had begun to gather defense forces in the hinterland.
Due to increasing administrative problems due to an extreme drought and in view of the impending invasion from Somaliland, the government of the Maakhir state dissolved itself on April 6, 2008.
On July 9, 2008, Somaliland soldiers took control of the port of Laasqoray for several hours . Allegedly as part of a rescue mission to free a German couple who were held captive by pirates.
Presidential election and connection to Puntland
When Sanaag-born former Somali general Abdullahi Ahmed Jama (Ilkajiir) returned from exile in New York to take part in the Puntland presidential election, the Warsangeli clan decided to support him in his election campaign rather than a new government of their own form.
In the end, Ilkjiir could not win the election in Puntland, but accepted the offer of the election winner Abdirahman Mohamed Farole to take on the role of interior minister in his cabinet.
On this peace signal from the political opponent and in the confidence that Ilkajiir would also represent the interests of the region as Minister of the Interior, the Maakhir state renounced any further independence efforts and officially declared its affiliation with Puntland in January 2009.
Localities
The largest places in the Maakhir area are Badhan , Laasqorey , Dhahar , Buraan , Hadaaftimo , Hingalol , Damalla-Hagare , Eilbuh and Erigabo .
Administrative units
Maakhir divided into the following administrative units:
-
calmadow
- laasqoray - capital of Maakhir
-
Sanaag
- East Erigabo - regional capital
- Damala Xagare
- Carmale
- Geilwiete
- Darasalaam (Somalia)
- Shimbiraale
- Ceelaqoday
-
Boharo
- Dhahar - regional capital
- Ceelaayo
- Bali Busle
- Baragaha Qol
- Buraan - Maakhir plans to build a university here.
See also
- Sanaag
- Border dispute between Somaliland and Puntland , Somaliland , Puntland
- Galmudug , Southwest Somalia , Jubaland
Individual evidence
- ^ Abdalla A. Hirad: The Formation of The Maakhir State of Somalia. Too Little Too Late? (No longer available online.) In: WardheerNews.com. August 11, 2007, archived from the original on October 9, 2008 ; Retrieved November 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Raz Shirwa: Somalia: The rise of Maakhir State and the fall of Puntland. In: Garowe Online. August 5, 2007, accessed November 1, 2012 .
- ^ Omar M. Abdi & Salah Fatah: Somalia: Puntland Oil & Mining Deal. The Offspring of an Affair between Greed and Incompetence (partI). (No longer available online.) In: WardbeerNews.com. April 6, 2006, archived from the original on July 19, 2012 ; Retrieved November 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Omar M. Abdi & Salah Fatah: Somalia: Puntland Oil & Mining Deal. The Offspring of an Affair between Greed and Incompetence (part II). (No longer available online.) In: WardbeerNews.com. May 9, 2006, archived from the original on July 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Raz Shirwa: Maakhir State of Somalia faces challenges and obstacles. (No longer available online.) In: MarcaCadeey News. July 23, 2006, archived from the original on September 29, 2007 ; Retrieved November 2, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Puntland Opposes `Makhir State '. In: The Somaliland Times. August 18, 2007, accessed November 2, 2012 .
- ^ Tensions build up in Northeastern Somalia. In: maakhir.com. October 20, 2007, accessed November 2, 2012 .
- ^ Somalia: Somaliland troops take cover Las Qorey town. In: Garowe Online. July 9, 2008, accessed November 2, 2012 .
- ^ Puntland Election: General Abdullahi Ahmed Jama (Ilkajiir) for Puntland President. In: Hiiran Online. June 1, 2008, accessed November 1, 2012 .
- ^ Somalia: Puntland's new interior minister takes oath. In: Garowe Online. January 21, 2009, accessed November 1, 2012 .
| Colonial times |
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| After the Second World War |
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From independence to civil war |
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Civil war period, collapse of the central state (claims to recognition) |
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| New constitution from 2012 |
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