Maastricht Platt
The Maastricht Platt (own name: Mestreechs , Dutch Maastrichts ) is the dialect of Limburg that is spoken in the Dutch city of Maastricht . It is considered to be a very lively dialect, which differs from other Limburg dialects due to the relatively large influence of French .
distribution
With Maastrichtsch the dialect of Maastricht, but does not describe the dialects of the surrounding area, exclusively. In 1970 the municipality of Maastricht incorporated four adjoining municipalities - Itteren , Borgharen , Amby and Heer - in which many Maastrichters have settled, but in which other dialects are native. What is said in the following for Maastricht does not automatically apply to the dialects of these four villages.
Specific characteristics of Maastrichtsch
Finally, there are also features that only occur in Maastricht and sometimes its immediate surroundings. They are often considered "typically Maastrichtsch" by speakers of other dialects.
- The long ae [εː] , very common in other Limburg dialects, always becomes ee [e:] . In fact, the word gere "gladly" only comes across in Maastricht. This can be explained by Dutch influence.
- -Sj / -sch [ʃ] in final only occurs in foreign words, while it occurs as often in other dialects as in German. Maastrichtsch vès "fish" contrasts vèsj and vösj from the area. This too must be explained by northern influence. Incidentally, many North Limburg dialects do not know the final -sj either; in South Limburg, however, Maastricht stands out as an enclave.
- The combination awt / awd became aajt [aːjt] , e.g. B. aajd "old", zaajt "salt". This combination has countless variants in the Limburg language area (in addition to aajd, there are ald , aad , awd , oud and aod ); but this variant does not appear anywhere else.
- Vowels are often drawn particularly long. This is particularly noticeable with the sociolect of the autochthonous lower class, but occurs to a certain extent with all speakers. Compare maan [maːn] "man" (elsewhere man [mɑn] ) keend [keː / nt] "child" (elsewhere kind [kı / nt] kèndj [kɛɲt j ] ) and hoond [hoː / nt] "dog" (elsewhere hónd (j) [hont] , [hoɲt j ] ).
Differences from the other dialects
There are great dialectal differences within Limburg. Maastricht is close to some important isoglosses (language borders), which means that other Limburg dialects that are spoken not far from Maastricht can differ greatly from Maastricht. The following characteristics are not shared by all nearby dialects:
- Maastricht is exactly west of the Panninger Line . This isogloss runs right through Limburg and separates the area in which people say bad (north and west) from the area in which people say bad . So it is the border between the narrow and the broad sibilant sound ( [s] or [ʃ] ). This isogloss has been running through the urban development of Maastricht since the post-war period: sjlech [ʃlæç] can already be heard in the eastern districts of Amby and Heer .
- Maastricht is east of the ii / äi and uu / öi lines. One still knows ies [iː / s] "ice cream" for ndl. ijs [ɛis] and hoes [huː / s] "house" for ndl. huis [høys] . The diphthong pronunciation is already evident in some words, while this is not the case north and east of Maastricht. So we know bij [bɛi] ("at" or "bee", depending on the tone) instead of bie . And while "time" is still monophthongic tied [tiː / t] , the plural of this word is tije [tɛiə] .
- The Central Dutch diphthongs ie and oe are realized as ie [iː] and oe [uː] . After that, "red" means roed [ʁuːt] , in contrast to the Meerssener rwad [ʁwɑt] and Valkenburger road [ʁoɑt] .
- -Rs in the end has been retained. East of Maastricht, the final combination -rs became - (r) sj [ʁʃ] .
Matches
However, the dialect has mostly features that it shares with most other Limburg dialects:
- Maastricht is northwest of the Benrath line , but still southeast of the Uerdinger line . That means that one hears iech maak instead of the Lower Franconian ik maak or the Ripuarian ich mach (e) . Many linguists consider this combination to be the most important criterion for determining whether a dialect is Limburgish or not.
- In Maastrichtian, a long syllable can be stressed in two ways: with a grinding tone (rising and then falling) or with a burst tone (falling). Since these tones sometimes have different meanings, one speaks of a tonal language . South of Maastricht, around Eijsden and Riemst , there is a "toneless" enclave , in which the two tones are known, but they are not (no longer) used to distinguish between them.
- Unlike High Dutch, Maastricht knows the umlaut in diminutive (diminutive forms), in plural forms of masculine words and in the conjugation of strong verbs .
- In contrast to Dutch and more clearly than in Brabantian , three grammatical genders are distinguished.
- Words that originally had a short vowel in the singular and a long vowel in the plural have a long vowel in both the singular and plural in Maastricht: d aa k - daker "Dach - Dächer " versus Dutch (ndl.) D a k - daken .
- The word you was preserved while at the Netherlands by jij , a cognate of her has been replaced.
- The old Germanic vowels ê and ô have not become ie [i (:)] and u [u (:)]: Limburgish beer [beːʁ] versus German and ndl. beer ( [biɑ] or [biːr] or [biːɹ] ).
- Primitive German sk- becomes, as in German, to [und] and not to [sx].
- The T is elided (left out) at the end of the word after the consonants b , ch , d , f , g , k , p and s . After m and ng it is assimilated to -p or -k .
- The W is pronounced bilabially (with both lips), not labiodentally .
- The R is a uvular approximant [ʁ] according to the French model, in contrast to the alveolar vibrant [r] or alveolar approximant [ɹ] commonly used in Dutch .
Sound inventory
Like the other Limburg dialects, Maastricht has a large inventory of sounds with a large number of vowels that are unknown in Dutch. That is why the spelling of this dialect (see below ) has a lot of diacritical marks, which in Dutch usually do not appear or only appear in foreign words.
Monophthongs
| character | IPA | maastricht example | German example | comment |
| a | [ɑ] | kat ("cat") | - | as in the needles a back vowel |
| aa | [aː] | maan ("man") | Rooster | often longer |
| ao | [ɒː] | maon ("moon") | - | |
| äö | [œː] | häöm ("him", "him") | cœur (fr.) | often as umlaut from ao |
| e | [æ] ([ɛ]) | werk ("work") | one (Engl.) | more open than German e |
| e | [ə] | de ( the / the ) | banner | Schwa |
| è | [ɛ] | wèrke ("work") | Mr | somewhat more closed |
| ee | [eː] | wee ("who") | lake | no lookup |
| eu | [O] | leus ([you / he] "reads") | angry | no lookup |
| i | [ɪ] | down ("hen") | chin | |
| ie | [i] | diech ("you", "you", "you") | I | short! |
| ie | [iː] | ze ("sea") | she | |
| O | [ɔ] | lot ("Loß") | - | relatively open |
| O | [O] | lótsj (" sucking ") | Great | relatively closed, u-like |
| ö | [œ] | dorp ("village") | œuf (fr.) | relatively open |
| oe | [uː] | hoes ("house") | whore | |
| oo | [O] | hoond ("dog") | moon | no lookup |
| u | [ʏ] | un ("onion") | - | about north German above sea level |
| uu | [yː] | vuur ("fire") | Chicken |
Diphthongs
Real and fake.
| character | IPA | maastricht example | German example | comment |
| aaj | [aːi] | aajd ("old") | - | often in Maastricht |
| aoj | [ɒːi] | slaoj ("salad") | - | |
| äöj | [œːi] | dräöj ("threads") | - | not very often |
| aj | [ɑi] | ajdste ("oldest") | fine | not frequent |
| ouch | [ɑu] | automobile | automobile | often narrower than in German |
| aw | [ɑw] | klaw ("Klau") | - | Kons. W can be heard clearly |
| ei, ij | [ɛ (ː) ɪ] | egg ("egg") | - | sometimes [ɛː] |
| ej | [æj] | hej ("would have") | - | |
| ew | [æw] | klewke ("Kläuchen") | - | Rare |
| iew | [iːw] | kiev ("gill") | - | not very often |
| oj | [ɔi] | trojt ([he] "marries") | New | |
| ooj | [oːj] | snooj ("cut") | - | |
| ou | [ɔu] | douf ("deaf") | - | relatively tight |
| ui | [øi] | buimke ("little tree") | - | not very often, especially as umlaut from ou |
Consonants
| character | IPA | maastricht example | German example | comment |
| b | [b] | broor | Brothers | |
| ch | [x], [ç] | Ouch | also | Like German I-sound, never like in Ndl. |
| d | [d] | daak | top, roof | at the end of the word [t], as in Dt. |
| f | [f] | fien | fine | |
| G | [ɣ], [ʝ] | good ("good") | - | like ch , but voiced at the beginning of a syllable |
| gk | [G] | lègke | lay | occurs only in the loudspeaker |
| H | [H] | hey | here | |
| j | [j] | Yes | Yes | |
| k | [k] | klaor | clear | never aspirated! |
| l | [l] | leef | dear | thick l, similar to Ndl. |
| m | [m] | miew | gull | |
| n | [n] | nui | New | |
| ng | [ŋ] | ing | closely | |
| p | [p] | praised | price | never aspirated! |
| r | [ʁ] | roond | round | never rolled |
| s | [s] | as | axis | always voiceless |
| sj | [ʃ] | sjeep | ship | |
| t | [t] | tied ("time") | drink | never aspirated! |
| v | [v] | veer ("four") | slave | voiced |
| w | [w] | wien ("wine") | - | bilabial |
| z | [z] | ze ("sea") | lake | a sound, voiced |
Individual evidence
Web link
- Kengkee.nl - website for the Maastricht language and culture (monolingual Maastricht)