Rhenish sharpening

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the Ripuarian and Limburg languages, the two tone accents typical of these dialects are called " Rhenish sharpening " and grinding tone . The accent is perceived in the rest of the German and Dutch-Flemish- speaking areas as “Rhenish singsong”.

The following terms are used in linguistics for the two tone accents: tone accent 1 and tone accent 2. Older names are: tone accent 1: sharpening, sharpened; Bump tone and tone accent 2: unsharpened; Grinding tone

Tone accent 1 is characterized by a rapid decrease in intensity of the stressed syllable with a final glottalization. This tone accent of the Ripuarian and Limburg languages ​​is the shock tone , also known as the Dutch stoottoon .

The grinding tone (tone accent 2) is characterized by a pitch curve and pressure curve, which often begins with a high tone with high pressure, both of which fall quickly and then rise again somewhat more slowly to approximately the normal level. However, there is an unmistakably large number of differing individual characteristics of the grinding tone, which, in addition to the respective dialect, are determined by several different influencing factors.

In Dutch and Flemish literature this tone accent is referred to as sleeptoon , in German also as "tone accent 2".

There are a number of different forms of Rhenish accentuation, which depend on the respective dialect, the tone and modulation course in the sentence and the sentence type.

Embedding and position

The tone accent can fall on syllables and parts of syllables, as well as vowels or liquids (l, m, n, ng, r). The corresponding syllables are always stressed and have a pressure accent . At the same time, the pitch of the sharpened segment or the sharpened segments changes while they are sounding. The extent and course of the pitch change is regionally different and is also strongly influenced by the respective sentence pattern, such as statement, question, implicit negative, and so on. The course is also influenced by the position of the syllable in the sentence.

When the syllable is sharpened, the vocal tone drops very quickly, sometimes so strongly that it becomes inaudible for a fraction of a second, while without sharpening it only goes slightly downwards and immediately returns upwards.

Liquids following a short vowel (l, m, n, ng, r) are included in the tone progression of the accentuation and form a kind of tonal diphthong [10], for example in "Jeld" (money) and "Jold" (gold), "Hungk" (dog), "Orjel" (closed O) (organ) etc.

distribution

The Limburg grinding tone or the Rhenish sharpening is common in the dialect groups or areas 29, 30, 36, 37 and 38

Geographically

The Limburg Schleifton occurs in the province of Limburg the Netherlands , in the province of Limburg in Belgium , in a part of the Belgian provinces of Luxembourg and Liege (including the German-speaking Community ), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the collectively, Rhineland designated parts of the German federal states of Rhineland -Pfalz and North Rhine-Westphalia . This includes some large or well-known cities, including Aachen , Bitburg , Bonn , Düsseldorf , Eupen , Hasselt , Heerlen , Heinsberg , Jülich , Kerkrade , Cologne , Koblenz , Krefeld , Leverkusen , Luxembourg , Maastricht , Mönchengladbach , Prüm , Roermond , Siegburg , Tongeren , Trier , Venlo , Weert and a small part of Wuppertal . Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Rhenish accentuation was also a characteristic of the dialects in parts of the western Ruhr area, such as in today's southern districts of Essen , in Mölmschen ( Mülheim an der Ruhr ) and in Duisburg's Platt . The northern border to the so-called Kleverland accentuation ran on the right bank of the Rhine north of Duisburg's old town and today's Mülheim district of Styrum and is now only to be found in an extremely weaker form in the region of this area.

Spread of the Rhenish sharpening in the Ripuarian and Limburg dialects in contrast to the Kleverland accentuation

According to language groups

In the Ripuarian and Limburg language areas, the Rhenish sharpening is omnipresent. There is hardly a sentence in which it does not appear at least once. It is less common in western Moselle Franconian, including Luxembourgish. Kölsch shares this intonation phenomenon with several other "western languages" such as Eifeler Platt, Luxembourgish, South Lower Rhine and Limburgish (the latter in the Netherlands, Belgium and Selfkant).

The grinding tone appears to a small extent in Luxembourgish , in the neighboring Palatinate and Moselle-Franconian regions , as well as in the Rhenish Regiolekt . He is otherwise unknown in the European language area. Even speakers from neighboring regions, such as the Lower Rhine north of the Uerdinger line , are usually not able to identify it in the spoken language or pronounce it correctly.

Representation in writing

The sharpening is not recorded in the usual spelling of the respective languages. Since in the majority of cases the sharpening coincides with a long vowel or a long syllable, authors who are influenced by the standard Dutch language and its writing rules tend to use double vowels or “ie” for sharpened vowels or syllables. Analogously to this, this can also be found in the sphere of influence of the German standard language and its spelling, and also often vowels followed by an "h".

Phonetic transcriptions

In the phonetic transcription according to IPA there are special characters for the tone course. However, they are used at best in tight phonetic transcription . Otherwise dominated the pure length specification with the character [⁠ ˑ ⁠] , which is equivalent phonologically in the great majority of cases. Deviating from this, [⁠ . ⁠] used.

In the Rhenish dialectology before the Second World War it was customary to indicate the beginning and end of the sharpening in phonetic transcriptions with [ˑ. ], for example [vaˑl.] for the German word “fallen ”in the Aachen dialect , a notation that goes back to Professor Frings from Bonn .

The Rhenish Documenta of 1983 originally did not introduce any marking of the Rhenish sharpening and its authors advise against marking it.

The Teuthonista also does not define any markings for the various forms of the Rhenish sharpening, although such would be entirely possible. The Rhineland and Limburg are not part of the usual area of ​​application of the Teuthonista.

Examples

The two words with the identical spelling ze occur in many (western) Limburg languages. With the same sound sequence intoned in two different ways, the meaning "woman" is with a push tone and "side" with a grinding tone.

In Mestreechs one knows bij [ bɛi ], which means in German "bei" without or "Biene" with sharpening, and spoken very similarly, in Kölschen the words bei (without sharpening) and Bei (with sharpening) each have the same meaning.

The word kiëske in the dialect of the Belgian town of Hasselt means “little cheese” without or “stockings” with a sharpening of the double vowel.

You write kaal in Jömelejer Plat and that means “talk” with a grinding tone or “bald” without the sharpening. Both vowels are long. In Gemmernicher Platt, however, there are also short vowels with sharpening, for example in the minimal pair bökske , which means "little book" with sharpening and "panties" without sharpening.

Even if the tone accents are assigned the generic term “ lexical tone ”, they are often used to mark grammatical , syntactic or focus differences in the sentence. In Kölschen, for example, the nominative of the word "horse" dat Pääd has a grinding tone, whereas the dative dämm Pähd is always spoken with a jerk tone . Also in Kölschen, the normal sentence “This is bad” Dat es schlääsch is spoken with a burst on the last syllable. However, if you complain loudly and violently: Boh, it's dull! "My goodness, is that bad!" Is how the last syllable gets a grinding tone. In Kölschen a difference is called Ungerscheed or Ongerscheid , without any sharpening. The stress is on the first syllable. It does not appear in the verb ungerscheide either, but here the 'ei' is emphasized. However, in the word Ongerscheidong [oŋɐ̯ˈʃɜ‿iˑdʊŋ] the egg is sharpened and emphasized.

In the Kölsch language “Schläsh”, depending on the intonation, “Beats” or “Bad”.

The word "ou" in Öcher Platt or Völsj means "old" or "also"

literature

  • Carlos Gussenhoven: Tone systems in Dutch Limburgian dialects. In: Shigeki Kaji (Ed.): Proceedings of the Symposium on Cross-Linguistic Studies of Tonal Phenomena: Tonogenesis, Typology, and Related Topics. Institute for Languages ​​and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Languages, Tokyo 1999, pp. 127-143.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Jörg Peters: The Cologne Word Accent Revisited. In: Michiel Arnoud Cor de Vaan (Ed.): Germanic tone accents. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-515-08877-6 , p. 107; accessed June 30, 2011
  2. ↑ "Studies on the Lower Rhine dialect geography in the districts of Rees, Dinslaken, Hamborn, Mülheim, Duisburg", Heinrich Neuse, NG Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1915.
  3. ↑ Compare the various publications by Christa Bhatt, Alice Herrwegen and Karl Heinz Rahmers and Georg Heike , in particular:
    • Christa Bhatt, Alice Herrwegen: The Cologne dictionary . 2nd Edition. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-7616-1942-1 .
    • Alice Herrwegen: Mer liehre Kölsch - ävver flöck , intensive course in the Kölsch language. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2006, ISBN 3-7616-2032-2 .
    • Alice Herrwegen: Mer liere Kölsch - avver Höösch . JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7616-2201-8 .
  4. ↑ a b Jules Aldenhoff, Jean Gerrekens, Pierre Straat: Diksjonäär van et Jömelejer Plat . 1st edition. GEV - Grenz-Echo Verlag, Eupen 2003, ISBN 90-5433-182-8 , p. Vi below.
  5. ^ Adolf Steins: Grammar of the Aachen dialect. Diss. 1921, edited and with an afterword by Klaus-Peter Lange. Rhenish archive. Publications by the Institute for Historical Regional Studies of the Rhineland at the University of Bonn. Volume 141.Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-412-07698-8 , p. 19 center.
  6. ^ Peter Honnen (presented after preparatory work by Fritz Langensiepen ): Rheinische Dokumenta: Phonetic for Rhenish dialects, dialect documentation in the Rhineland . 2nd Edition. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1987, ISBN 3-7927-0947-3 , p. 24, last section of chapter V. 2.
  7. ↑ See for example the short description ( Memento of July 24, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
  8. ↑ See under Inleiding. In: van Rachel Fournier, Carlos Gussenhoven, Jörg Peters, Marc Swerts, Jo Verhoeven: De tonen van het Limburgs. (Dutch) Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  9. ↑ users.telenet.be at the end of the spelling section, accessed December 8, 2007.
Wikipedia on Ripuarian dialects
Wikipedia in Luxembourgish
Wikipedia in Limburgish