Macedonian calendar

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Seleucus I. Nicator

The reform of the Macedonian calendar was I. Seleucus , the following conflicts with Antigonus under support of Ptolemy I , the territory of Babylonia final 312 v. Chr. Could win, continued. According to the current historical calendar, the Seleucid era began with this year .

In addition, the old Solon calendar system and the Arab-Macedonian model were still in use. In ancient Egypt , the Ptolemies used the Macedonian-Solonian calendar, which was harmonized with the Macedonian-Arabic calendar in the late period.

background

Macedonian Seleucid Calendar

The Greek lunisolar calendar was divided after the calendar reform: the Greek-Babylonian calendar was based on the Babylonian model and began in spring. The Greek-Macedonian calendar kept autumn as the start of the year.

The first day of the month usually began with the first visible new light . In 312 BC However, there was already a schematic lunar calendar, which alternated between 29 and 30 days. The common year thus had 12 months. A cycle consisted of 19 years that included 7 leap years . Xanthikos were inserted six times and Hyperberetaios once as leap months.

Macedonian Seleucid calendar in 312/311 BC Chr.
Macedonian month name Babylonian month name Julian calendar Gregorian calendar
1. Dios 1. Tašritu October 6, 312 BC Chr. October 1, 312 BC Chr.
1. Apellaios 1. Araḫsamna November 5, 312 BC Chr. October 31, 312 BC Chr.
1. Audynaios 1. Kislimu December 4, 312 BC Chr. November 29, 312 BC Chr.
1. Peritios 1. Tebetu January 3, 311 BC Chr. December 29, 312 BC Chr.
1. Dystrosis 1. Sabatu February 1, 311 BC Chr. January 27, 311 BC Chr.
1. Xanthikos 1. Addaru March 3, 311 BC Chr. February 26, 311 BC Chr.
1. Artemisios 1. Nisannu April 1, 311 BC Chr. March 27, 311 BC Chr.
1. Daisios 1. Ajaru May 1, 311 BC Chr. April 26, 311 BC Chr.
1. Panemos 1. Simanu May 30, 311 BC Chr. May 25, 311 BC Chr.
1. Loos 1. Du'uzu June 29, 311 BC Chr. June 24, 311 BC Chr.
1. Gorpiaios 1. Abu July 28, 311 BC Chr. July 23, 311 BC Chr.
1. Hyperberetaios 1. Ululu August 27, 311 BC Chr. August 22, 311 BC Chr.

Macedonian Solon Calendar

With the introduction of this type of calendar in the time of Solon, a leap month was inserted in the second year. The months shifted over time and passed through the seasons. According to calculations by Pieter-Willem Pestman, the Ptolemies used the Macedonian-Solonian calendar to convert the periods of government in the Egyptian calendar .

Macedonian-Solonian calendar (at the time of the accession of Ptolemy III. Around 247/246 BC)
Macedonian name Ancient Egyptian name Gregorian calendar
1. Xanthikos 22. Pharmouthi June 8, 247 BC Chr.
1. Artemisios 22. Pachon 8th of July
1. Daisios 21. Payni 6th of August
1. Panemos 20. Epiphi September 4th
1. Loos 20. Mesori 4th of October
1. Gorpiaios 14. Thoth November 2
1. Hyperberetaios 14. Phaophi 2. December
1. Dios 13. Hathyr December 31
1. Apellaios 13. Choiak January 30, 246 BC Chr.
1. Audynaios 12. Tybi 1st March
1. Peritios 12. Mechir March 31
1. Dystrosis 11. Phamenoth April 29
1. Dystros II (leap month) 11. Pharmouthi May 29th

Macedonian Arabic calendar

In the Nabataean Empire and the subsequent Roman province of Arabia Petraea, there was a Macedonian calendar, the characteristics of which were adapted to the Egyptian calendar. The year began at the beginning of spring ; the epagomens were added to the last month.

Macedonian-Arabic calendar (third harmonization in 118 BC)
Macedonian name Arabic name Ancient Egyptian name Gregorian calendar
1. Xanthikos 1. Nisan 6. Phamenoth March 22
1. Artemisios 1. Ajar 6. Pharmouhti April 21
1. Daisios 1. Sivan 6. Pachon May 21
1. Panemos 1. Tammuz 6. Payni 20th June
1. Loos 1. Ab 6. Epiphi 20th of July
1. Gorpiaios 1. Elul 6. Mesori August 19th
1. Hyperberetaios 1. Tishri 1. Thoth September 18
1. Dios 1. Arahsamna 1. Phaophi October 18
1. Apellaios 1. Kislev 1. Hathyr November 17th
1. Audynaios 1. Tebet 1. Choiak December 17th
1. Peritios 1. Shabbat 1. Tybi January 16
1. Dystrosis 1. Adar 1. Mechir February 15th

literature

  • Hermann Bengtson : rulers of the Hellenism. Beck, Munich 1975. ISBN 3-406-00733-3 . Pp. 37-61.
  • Rolf Krauss : Sothis and moon data: studies on the astronomical and technical chronology of ancient Egypt , Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1985, ISBN 3-8067-8086-X
  • Hans Lietzmann, Kurt Aland: Calculation of the times of the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages and the modern age for the years 1 - 2000 AD , de Gruyter, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-11-010049-5 .
  • Pieter-Willem Pestman: Chronologie égyptienne d'après les textes demotiques - Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 15 (332 av.JC - 453 ap.JC) - , Brill, Lugdunum Batavorum 1967
  • Heinrich Pleticha , Otto Schönberger : The Greeks - Lexicon for the history of classical Greece - , Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1988, ISBN 3-404-64065-9 .
  • Konrat Ziegler u. a. (Ed.): The small Pauly - Lexicon of antiquity; on the basis of Pauly's Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity , Vol. 3: Iuppiter - Nasidienus

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Cf. Jean Meeus : Astronomische Algorithmen , u. a. Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4.5 . 2nd Edition. Barth, Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-335-00400-0 , calculation program Ephemeris Tool 4.5 .