Lack (quantity)
If there is a shortage , an economic entity lacks certain goods or services , there is an undersupply.
General
According to Wilfried Berg , the deficiency is a condition "in which the satisfaction of certain important needs at reasonable prices is irreparably impossible". The chain links lack, need , need and demand are often used synonymously, but must be differentiated from one another in economic terms. An objective deficiency occurs in all economic subjects ( private households , companies or the state with its subdivisions) and becomes a need when it is subjectively perceived by economic subjects and there is an incentive to satisfy needs . The need is the sensation of a deficiency with the striving to eliminate it. It does not depend on the objective deficiency, but on the subjectively felt deficiency. A need becomes a need when it is confronted with specific goods / services that can serve to remedy this deficiency. The subjective need is made concrete through the economically relevant need. Demand is the type and / or quantity of goods and services necessary to satisfy an economic entity's needs.
species
There are physiological deficiencies such as hunger , thirst or tiredness and psychological ones such as lack of social contact , lack of affection or lack of appreciation . The quantifiable physiological deficiencies are eliminated through food , drinks and sleep . The most material shortage is the lack of money . Under shortage economy refers to the systemic problem of centrally planned economies , the supply ensure goods and services permanently.
Examples
Hunger is a typical defect, which after a few hours of fasting one become necessary food intake signaled. Hunger arouses the (pre-economic) unspecific need for food , the concrete desire for a pizza presents itself as a need. Purchasing power ( monetary value ) turns this desire into demand. The need therefore becomes a demand if the purchasing power is sufficient, the supply is spatially accessible, the product quality / service quality is sufficient and the need has a sufficiently high priority. Purchasing power acts as a selection criterion, which ultimately does not turn every need into a concrete demand. If purchasing power is insufficient, demand cannot develop from demand.
A scientifically ascertainable lack of health does not automatically create a need for health services. The patient must first perceive the deficiency (for example through pain or medical advice ) so that an impulse to satisfy needs can arise at all . In the case of a vitamin C deficiency, scurvy occurs , in a vitamin D deficiency rickets or in a vitamin B1 deficiency beriberi . The decisive factor as to whether an objective deficiency, i.e. the deviation from objectifiable norms of physiological regulation or organic function, is perceived subjectively is health education . If the patient perceives these symptoms, a need arises to remedy this deficiency. The patient can now develop a need through targeted medication , which he converts into demand through purchasing power (also through prescription ).
Deficiency in the economy
According to Horst Siebert , the economy can be interpreted as the “art of lack” or the “doctrine of scarcity”. Shortage or scarcity has been the basic fact of human existence since the expulsion from paradise , and this scarcity arises from the discrepancy between an abundance of desires, goals, needs, desires, desires and concerns of the individual economic agents of a society and the amount of goods / services available . Deficiency and scarcity are not synonyms, even if they are sometimes treated as such by economists. Scarcity can be reduced through economic activity , shortages can be eliminated through demand. It is perceived as a deficiency that in the free play of forces the need, which cannot be clad in purchasing power, remains unmet.
In economic terms, the shortage is therefore the discrepancy between a need and its satisfaction. The lack of purchasing power (e.g. lack of clean drinking water in slums), on the other hand, is not economically relevant. The economically relevant deficiency can be due to scarcity, which can prevent its elimination. But even if there is a supply there are shortages such as hunger. If there is no concrete offer, the demand for it cannot be satisfied. A good is always scarce when there is a defect.
At maximum prices , the demand is greater than the supply; the more price elastic both sides react, the greater the shortage. Conversely, there is a surplus for minimum prices . A common method of dealing with deficiency is rationing . Particularly in times of extreme emergencies such as wars or major natural disasters , the government can switch to allocating the few available goods directly to consumers by issuing vouchers .
Defect in sales law
In sales law , short deliveries ( short deliveries ) have been equated with material defects since the reform of the law of obligations of January 2002 ( Section 434, Paragraph 3, Alternative 2 BGB ); less ( minus ) was delivered than contractually agreed. It is therefore necessary to deliver a small amount , whereby the amount depends primarily on the item and weight .
Delimitations
The quantitative deficiency is only used in the singular . The plural is also used, however, for every type of error or in the law ( formal deficiency , material deficiency , legal deficiency ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Wilfried Berg, Der Staat: Zeitschrift für Staatslehre, public law and constitutional history , 1976, p. 7
- ↑ Steffen Fleßa , Grundzüge der Krankenhausbetriebslehre , 2007, p. 33
- ↑ Jörg Freiling / M. Reckenfelderbäumer, Market and Entrepreneurship , 2005, p. 85 f.
- ↑ Steffen Fleßa, Grundzüge der Krankenhausbetriebslehre , 2007, p. 285
- ^ Günter Wiswede , Introduction to Business Psychology , 1973, p. 112
- ↑ Steffen Fleßa, Internationales Gesundheitsmanagement , 2012, p. 18
- ↑ Horst Siebert / Oliver Lorz, Introduction to Economics , 1969, p. 16
- ↑ Klaas Kruhl, The auction of knapper Frequenzen , 2003, p. 34
- ↑ Bernhard Beck, Economics for Technical Businesspeople and HWD , 2007, p. 40 f.
- ↑ Sibylle Brunner / Karl Kehrle, Volkswirtschaftslehre , 2014, p. 167
- ^ Otto Palandt / Walter Weidenkaff, BGB Commentary , 73rd edition, 2014, § 434 Rn. 53