Aurel stone

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Aurel Stein (1909)

Sir Marc Aurel Stein (Hungarian Stein Márk Aurél; born November 26, 1862 in Pest , Austrian Empire , † October 26, 1943 in Kabul ) was an explorer and archaeologist .

Life

Stein came from a Jewish family, but was baptized Protestant together with his brother Ernst Eduard.

He studied oriental languages ​​and archeology in Vienna and Tübingen and received his doctorate in ancient Persian and Indology. In 1884 he went to Great Britain , where he worked in Oxford and for the British Museum . In 1888 he was appointed director of the Oriental College in Lahore . In 1904 he got a position at the Archaeological Survey of India under its director John Marshall .

Since 1899 he was in the service of the Indian government and led in the years 1900, 1906-1908, 1913-1916 and 1930 four expeditions to Central Asia , which mainly served to research the cultures of the Silk Road and in which he coined the term Ser India . Imperial archeology came to an end in the 1920s, the finds from his last expedition were confiscated in 1930, and a new era began with Huang Wenbi .

In 1912, Stein was raised to the personal nobility as Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire . In 1921 he was elected to the British Academy and in 1930 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences .

He died on October 26, 1943 and was buried in the British Cemetery in Kabul.

Expeditions

Stein undertook four expeditions to Central Asia (1900-1901, 1906-1908, 1913-1916 and 1930).

Stein was influenced by Sven Hedin's 1899 work Through Asia's Deserts . On the first expedition, his most important discovery was that of Dandan Oilik's oasis in the Taklamakan Desert, where he found numerous remains, including some of the Tarim mummies . On his third expedition he exposed Karakhoto .

During the second expedition he discovered in the Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang an edition of the Diamond Sutra, printed in wood in China in 868 . The discovery of the oldest book printing product in human history that can be dated with certainty is considered to be Stein's main achievement.

The British Library's Steins collection contains Chinese, Tibetan and Tangut manuscripts, wooden panels in Prakrit, and documents in Sakian , Uighur , Sogdian and Eastern Turkic languages. They come from his last expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s. Stein managed to collect manuscripts of the Tocharian languages . He noted numerous archaeological sites, especially in Iran and Balochistan , such as Bampur in 1932 . .

Fonts

  • 1887. Zoroastriam Deities on Indo-Scythian Coins. London.
  • 1898. Detailed Report on an Archaeological Tour with the Buner Field Force , Lahore, Punjab Government Press.
  • 1900. [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration | Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī ]] - A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr , 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
  • 1904 Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan , London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd. Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2000
  • 1905. Report of Archaeological Survey Work in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan , Peshawar, Government Press, NW Frontier Province.
  • 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan , 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
  • 1912. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China , 2 vols. London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990.
  • 1921a. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China , 5 vols. London & Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.
  • The Thousand Buddhas: ancient Buddhist paintings from the cave-temples of Tung-huang on the western frontier of China.
  • 1921b “A Chinese expedition across the Pamirs and Hindukush, AD 747.” Indian Antiquary 1923.
  • 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran , 5 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
  • 1929. On Alexander's Track to the Indus: Personal Narrative of Explorations on the North-West Frontier of India . London, Macmillan & Co. Reprint: New York, Benjamin Blom, 1972.
  • 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China . Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky. Book Faith India, Delhi. 1999.
  • 1940 Old Routes of Western Iran: Narrative of an Archaeological Journey Carried out and Recorded , MacMillan and co., Limited. St. Martin's Street, London.
  • 1944. "Archaeological Notes from the Hindukush Region". JRAS , pp. 1-24 + fold-out.
  • Books by and about Aurel Stein in the Internet Archive - Online

literature

  • Susan Whitfield: Aurel Stein and the archeology of the Eastern Silk Road. In: Charlotte Trümpler (Ed.): The Great Game. Archeology and Politics during the Colonial Period (1860–1940). Book accompanying the exhibition at the Ruhr Museum Essen, DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-8321-9063-7 , pp. 166–177
  • Susan Whitfield: Aurel Stein on the Silk Road , London 2004 ISBN 0-7141-2416-8
  • Jeannette Mirsky: Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer , Chicago 1998 ISBN 0-226-53177-5
  • Tim Healey, Andreas Held (translator): Discoverer and adventurer. Row: Our 20th Century. Verlag Reader's Digest - Das Beste, Stuttgart 1999 ISBN 3870708301 (with numerous illustrations - translated from English)

Web links

Commons : Aurel Stein  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Knights and Dames: SEL – SU at Leigh Rayment's Peerage
  2. ^ Fellows: Sir Aurel Stein. British Academy, accessed August 1, 2020 .
  3. SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany: "Hit the Heart" - DER SPIEGEL 33/2010. Retrieved March 16, 2017 .
  4. Valeria Escauriaza-Lopez: Aurel Stein's Methods and Aims in Archeology on the Silk Road - britishmuseum.org
  5. Compare http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3190360.stm
  6. a b c d M. A. Stein - Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books at dsr.nii.ac.jp
  7. http://www.pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/TR-ENG/aurel.htm  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu