Masked yellowthroat
| Masked yellowthroat | ||||||||||||
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Masked yellow throat ( Geothlypis aequinoctialis ) |
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| Geothlypis aequinoctialis | ||||||||||||
| ( JF Gmelin , 1789) |
The masked yellowthroat ( Geothlypis aequinoctialis ) is a small bird art in the genre of Gelbkehlchen ( Geothlypis ) from the family of Warblers (Parulidae). The species is widespread in Central America and South America . It is listed as “not at risk” (least concern) by the IUCN .
features
Masked yellow throats reach a body length of 13 to 14 centimeters and a weight of 11.2 to 15.0 grams. In the adult males of the nominate form, the front head, the reins , the eye area and the ear covers form a striking black mask. The crown plumage is medium gray and the sides of the neck, the nape, the upper side plumage and the tail olive green. The wings are dull brown with olive-green feather edges. The underside plumage is yellow with olive-washed breasts and flanks. The beak is blackish and the legs are flesh-colored.
In the adult female of the nominate form, the olive crown plumage and the olive ear covers are slightly washed out gray. The area above the rein and the eye ring is yellowish-white. The upper side plumage is duller than that of the males and more grayish-olive or brownish-olive, the lower side plumage is dull yellow with more olive-washed flanks than that of the males.
Male juveniles in the first year have a slightly duller appearance in fresh plumage than the adult males. The gray crown plumage is olive washed and the olive washed black mask is duller. In the further course of the first year, they look like the adult males.
The fresh plumage of the female juveniles in the first year is more blunt than that of the adult females. The head and upper side plumage is more brownish-olive and the underside plumage light yellowish-leather-colored with more extensive olive-washed flanks.
Habitat, Nutrition and Reproduction
Masked yellow throats inhabit moist grassy pastures, swamps, seasonally flooded savannas, forest edges and clearings with dense undergrowth up to a height of 1500 meters. The subspecies Geothlypis a. auricularis also prefers undergrowth and bushes in open areas of dry tropical forests. The birds feed on insects and other invertebrates. On their forays they are usually sneaking in pairs in the thick undergrowth. When startled, they fly over the vegetation for a short distance and then return out of sight. When singing, the males prefer rather high, open singing waiting areas. In Chiriquí , in the southwest of Panama , the subspecies Geothlypis a. chiriquensis sometimes to sing flight.
The deep, bowl-shaped nest is built well hidden in the grass and bushes. Grasses are used as nesting material and fine plant fibers are used for lining. The breeding season is longer. There is a record of the subspecies Geothlypis a. chiriquensis in Costa Rica with a clutch of two eggs in May. Nominate form animals ready for reproduction have been sighted in Colombia from January to May and some in August, and in Trinidad in February, May, August and October.
Systematics and distribution
Traditionally, the five recognized subspecies are divided into three groups, but with four genetically different allospecies that should be viewed as separate species. Allozyme findings have shown that four species are involved within the groups with the exception of the subspecies Geothlypis a. peruviana , which if broken down may be regarded as a subspecies of the then independent species Geothlypis (a.) auricularis .
" Masked" Yellowthroat group
- Geothlypis (a.) Aequinoctialis ( JF Gmelin , 1789) - Occurs in the north of South America (from northern Colombia and Venezuela in the southeast to the Amazon region in northern Brazil as well as in Surinam , Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana ).
- Geothlypis (a.) Velata ( Vieillot , 1809) - Occurrences in central South America (from southeastern Peru , Bolivia and the southern Amazon region in Brazil to south to central Argentina and Uruguay ). This subspecies is smaller than the nominate form. The male has a slightly narrower black mask and the head plumage is more gray, which extends to the sides of the black mask to the sides of the neck and in the nape of the neck.
" Black-lored" Yellowthroat group
- Geothlypis (a.) Auricularis Salvin , 1883 - Widespread in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. This subspecies is significantly smaller than the nominate form. In males, the black mask is limited to the reins, to a narrow band over the forehead, to the area over the reins and to the front ear covers.
- Geothlypis a. peruviana Taczanowski , 1884 - Occurrence limited to the upper valley of the Marañón River in northwestern Peru. Similar to the subspecies Geothlypis (a.) Auricularis , but larger; comparable to the nominate form. The gray crown plumage is slightly duller and lighter.
"Chiriqui" yellow throat group ("Chiriqui" Yellowthroat)
- Geothlypis (a.) Chiriquensis Salvin, 1872 - Found in the canton of Coto Brus in the province of Puntarenas in southern Costa Rica and in the neighboring Chiriquí in southwest Panama. Similar to the nominate form in the head plumage and size of the subspecies Geothlypis (a.) Auricularis . In this subspecies, the black mask is most extensive in males.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jon Curson, David Quinn, David Beadle: New World Warblers. Helm, London 1994, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6 , p. 182.
literature
- Jon Curson, David Quinn, David Beadle: New World Warblers. Helm, London 1994, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6 , pp. 62 and 182-183.
Web links
- Geothlypis aequinoctialis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2009. Accessed July 25, 2011th
- BirdLife International: Species Factsheet - Geothlypis aequinoctialis . Retrieved July 25, 2011.
