Moss woman

Moosweiblein are female forest spirits of German legend . They are counted among the poor souls .

Moosweiblein appear in Saxony , Thuringia , on the Saale , in Orlagau , in the Harz Mountains , in the Vogtland , in the Upper Palatinate , in the Bavarian Forest , in Franconia , in Upper Franconia , in the Bohemian Forest , around Warnsdorf in Northern Czech Republic , in the Giant Mountains and in Westphalia .

Names

Different names are used for female moss. Other names with the name component moss , for example, Moss females, Moss Miss and Moosfräule.

The part of the name Holz- occurs in the names Holzfräulein , Holzfrau, Holzfräule, Holzfralerl, Holzfrala, Hulzfral, Holzweiblein, Holzweibchen and Holzweibel.

Name variations with the first syllable Busch- are for example Bushweibchen, Bushweiblein, Bushmaid and Bushmaid.

The part of the name Wald- occurs in the names Waldweiblein, Waldweibchen, Waldweibel, Waldweib, Waldweibigen, Waldfrau and Waldfräulein.

Other names are Rüttelweib, Rüttelweiblein and Lohjungfer.

Appearance

The appearance of the moss female is described in different ways. Generally they are of small stature. The exact sizes vary from a height of three feet to the size of a three, four, or five year old child. They are ugly and unsightly to look at. Some of them are very mossy, like winding dwarfs, without a specific shape or at least shaggy, shaggy, hairy all over their body. Some moss females are also hunchbacked, at least often shriveled up or stooped. Generally they are described as old and gray, sometimes even called ancient.

Their faces are old and wrinkled, sometimes gray, with black eyes, some of which can be half-blind. The head, when touched, feels ice cold. Moss women have long, snow-white hair in a wild disorder, and more rarely black hair or yellow hair. Moss sometimes grows on faces or feet. The moss women have fine, squeaking voices.

The clothing of the moss woman can be as varied as her appearance. Sometimes they are ragged or even naked, dressed in black or wearing old gray clothes. Most often, however, they are covered with moss. They wear clothes made of moss, especially tree moss as well as other forest plants, or are dressed in moss, which surrounds them like a blanket or fur. They also dress in flax stalks, and are sometimes completely wrapped in flax stalks. The equipment of the female moss often includes an apron tied up, which can sometimes be yellow-brown in color. Moss women always run barefoot.

They sometimes carry a crouch of wood in a basket on their backs or rice wood in an apron. These back baskets are made of unpeeled willow. In addition, female bushes and wooden maids lean on a knotty stick that supports their swaying gait.

Life in the forest

The moss women live in the forest. They live on the heather, in dark places in the wood or in the deepest forest. Your dwelling is a hole in the ground, a hollow tree, a house made of tree roots or a moss hut. They sleep on moss and also bed their children on moss or bark.

Moss women often live in large families and can have children. Often they are married to little wooden men, but also enter into love affairs with people.

They spin tree moss with spindles, sit at crossroads spinning or knitting in the bush. They wash their clothes in small ponds, but prefer to be unobserved.

Moosweiblein know how to bake cakes. When they bake, the mountain tops steam. Rising mountain fog in spring and autumn is seen as the bush smoke's hearth. When asked about it, the moss women also give their cakes to people. When there is a lack of bread, however, they tend to feed on tree roots.

The moss women sing sweetly, but incomprehensibly, mostly at lunchtime or at midnight. When it hails in April, the female bush climbs over the mountains. In the whirlwind, however, the bush maids fly. Some moss women only leave the forest once every hundred years. When the bast is peeled from the tree, it always means that a female moss must die.

Contacts with people

Moss women are herbalists and understand both the mission and the healing of diseases. When people mock them, they send them sicknesses. This can be done in a number of ways. You can push people so that they get sick and miserable and squat on them so that people get lame. But you can also breathe on them, which can make people bumps or ulcers on their faces. In addition, moss women have knowledge of the future.

Moss women reward people by giving them wood shavings or leaves, which turn into gold. They also give balls of yarn that do not end unless their end is deliberately sought, or webs and knitwear that bring happiness and blessings into the home. The moss women also show their thanks with well-intentioned advice and warnings. They also protect the children in the forest, lead people out of the forest at night without going astray or let them find deer and roe deer antlers.

On the other hand, moss women steal bread and dumplings from people, bread fresh from the oven and dumplings from the pots. However, they do not tolerate caraway bread, which is why they exclaim: Caraway bread, our death . The same applies to “piped” bread, that is bread into which the fingertip has been pressed. They cannot touch counted baked goods either. On the other hand, the moss women rightfully own part of the hay cuttings and the water, which forms drops on the edge of the vessel when scooping, as well as part of the linseed, the flax stalks, the ears of grain and the tree fruit as well as the flour that sticks to the bucket frame and the leftover breadcrumbs.

Moss women allow wood to be collected in the forest if they have previously received a piece of bread or a dumpling as a gift. They jump on haystacks and play like children.

Sometimes moss women give people helpful help and advice. They stop at people's houses and do various jobs, for example they spin flax and wool at night, they scrub, feed, milk, mow, help with making hay and cutting grain. If the moss women receive food from shepherds, they bless their cows, which then give more milk. For others, they protect their equipment from thieves. As house spirits , moss women bring happiness and blessings, but they also receive food offerings in return. They hate cursing and vices. They love silence, hate quarrels and curses, are driven away by it, just as they disappear, never to be seen again, when they are given new clothes.

Relationship to the wild hunt

Moss women are mercilessly hunted and killed by the wild hunter and the wild hunt . The hunter chasing them and his band have different names depending on the region, such as night hunters or wood chasers. Johannes Praetorius , who equated the night hunter with Rübezahl , also transferred the legendary motif of the hunt for moss women and jogging women to this. He also reported a fight that Rübezahl is said to have held with a female moss for his territory.

The only thing that protects a moss woman from wild hunting is a tree stump in which a lumberjack has made the sign of the cross with his ax. Sometimes, however, there must be three crosses or “Gott wael's!” (God rule it) must have been said. With “Wael's Gott!” The tree stump has no protective effect. With three crosses it is sometimes said that two lumberjacks have to break in the cross before the tree has completely fallen to the ground. Crossed utensils, for example cart shafts, harrows and plows, provide protection for moss women. The last stalks of flax are also tied together during harvest so that the female moss can find refuge underneath.

Regardless of the wild hunt, it is also said of the crossed tree stumps that the female moss can keep her home in the tree by cutting the cross or are even rendered harmless in this way.

Bush grandmother

The bush grandmother on the Saale is named as the mistress of the moss woman. Strictly speaking, the bush grandmother is the mother of the Moosweiblein (here: Moosfräuleins), with whom she moves around the country, usually in a small trolley. She has tangled hair and a stare. The bush grandmother is also a child scare . It corresponds to Frau Holle or Perchta , which is common elsewhere . The bush grandmother also performs in Silesia and is called Pusch-Grohla there. While she was considered the queen of the moss people by 19th century mythologists, she is more of a primitive forest demon.

Similar legendary figures

Figures from the German-speaking world of legends similar to the moss women are, on the one hand, the wild women in Hesse , the Rhineland and Baden , and on the other hand the Fanggen and the salty women in Tyrol .

literature

Collections of sagas

• Wilhelm Grimm , Jacob Grimm : German legends: Complete edition with illustrations by Otto Ubbellohde . Kassel 1818. (Reprint: Nikol, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86820-245-8 )
• Ludwig Bechstein : German book of legends . Meiningen 1852. (Reprinted by FW Hendel Verlag, Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930)
• Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Coburg 1858. (Reprint: Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2014, ISBN 978-3-936030-08-2 )
• Edmund Mudrak: The great book of legends . Ensslin, Würzburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-401-45307-1 .
• Hans-Jörg Uther : Saxon legends . Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Munich 1992.
• Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Prague 1863. (Reprint: Holzinger, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-1-4849-7919-8 )
• Leander Petzoldt : German folk tales . Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-86539-138-4 .

Mythological research and dictionaries

• Jacob Grimm : German Mythology : Complete Edition . Berlin 1844. (Reprint: Marix-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-143-8 )
• Wolfgang Golther : Germanic mythology: Complete edition . Leipzig 1859. (Reprint: Marix-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-937715-38-4 )
• Felix Dahn , Therese Dahn : Germanic gods and heroic sagas . Leipzig 1919. (Reprint: Marix-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-937715-39-1 )
• Wilhelm Mannhardt : Forest and field cults. Volume I, Danzig 1874. (Reprint: Elibron Classics, 2005, ISBN 1-4212-4740-2 )
• Karl de Wyl: Rübezahl researches: The writings of Johannes Praetorius . Breslau 1909. (Reprint: Salzwasser Verlag, Paderborn 2012, ISBN 978-3-8460-1198-0 )
• Richard Beitl : Investigations into the mythology of the child: edited by Bernd Rieken and Michael Simon. Partly zugl .: Berlin, Univ., Habil.-Schr. R. Beitl, 1933, Waxmann Verlag, Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-8309-1809-7 .
• Christa Agnes Tuczay : Ghosts, Demons - Phantasms: A Cultural History . Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-7374-0972-8 .
• Leander Petzoldt : Small lexicon of demons and elementals . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-406-34019-9 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Wolfgang Golther: Germanic mythology . Wiesbaden 2011, p. 196.
2. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
3. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
4. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 49.
5. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 75.
6. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 74.
7. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 182.
8. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 183.
9. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 185.
10. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 83.
11. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 77.
12. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 74.
13. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 87.
14. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 74.
15. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 86.
16. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
17. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 379.
18. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 1044.
19. ↑ Wolfgang Golther: Germanic mythology . Wiesbaden 2011, p. 196.
20. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 574.
21. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 1044.
22. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 75.
23. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 77.
24. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 77.
25. ↑ Felix Dahn, Therese Dahn: Germanic gods and heroic sagas . Wiesbaden 2010, p. 593.
26. ↑ Edmund Mudrak: The great book of sagas . Würzburg 2007, p. 132.
27. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
28. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 87.
29. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
30. ↑ Wolfgang Golther: Germanic mythology . Wiesbaden 2011, p. 196.
31. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 86.
32. ↑ Felix Dahn, Therese Dahn: Germanic gods and heroic sagas . Wiesbaden 2010, p. 593.
33. ↑ Edmund Mudrak: The great book of sagas . Würzburg 2007, p. 132.
34. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
35. ↑ Karl de Wyl: Rübezahl research . Paderborn 2012, p. 134.
36. ↑ Karl de Wyl: Rübezahl research . Paderborn 2012, p. 132.
37. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 574.
38. ↑ Karl de Wyl: Rübezahl research . Paderborn 2012, p. 132.
39. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 282.
40. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: Small lexicon of demons and elementals . Munich 1990, p. 190.
41. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 74.
42. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 282 f.
43. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 49.
44. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
45. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 182.
46. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
47. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 60.
48. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 75.
49. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 39.
50. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 75.
51. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 185.
52. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
53. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
54. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
55. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
56. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
57. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 75.
58. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 49.
59. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
60. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 185.
61. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
62. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
63. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
64. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 76.
65. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
66. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
67. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 60.
68. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
69. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
70. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 49 f.
71. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 282 f.
72. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
73. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 76.
74. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 86.
75. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 75.
76. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 77.
77. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
78. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 60.
79. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
80. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
81. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
82. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
83. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
84. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 87.
85. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
86. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
87. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
88. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 76.
89. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
90. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 76.
91. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
92. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
93. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 91.
94. ↑ Leander Petzoldt: German folk tales . Wiesbaden 2007, p. 183.
95. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
96. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 49.
97. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 224 f.
98. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
99. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 60.
100. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 50.
101. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 38.
102. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 88.
103. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 86.
104. ^ Josef Virgil Grohmann: Book of legends of Bohemia and Moravia . Berlin 2013, p. 87.
105. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 375.
106. ↑ Wolfgang Golther: Germanic mythology . Wiesbaden 2011, p. 197.
107. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
108. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
109. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223.
110. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
111. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 61.
112. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
113. ↑ Hans-Jörg Uther: Saxon sagas . Munich 1992, p. 223 f.
114. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 72.
115. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 84.
116. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
117. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 375.
118. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 38.
119. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 1044.
120. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 77 f.
121. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 82.
122. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
123. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
124. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 375.
125. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
126. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 109.
127. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 79.
128. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 38.
129. ↑ Christa Agnes Tuczay: Spirits, demons - phantasms: A cultural history . Wiesbaden 2015, p. 77.
130. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 72.
131. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
132. ↑ Edmund Mudrak: The great book of sagas . Würzburg 2007, p. 132.
133. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 378.
134. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
135. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 282.
136. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 82.
137. ↑ Karl de Wyl: Rübezahl research . Paderborn 2012, p. 134.
138. ↑ Edmund Mudrak: The great book of sagas . Würzburg 2007, p. 132.
139. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 75.
140. ^ Wilhelm Grimm, Jacob Grimm: Deutsche Sagen . Hamburg 2014, p. 282.
141. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 38.
142. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Thuringian legend book. Volume 2, Bad Langensalza 2014, p. 101.
143. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 83.
144. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 77.
145. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 83.
146. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: German book of legends . Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 379 f.
147. ^ Richard Beitl: Investigations into the Mythology of the Child Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin 2007, p. 16.
148. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology . Wiesbaden 2014, p. 375.
149. ^ Richard Beitl: Investigations into the mythology of the child . Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin 2007, p. 16.
150. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 87 f.
151. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 89.
152. ^ Wilhelm Mannhardt: Forest and field cults. Volume I, 2005, p. 99.