Muhammad I Tapar

506 H. (1112/13) Dinar minted in Kashan, on which Muhammad is named as Sultan above his son Chaghri and his atabeg Chavli

Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa-d-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad (I) Tapar ( Arabic غياث الدنيا والدين أبو شجاع محمد, DMG Ġiyāṯ ad-Dunyā wa-'d-Dīn Abū Šuǧāʿ Muḥammad ; * January 21, 1082 ; † April 5, 1118 ) ruled from 1105 to 1118 as Sultan of the Great Seljuks over western Iran and Iraq .

He was a son of Sultan Malik Shah I († 1092) and the brother of Sultan Sandjar . Between 1098 and 1104 civil war raged between him and his older half-brother Berk-Yaruq . It began when Muhammad occupied the city of Rey and killed Berk-Yaruq's mother Zubaida there, after which the Chutba was (temporarily) read in Baghdad on his behalf. The war prevented (despite a request from the caliph ) any action by the Seljuks against the crusadersand ended in a draw after five battles. After both sides were exhausted, they came to an agreement whereby the empire was divided and Muhammad was given upper Iraq, Mosul , Syria and Diyarbakir . However, Berk-Yaruq died in 1105 at the age of 25, so that Muhammad inherited the throne - at least after deposing his son Malik-Shah II in Isfahan . Sanjar, who also had the same mother as Muhammad and ruled over Khorasan from 1097 , was on his side in the civil war with Berk-Yaruq and asserted himself as the head of the dynasty after Muhammad's death.

Muhammad, who had married his daughter Fatima to the Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir , sent troops (at the caliph's request) to a combined attack on the crusaders, but despite some military successes (victory over King Baldwin at Tiberias in 1113) this was undermined due to disputes remained without decisive results for the Muslims. He also had the Ismaili fortress of Alamut besieged twice between 1108 and 1118 and forced Hasan-i Sabbāh to negotiate surrender through the years of siege.

Remarks

↑ Cf. Nagendra Kr. Singh: International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties, p. 1086
↑ Cf. Friedrich Christoph Schlosser : General history of the times of the Crusades, first part, p. 82 note h); Fahri Özkul: The Caliphate in the Seljuk Era, p. 15; Martijn Theodoor Houtsma: EJ Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, vol. 2, p. 151.

literature

Clifford Edmund Bosworth : Muhammad b. Malik-S̲h̲āh . In: Encyclopedia of Islam , Second Edition . 7. Mif—Naz. Brill, Leiden 1993 ISBN 90-04-09419-9 ( online ).
Hans Eberhard Mayer : History of the Crusades. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart ⁹ 2000, ISBN 3-17-016390-6 (Urban paperbacks 86), p. 70.
Steven Runciman : History of the Crusades . Special edition in one volume without references to sources or literature. Beck, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-406-02527-7 , pp. 327, 353, 374-375, 415, 418, 419-420, 427, 429-430, 438, 441, 454.

predecessor	government office	successor
Malik Shah II	Sultan of the Great Seljuks 1105–1118	Ahmad Sandjar

personal data
SURNAME	Muhammad I Tapar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad Tapar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Sultan of the Seljuks
BIRTH DATE	January 21, 1082
DATE OF DEATH	April 5, 1118

[1] Cf. Nagendra Kr. Singh: International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties, p. 1086

[2] Cf. Friedrich Christoph Schlosser : General history of the times of the Crusades, first part, p. 82 note h); Fahri Özkul: The Caliphate in the Seljuk Era, p. 15; Martijn Theodoor Houtsma: EJ Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, vol. 2, p. 151.