Ergot relatives

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Ergot relatives
Ears of rye with ergot

Ears of rye with ergot

Systematics
Department : Ascomycota mushrooms
Subdivision : Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina)
Class : Sordariomycetes
Subclass : Hypocreomycetidae
Order : Crust ball mushrooms (Hypocreales)
Family : Ergot relatives
Scientific name
Clavicipitaceae
( Lindau ) OE Erikss., 1982 ex Rogerson, 1970

Clavicipitaceae (Clavicipitaceae) are a family of department of the hose mushrooms (Ascomycota) from the kingdom of fungi (Fungi). Ergot relatives live in particular as parasites or symbionts on plants , fungi or insects . The type genus are the ergot fungi ( claviceps ).

features

Ergot relatives live as parasites and symbionts in community with organisms of different biological realms. Numerous representatives of this fungal family live endophytically in and less often epiphytically on plants. Sweet grasses are particularly affected , but also stinging bindweed , pine and bindweed . In contrast, numerous representatives of the genera Aschersonia , Hypocrella , Regiocrella , Orbiocrella , Conoideocrella , Metarhician , Torrubiella and Metacordyceps are parasites that infest insects . They are used to control insects , such as Metarhizium anisopliae , Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Aschersonia aleyrodes . Verticillium epiphytum lives on other fungi. In addition, some members of the ergot relatives family, such as Chaunopycnis alba , which occurs in the soil , have pronounced saprobiontic properties. Historically, the ergot relatives family is characterized by several changes of hosts of different biological kingdoms.

Ergot relatives are producers of sometimes unique secondary substances , especially toxic alkaloids . Among the produced by ergot fungus relatives alkaloids include, in particular for the frequently occurring in the Middle Ages Antoniusfeuer responsible ergot alkaloids , the neurotoxic Lolitreme and the predominantly insecticidally acting loline alkaloid and Peramin . They serve the fungi and partly the plant host as protection against feeding.

Some representatives of the ergot relatives family reproduce exclusively asexually . These include in particular the so-called anamorphic genera Aschersonia , Chamaelomyces , Chaunopycnis , Ephelis , Mariannaea , Metarhician , Neotyphodium , Nomuraea , Paecilomyces , Pochonia , Sphacelia and Tolypocladium .

Systematics

The ergot relatives family has long been considered monophyletic. It was differentiated from closely related families, in particular the crustball relatives (Hypocreaceae). Regardless of this, the assignment of some genera, such as the representatives of the Ustilaginoideae , caused problems. Phylogenetic analyzes indicated that this family is a paraphyletic taxon , which can be divided into three clades . Finally, in 2007 a reorganization with a spin-off of numerous species into the Cordycipitaceae family and into the newly created Ophiocordycipitaceae family was proposed. The thus limited family of ergot fungus relatives in the narrower sense (Clavicipitaceae s.str. ) Is represented by only one of the original three clades.

More than 400 species in 38 genera are currently assigned to the ergot fungus relatives family in the narrower sense.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c J. W. Spatafora, GH Sung, JM Sung, NL Hywel-Jones, JF White: Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes . In: Mol. Ecol. . 16, No. 8, April 2007, pp. 1701-1711. ISSN 0962-1083 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-294X.2007.03225.x . PMID 17402984 .  
  2. ↑ a b c M. S. Torres, JF White: Clavicipitaceae: Free-living and Saprotrophs to Plant Endophytes . In: Moselio Schaechter (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Microbiology , 3rd Edition, Volume 3, Verlag Academic Press, 2009, ISBN 0123739446 , pp. 422-430.
  3. ↑ a b G. H. Sung, NL Hywel-Jones, JM Sung, JJ Luangsa-Ard, B. Shrestha, JW Spatafora: Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi . In: Stud. Mycol. . 57, 2007, pp. 5-59. ISSN 0166-0616 . doi : 10.3114 / sim.2007.57.01 . PMID 18490993 .  
  4. ↑ a b c d G. H. Sung, GO Poinar, JW Spatafora: The oldest fossil evidence of animal parasitism by fungi supports a Cretaceous diversification of fungal-arthropod symbioses . In: Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. . 49, No. 2, November 2008, pp. 495-502. ISSN 1095-9513 . doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.08.028 . PMID 18817884 .  
  5. ↑ Steiner U, Leibner S, Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Leistner E: Periglandula, a new fungal genus within the Clavicipitaceae and its association with Convolvulaceae . In: Mycologia . 103, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1133-1145. doi : 10.3852 / 11-031 . PMID 21558502 .
  6. ^ LP Bush, HH Wilkinson, CL Schardl: Bioprotective Alkaloids of Grass-Fungal Endophyte Symbioses . In: Plant Physiol. . 114, No. 1, May 1997, pp. 1-7. ISSN 1532-2548 . PMID 12223685 .  
  7. ^ JF Bischoff, RF Sullivan, KM Kjer, JF White: Phylogenetic placement of the anamorphic tribe Ustilaginoideae (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) . In: Mycologia . 96, No. 5, 2004, pp. 1088-1094. ISSN 0027-5514 . PMID 21148928 .  
  8. ↑ GH Sung, JM Sung, NL Hywel-Jones, JW Spatafora: A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach . In: Mol. Phylogenet. Evol . 44, No. 3, September 2007, pp. 1204-1223. ISSN 1055-7903 . doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2007.03.011 . PMID 17555990 .  

literature

  • MS Torres, JF White: Clavicipitaceae: Free-living and Saprotrophs to Plant Endophytes . In: Moselio Schaechter (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Microbiology , 3rd Edition, Volume 3, Verlag Academic Press, 2009, ISBN 0123739446 , pp. 422-430.

Web links

Commons : Ergot mushroom relatives ( Clavicipitaceae )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files