Nadschm ad-Dīn at-Tūfī

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Nadschm ad-Dīn Abū r-Rabīʿ Sulaimān ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī at-Tūfī ( Arabic نجم الدين أبو الربيع سليمان بن عبد القوي الطوفي, DMG Naǧm ad-Dīn Abū r-Rabīʿ Sulaimān ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī aṭ-Ṭūfī ; * 1276 in Tūfā near Baghdad ; † 1316 in Hebron ) was a Hanbali scholar who worked mainly in Cairo and Qūs , who was close to the Twelve Shia and is known in modern times for his utilitarian theory of the common good (maṣlaḥa) . At-Tūfī was also one of the few Muslim scholars of the Middle Ages who dealt directly with the text of the Bible .

Life

At-Tūfī received his first education in his birthplace and came to Baghdad in 1282, where he studied Arabic grammar, fiqh , hadith and logic . After a one-year stay in Damascus , which he used to attend the classes of Ibn Taymiyya and al-Mizzī , he moved to Cairo in 1305, where he continued his training with various scholars and a post as a repetitor (muʿīd) at the Mansūrīya and the Nāsirīya received. In 1311, for reasons that are not entirely clear, he was imprisoned for a few days and then banished from the city. After a stopover in Damiette, he went to the Upper Egyptian city of Qūs , where he worked through the libraries and wrote his own books. In 1315 he undertook the Hajj , after which he stayed in Mecca for another year . In 1316 he traveled on to Palestine , where he died in the city of Hebron.

A particularly peculiar point of at-Tūfī's scholarly profile was his inclination for the Shia . During his stay in Mecca, he was in lively exchange with the Imamite scholar as-Sakākīnī. In Cairo he was accused of representing rāfidite positions and of insulting the companions of the Prophets . The Hanbalites were and are known to this day for their anti-Shiite positions.

Works

Of the more than 50 works written by at-Tūfī, 19 have survived. The following of these have already been edited:

  • Kitāb at-Taʿyīn fī šarḥ al-Arbaʿīn ("Book of Specification for Commenting on the Forty"), commentary on an-Nawawī's collection of the forty hadiths, which aroused particularly great interest in the 20th century. In this work, at-Tūfī developed his theory of the “common good” ( maṣlaḥa) in connection with the commentary on the 32nd hadith “No harm and no harmful retribution” (lā ḍarar wa-lā ḍirār ) , which in principle should be weighted higher than Text evidence from the Koran and Sunna . The modern Syrian scholar Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Qāsimī (1866–1914) edited this text separately and provided it with his own explanations. Raschīd Ridā had the text with the declarations of al-Qāsimīs reprinted in his journal al-Manār in 1906 and made it known to a wider Islamic public. At-Tūfī's commentary was only edited in full in 1998 by Aḥmad Ḥāǧǧ Muḥammad ʿUṯmān.
  • at-Taʿālīq ʿalā l-anāǧīl al-arbaʿa ("The glosses of the four Gospels") has been critically edited and translated by Lejla Demiri.
  • al-Ǧaḏal fī ʿilm al-ǧadal ("The banner of happiness over the science of dispute "). In this work at-Tūfī formulated the idea that Jesus Christ could have been an angel and this was the reason why the Christians ascribed divine properties to him.
  • al-Išārāt al-ilāhīya ilā l-mabāḥiṯ al-uṣūlīya , three-volume treatise on the Usūl al-fiqh .
  • aṣ-Ṣaʿqa al-ġaḍabīya fī r-radd ʿalā munkirī al-ʿArabīya , defense of the Arabic language against its critics.
  • Šarḥ Muḫtaṣar ar-Rauḍa , commentary on an epitome he created himself for the work Rauḍat al-nāẓir wa-ǧannat al-munāẓir by Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī .

literature

Arabic sources
Secondary literature
  • Carl Brockelmann : History of Arabic Literature. 3 volumes + 2 supplement volumes Leiden: Brill 1938-1949. Vol. II, p. 132, Suppl-Vol. II, pp. 133f.
  • Lejla Demiri: Muslim exegesis of the Bible in medieval Cairo: Najm al-Din al-Tufi's (d. 716/1316) commentary on the Christian scriptures . Leiden 2013.
  • Wolfhart Heinrichs : Art .: "al-Ṭūfī" in Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Vol. X, pp. 588f.
  • Wolfhart Heinrichs: Ǧadal bei aṭ-Ṭūfī, an interpretation of his collection of examples . In the journal of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft , Supplement III, 1. Wiesbaden 1977. pp. 463–473.
  • Muṣṭafā Zaid: al-Maṣlaḥa fī t-tašrīʿ al-islāmī . Dār al-Yusr li-ṭ-Ṭibāʿa wa-'n-Našr, Cairo, 2004.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ See Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī: The Book of Forty Hadiths. Kitāb al-Arbaʿīn with the commentary Ibn Daqīq al-ʿĪd . Translated by Marco Schöller. Frankfurt a. M. 2007. pp. 194-197.
  2. ↑ Cf. Zaid: al-Maṣlaḥa fī t-tašrīʿ al-islāmī . 2004, p. 133.
  3. ↑ See Malcolm Kerr : Islamic Reform. The Political and Legal Theories of Muḥammad ʿAbduh and Rashīd Riḍā. Berkeley 1966. pp. 97-102.
personal data
SURNAME Nadschm ad-Dīn at-Tūfī
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tūfī, at-; Nadschm ad-Dīn Abū r-Rabīʿ Sulaimān ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī at-Tūfī; نجم الدين سليمان بن عبد القوي الطوفي (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hanbali scholar
DATE OF BIRTH 1276
PLACE OF BIRTH Tūfā near Baghdad
DATE OF DEATH 1316
Place of death Hebron