Northern English
North English ( Engl. Northern English ) is a dialect group of the English language . It includes the dialects from North West England, which in some parts correspond to Scottish . Among the other dialects are Cumbrian, the various Yorkshire dialects, Lanky (the dialect in Lancashire) and Scouse (Liverpool). Northern English shows influences from the Vikings, as this area was everywhere north of the Danelaw . Norwegian has more influences on most Northern English dialects than Danish , however East Riding of Yorkshire has been more influenced by Danish. There are also Irish influences on dialects in Liverpool , Birkenhead and the Middlesbrough / Stockton / Billingham metropolitan area. Northern English is one of the large families of dialects of British English ; other families are e.g. B. East English, Midlands English, and South English.
Modifications
Northern English includes:
- Cumbrian
- Geordie (spoken in Newcastle upon Tyne / Tyneside area )
- Lanky
- Mackem (spoken in Sunderland , Tyne and Wear / Wearside)
- Pitmatic (two variants, one spoken in the mining communities of County Durham and the other in Northumberland )
- Scouse (spoken in Liverpool with variations to North Wales )
- Teesside (spoken in Middlesbrough and the rest of Teesside)
- the various Yorkshire dialects (spoken in Yorkshire )
- Mancunian (spoken in Manchester , Greater Manchester , parts of Lancashire, and eastern Cheshire ).
In some areas it is noticeable that the dialects and expressions can vary greatly within the regions. For example, the Lancashire dialect has a great many sub-dialects and variations that can be found from town to town. Changes in dialect can be detected even within 8 km . The Yorkshire Dialect Society has always separated the West Riding from the North and East Ridings .
Common to most of the northern English dialects
There are always the same dialect signs that are the same in most Northern English dialects. (There are several accent features which are common to most of the accents of northern England (Wells 1982, chapter 4.4)).
- The foot-strut split is absent in Northern English, so cut (cut) and put (take) rhyme and are both spoken with / ʊ / . This has led to northern English being paraphrased as "Oop North" / ʊp nɔːθ / . Some words with / ʊ / in Received Pronunciation (RP) can have / uː / - book (book) is often pronounced / buːk / in northern dialects , with some stronger dialects also pronouncing look as / luːk / .
- The trap-bath split does not exist, so / ɑː / in bath, half, last, can't have the same vowel value as / æ / in cat, back, can . Therefore cast is pronounced [kast] and not [kɑːst] as in the more southern dialects.
- For many speakers, the remaining RP- / ɑː / are pronounced as / aː / : for example in the words palm (palm), cart (wagon), start (beginning), tomato (tomato) .
- The vowel in dress, test, pet, etc. is a little more open, transcribed from Wells to / ɛ / more than / e / .
- In most areas, the letter y is spoken at the end of words like happy or city [ɪ] , like the i in bit , and not [i] . This was taken into account in the RP up until the 1990s. The longer [i] can be found in the far north and the Merseyside area.
- The phonemes / eɪ / of Received Pronunciation (as in face ) and / əʊ / (as in goat (goat) ) are often used as monophthongs (such as [eː] and [oː] ). In either case, the quality of these vowels varies considerably across the region, and this is considered a greater indicator of a speaker's social class than the stigmatized aspects listed above.
further reading
- Katie Wales: Northern English: A Social and Cultural History . Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-86107-1 .