Philip Friedman

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Philip Friedman , also Filip (born April 27, 1901 in Lviv , Austria-Hungary ; died February 7, 1960 in New York City ) was a Polish-American historian and survivor of the Holocaust .

Life

Philip Friedman attended grammar school in Lemberg and studied history with Salo W. Baron at the Jüdisches Pädagogium Vienna and with Alfred Francis Přibram at the University of Vienna , where he received his doctorate in 1925 on the history of the Galician Jews. Some of the archival material related to him was destroyed in the fire at the Palace of Justice in Vienna in 1927. Between 1925 and 1939 he worked as a teacher at a Jewish high school in Łódź , in 1935 at the YIVO in Vilnius , and in 1938/39 in Warsaw . By the outbreak of World War II, his list of publications comprised 144 titles in Hebrew, Yiddish, German and Polish, including two larger works on the history of the Jews in Lodz and an essay on Josef Perl . In 1938 he created a register of the gravestones in the Old Jewish Cemetery for Lodz, and a short time later the Germans destroyed the gravestones.

After the German conquest of Poland in 1939, he moved back to Lemberg in Eastern Galicia, which had been annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic due to the Hitler-Stalin Pact . There he worked for the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . At the beginning of the German-Soviet War , Lemberg was occupied by the Germans in 1941; the extermination of the Jews living there began. Friedman had to hide for four years from 1941 to 1944, which he most recently managed to do in the non-Jewish residential district of Lviv (see Lemberg ghetto ). His wife and a daughter were murdered by the Germans.

When, after the liberation of Lviv by the Red Army in April 1944, East Galicia again fell to Soviet Ukraine, the Polish population was resettled west and Friedman went to the University of Łódź . There he published Leon Weliczker's notes on the corpses burned by Sonderkommando 1005 : Brygada śmierci , Łódź 1946. Friedman organized the collection of reports and documents on the Holocaust and in 1945 published the first pamphlet on Auschwitz : To jest Oświęcim (Warsaw 1945 ; This Is Oswięcim , 1946).

Friedman was questioned in Germany during the investigation into the Nuremberg trial of the main war criminals . In view of the post-war pogroms in Krakow and Kielce , Friedman did not return to Poland, but took over the pedagogical department of the Joint Distribution Committee in Munich for the displaced persons in the DP camps in the American zone of occupation . In 1948 he emigrated to the United States with his second wife Adolphine (Ada) June Obler. Under his former university professor Salo W. Baron, he became a lecturer at Columbia University , decisively systematized research on the Holocaust and wrote studies on the history of Eastern Judaism. Friedman's book, Their brothers' keepers, was one of the first to deal with people who would later be termed Righteous Among the Nations .

Fonts (selection)

  • Zagłada Żydów lwowskich , 1945.
  • Dzieje Żydów w Łodzi od początków osadnictwa Żydów do r. 1863: stosunki ludnościowe: życie gospodarcze: stosunki społeczne , 1936.
  • Ludność żydowska Łodzi do roku 1863 w świetle liczb , 1934.
  • The Galician Jews in the Struggle for Equal Rights (1848–1868) , Frankfurt am Main: J. Kauffmann Verlag , 1929. Publications of the AS Bettelheim Foundation in Vienna, vol. 3.
  • with Jacob Robinson : Guide to Jewish history under Nazi impact , Jerusalem: Yad Washem Martyrs 'and Heroes' Memorial Authority, 1960.
  • The Jewish Ghettos of the Nazi era , New York: Conference on Jewish Relations, 1954.
  • The other Germany: The churches , transfer from d. American. by Iris von Stryk, Berlin-Grunewald: arani Verlags-Gesellschaft, 1960.
  • Martyrs and fighters. The epic of the Warsaw ghetto , New York: FA Praeger, 1954.
  • Their brothers' keepers , New York: Crown Publishers [1957].
  • Ada June Friedman, Roads to extinction. Essays on the Holocaust , New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980.
  • with Hans Günther Adler and Ada June Friedman: Ukrainian-Jewish relations during the Nazi occupation , New York: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, 1959.
  • The Destruction of the Jews of Lwów, 1941–1944 , in: Michael R. Marrus : The Nazi Holocaust: historical articles of the destruction of European Jews. 4. The "Final Solution" outside Germany  : Vol. 2. Westport: Meckler, 1989, pp. 659-736 (also in Ada June Friedman, 1980)

literature

  • Salo W. Baron, Philip Friedman , in: Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research Vol. 29 (1960): pp. 1-7 (obituary) jstor
  • Article Friedman, Philip , in: Encyclopaedia Judaica 7 (1973), sp. 188-189.
  • Writings of Philip Friedman. A bibliography , New York 1955. Entry in Worldcat
  • Guido Kisch : Necrologue Philip Friedman 1901–1960 , in: ders. Selected writings. 2. Research on the legal, economic and social history of the Jews: with a directory of Guido Kisch's writings on the legal and social history of the Jews . Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1979 ISBN 3-7995-6017-3 , p. 431f.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Lodz Chevra Kadisha Indexing Project at jewishgen .
  2. ↑ Leon W. Wells: A son of Job , trans. From d. Engl. By H. Th. Asbeck. Munich: C. Hanser 1963, p. 311.
  3. ↑ Eva Fleischner : A Door that Opended and Never Closed: Teaching the Shoah , in: Carol Rittner, John K. Roth (Ed.): From the unthinkable to the unavoidable: American Christian and Jewish scholars encounter the Holocaust . Westport, Conn. : Praeger Publishers, 1997, p. 26
personal data
SURNAME Friedman, Philip
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Friedman, Filip
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Polish-American historian
DATE OF BIRTH April 27, 1901
PLACE OF BIRTH Lviv
DATE OF DEATH February 7, 1960
Place of death New York City