Philippe de Gentil de Langallerie

Phillippe de Gentil, Marquis de Langallerie or Langalerie the first Baron of Saintonge (* Lyon September 24, 1661 , † September 18, 1717 in Vienna , according to other information in Raab, today's Hungarian Győr ) was a French nobleman who lived in the early 18th . Century achieved scandalous fame as a high-ranking military in several press actions: in 1706 with the change of fronts he publicly proclaimed to imperial Austrian service, in 1711 with his equally public conversion from the Catholic to the Reformed religion and in 1716 as the leader of a new religious movement, the According to the public suspicion, it was close to overthrowing the Pope in Rome with Turkish support and reorganizing the balance of power in the Mediterranean region.

Langallerie was captured in Stade in 1716 . The Comte de Linange, Prince de Chabonois in Aurich , allegedly involved in his projects ; both were transferred to Vienna in the summer of 1716. The information about Langallerie's place of birth and place of death differ. Most sources note that he died in Vienna after refusing to eat while in custody, others suggest that he was taken to Raab, today's Hungarian Győr . A number of, for the most part, fictional writings were associated with his name during his lifetime.

Life

The information about Langallerie's origins differ from one another, as does his age and the number of marriages. Existing research agrees that he owes his military career to his willingness to enter into a marriage offered to him by Madame de Maintenon in 1687 to the then 46-year-old widow of President Franz Simiane de la Coste, Marie Anne de Pourroy, who was at the court of Ludwig des XIV. Was chief steward and brought four adult children into the marriage. The marriage secured wife and children and brought courtly protection to Langallerie.

Military career

In the French army he made a steep career in the wars of the late 17th century, which ultimately culminated in the War of the Spanish Succession , up to lieutenant general. He received protection from Catinat , Villeroi and Vendôme .

Together with Claude Alexandre de Bonneval , Langallerie faced accusations from 1704 of having embezzled money - Italian war contributions of 60,000 livres. When War Minister Chamillart summoned him to Paris for an investigation, he - like Bonneval - withdrew from further proceedings by switching to Imperial service. Both defectors achieved high positions in the Austrian army in the vicinity of Eugene of Savoy and both took part in the siege of Turin in the summer of 1706 , which cost France control of northern Italy.

In 1707 Langallerie and Bonneval were executed " in effigie " in France . Unlike Bonneval, Langallerie did not succeed in positioning itself stable in Austrian services. He seems to have made offers of service in all directions - successfully in Saxony, where he achieved a third high-ranking position as field marshal. In Dresden, now widowed, he married a second time, Jeanne Marguerite de Frere , born in 1686 , a Reformed Huguenot who fled to Germany and who as far as can be seen gave his life further religious orientation.

Conversion, personal marital disaster and religious projects

On July 19, 1711, Langallerie converted from the Catholic to the Reformed religion with considerable press coverage. A message launched to the newspapers spread across Europe via the Gazette de Leyde . An official justification was added with a view to the newspaper note published in Frankfurt an der Oder; it was received as far as England. The striking publication suggests that the conversion to religion occurred with political considerations. Friedrich I , the reigning king in Prussia, was friendly towards the Reformed religion, the conversion took place in geographical proximity to Berlin at the French Church in Frankfurt an der Oder , he involved Samuel Strimesius from Frankfurt University , who had good relations with the Berlin court and took part in talks about a religious union in 1703 as a negotiator for the Reformed.

Langallerie did not succeed in finding further protection in Berlin. He decided to audition in Kassel - Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel was known for his open-minded attitude towards Reformed French. The stay at court, however, turned into a private disaster after the regent found greater interest in his wife Langalleries; she became maitresse at court, a situation which Langallerie eluded in several trips and an increasingly religiously motivated "project planning". Contacts with Jews and Reformed communities brought him through Germany and, for the first time, to the Netherlands. He started a second trip to the Netherlands on April 14, 1714; it went directly to Amsterdam via Marburg , Coesfeld and Amersfoort , where he arrived on April 18.

In the Netherlands he stayed mainly in Amsterdam, with two stays in The Hague. During this time he wrote a larger theological publication, the Christian Diary , which opened on June 20, 1713 , a politically oriented synthesis of the Christian religion. In addition, he maintained extensive correspondence on religious and political topics as well as contacts with Reformed French communities, the Jewish community in Amsterdam and the press. During both stays in The Hague, he met Madame DuNoyer , the most important author of current political gossip in the French language.

The Universal Theocracy project entered a new stage in February 1715, when Langallerie signed a contract with the impostor René Godeffroi Le Hachard, the Comte de Linange, Prince de Chabanois , which primarily pursued the goal of “the hideous monster Pope ”to overthrow. As the "Admiralissimo of the theocracy" - Langallerie acted as their generalissimo - Linange presented himself in the new project outlines, which linked the Order of the Incarnate Word of God with a trade and colonization project. Linange had his own experience in building projects as the "King of the Occupation Angleport ”, a fictional island kingdom off Madagascar , which he represented with a trading company as the main source of income. The Linange projects were dedicated speculative fraud projects. He had previously won wealthy French nobles for risky project stakes and had already been imprisoned twice in France.

Langallerie also signed a contract with Osman Aga, the Turkish representative, to arrange the overthrow of the Pope in a militarily organized coup in an alliance with Turkey. Indeed, in early 1716 Langallerie and Linange suddenly had considerable financial resources and surrounded themselves with a conspicuous entourage . The servants were dressed uniformly. All those involved indicated their togetherness with a yellow pen, without it being clear why. Linange and Langallerie collected settlers and raised those interested in theocracy to high functionaries. Even before the arrest in the Netherlands, it was suspected that Turkish money was behind the generous furnishings of the retinue.

Capture and Death

The arrest of Langalleries and Linange was preceded by indiscretions from his secretary Meyer, which T. O'Connor (1999) proved: Langallerie conferred on April 6, 1716 with Swedish envoys in the Netherlands. He then instructed his secretary to translate the text of the contract he had signed with the Turks into German (a language understood by the Swedes). Meyer in turn sold a copy of the contract to the Austrian resident Baron von Heems, who forwarded the message to the Vatican envoy Vincenzo Santini in Brussels on the same day . Santini, in turn, commissioned a Florentine agent to observe Sebastiano Tani, Langallerie and Linange and, in the same context, expressed his uncertainty on April 16, 1716, as to whether the circulating rumors had not been orchestrated by Meyer in order to extract money from the imperial or Vatican contact persons. Meyer had turned to Santini on April 9th, pretending to be the savior of Christianity and demanding a small compensation to support his family for more information, which suggested a suspicion of fraud. Tani monitored Langallerie and informed von Heems and Santini with details that correspond to Langallerie's diaries: He conducted negotiations in all directions, visited a shipbuilder in Sardam and made a note of the fact that an Italian spy was watching him.

The arrest warrants were finally issued on May 30, 1716 by the Imperial Austrian authorities in Vienna; however, the Vatican in Rome seems to have exerted the pressure that Vienna took on the case. Great Britain had to agree to the extradition of Langalleries to Vienna after Stade, where Langallerie was arrested with his entourage, had become Hanoverian and fell under the control of George I , who had ruled London since 1714. As a condition for the extradition of Langalleries, Hanover and Great Britain demanded that the prisoners be neither tortured nor executed. Subsequently, after interrogation in Stade and Aurich, in a costly process, they were transferred to Vienna for further investigation, where a second series of investigations took place.

Langallerie and Linange were convicted of the plan of conspiracy with the Turks in Vienna. Both were sentenced to life imprisonment. Langallerie died in 1717. No details are known about the end of Linange.

literature

Texts attributed to Langallerie

Langallerie was assigned two memoirs as an author in the course of the 18th century. Both pose puzzles. The riddle of the first attribution is that it is first found on a translation in England and only then on the edition of a comparable French publication - and there only for the duration of a single edition. The English text is

• The memoirs of the marquess de Langallerie. Translated from the French (London: R. Burrough / J. Baker / E. Curll, 1708), 324 pages Google Books

• ... The Second Edition Translated from the French, and continued to this present time (London: J. Round / N. Cliff, 1710), 416 pages estc.bl.uk
• ... The Second Edition Translated from the French, and continued to this present time (London: W. Taylor, 1712), 416 pages. estc.bl.uk

WH McBurney stated in 1960 as a template for this book: "Translated from La Guerre d'Italie, ou Mémoirs du Comte D *** (Cologne: Pierre Marteau, 1703). The ESTC corrects this statement estc.bl.uk - the source is actually (mostly attributed to Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras): La Guerre d'Espagne, de Bavière et de Flandre, ou mémoires du Marquis D ***. Contenant ce qui s'est passé… jusqu'à la fin de compagne de 1706 ( Cologne: Pierre Marteau, 1707), a book that saw several editions in the Netherlands between 1708 and 1713, with two publishers fighting each other, but jointly slipping the text to the fictional publisher Pierre Marteau . The English version is greatly shortened. It was shortened in 1710 expanded in a "Second Edition" with a new ending, which reports on newspaper history from the last few years, but no longer offers a memoir story. In 1712 this "Second Edition" was re-marketed: the same book block appeared under a new title page, which offered the printing year 1712 a nd changed the publisher and dealer.

There is only one indication of a parallel French Langallerie attribution from the early 18th century - in the catalog of the Library of Australia the edition:

• La guerre d'Italie, ou Memoires historiques, politiques, et galants du marquis de Langalerie: Contenant quantite de choses particulieres & secretes, qui de se sont passes dans les cours d'Allemagne, de France, d'Espagne, de Savote, & d'Italie: Avec plusieurs intrigues amoureuses de son Altesse royale (Cologne: Pierre-Marteau, 1709). Signature: RB PEL 616 catalogue.nla.gov.au

The catalog of the National Library of Australia does not allow conclusions as to whether this publication was the presentation of the English (dating not), and whether the strand of expenditure of La Guerre d'Italie or the strand of expenditure of La Guerre d'Espagne associate is.

After Langallerie's death, it was published in French without reference to its predecessors from the early 18th century and translated into German in 1747:

• Mémoires du Marquis de Langallery, Lieutenant-Général des Armées de France, et Général-Feld-Maréchal-Lieutenant au Service de l'Empereur Charles VI .: Histoire interesting, où se trouvent un grand Nombre d'Anecdotes, qui concernent Mad. De Maintenon, Mrs. de Catinat, de Vendôme, Victor Amédée Duc de Savoire, ensuite Roi de Sardaigne, le Prince Eugène, August I. Roi de Pologne, la Port Ottomane, & quantité d'autres peu connues; écrite par lui-même dans sa Prison à Vienne en Autriche ed. Gautier de Faget (La Haye: Aillaud, 1743). Google Books

• Life description of Marki von Langallerie ... which contains a lot of secret messages ... Recorded by himself in his prison in Vienna, but now because of its special content translated into German by CES (Gotha: Johann Paul Mevius, 1747).

The publication aims to offer Langalleries' life story as his secretary Müller received it shortly before his death. It is from him that the concluding remarks on Langallerie's death come from.

Texts published by Langallerie

The following texts were more or less explicitly launched by Langallerie to the press.

• [About the change to imperial service] Manifest de Philippe de Gentil de Marquis de Langalerie ... (Vienne: van Ghelen, 1706), 20 p., 8 ° Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August-Bibliothek, call number: M: Gk 2190 ( 4)
• Apology: ou il explique les motifs qui l'ont obligé de renoncer à la communion de l'église Romaine (Frankfort sur l'Oder, 1711). Hall UB: Ung IC 300 (3).

• The Marquis de Langalerie's reasons for renouncing the Popish religion; with the discourse addressed to him in the French Church of Frankfort upon the Oder, at his public abjuration of the errors thereof […] Translated from the French (London, 1713). University Library Munich, British Library London.
• ... Second Edition (London: J. Downing, 1714).

• Manifestos de Son Excellence Monsieur Le Général Marquis de Langalerie. Auquel on ajoûté diverse Piéces importantes [1712] 68 pages. 4 °
• Histoire des motifs de la conversion de Mr. le Marquis de Langalerie (Amsterdam: Jaques Desbordes, 1714).
• Copia of the Capitulation of the Marquise de Langallerie and the Printzen de Linange With the Grand Sultan [Sl], [1716], [4] p. 4 °, GWLB Hannover: Bu 5745: 18

• Tractaat, geslooten tussen the Turxen Sultan, the marquis de Langallerie, en den prins de Linangie: Hamburg, the 3 july (Amsterdam: Jacob Willemsz, 1716).

• Guillot de Marcilly, Relation historique et théologique d'un voyage en Hollande (Paris: Jacques Estienne, 1719). Google Books

• Discussed in: Journal des Savants, February 19, 1720. Google Books
• Discussed in: Antoine Gachet D'Artigny, Article XXI in Nouveaux mémoires d'histoire, de critique et de littérature , Tome 1 (Paris: Debure, 1749), pp. 241–250 Google Books

• Answer of Blessed Mr. Marquis Langalerie to the letter of Mr. CL von Haller concerning his apostasy from the Evangelical Reformed Faith (Geneva, 1821). 31 p. Bavarian State Library, Munich.

Texts on Langallerie and Linange

• [On Langallerie's departure from French service] Europische Mercurius , 18.1 (1707), pp. 18–119. Google Books
• [About his conversion to Reformed religion] Newspaper article "Frankfurt an der Oder, July 20, 1711," Gazette de Leyde [probably one or two weeks later].
• A completely new song, because of the Marquis de Langallerie and the Count Linange, who ... were arrested ... and imprisoned ... after Vienna, etc. (Prague, 1716). British Library Call Number: 11521.a.4.
• Curieuse Description of those two allies of the Turkish Empire, and according to their imagination, great princes in Morea, namely the Margrave of Langalerie and the prætendirten Landgrave of Linange, How such documents and related documents ... were collected ([Sl], 1716) [1] Bl., 20 p. 4 ° Stabi Berlin Unter den Linden Rara reading room: 12 in: Bibl. Diez qu. 354
• [For Linage's arrest and interrogation] European Mercurius. 27.2, 1716, pp. 157-164. Google Books
• The Historical Register, Containing an Impartial Relation of all Transactions, Foreign and Domestic, Volume I. For the Year 1716 (London: H. Meere, 1717), pp. 335 ff. Google Books
• Langalerie, Philipp. from Gentil. Marqvis from. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 16, Leipzig 1737, column 593 f.
• David Fassmann, The newly-discovered Elisaic Fields ... [Vol. 4 and 5.] ... and what happened in them when the Marquis von Langallerie ... and ... Don Lazarillo, named by Tormes, met there twice (Franckfurth / Leipzig [ie Rudolstadt], 1740; 1742).
• Christian August Vulpius : Something about the knightly order Du verbe incarnè of Count Linage, the founder of the same and his friend, the Marquis Langallerie incidents and fates. In: German magazine. Vol. 12 July-December (1796), pp. 408-421. ub.uni-bielefeld.de
• Louis Mayeul Chaudon. "Langallerie", in Dictionnaire universel, historique, critique et bibliographique ... , Volume 9 (Paris: Mame, 1810), pp. 498-99 Google Books
• Biography Universelle, Ancienne et Moderne. , Vol. 23, Laa-Lei (Paris: LG Michaud, 1819), pp. 345-346. Google Books
• James White, The history of the life and reign of Lewis XIV, King of France and Navarre: containing an exact and comprehensive relation of all the battles… with characters of the principal persons… and reflections on the most remarkable events, Volume 3 (London : James Hodges, 1743), pp. 9-10, 29, 67, 88, 97-115, 123, 195, 208, 213, 246.
• Notice biographique sur feu M. le marquis de Langalerie (Genève: Guers, 1821), 15 p. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München.
• Eugène Haag / Émile Haag, "Le Gentil" in La France protestante: ou, Vies des protestants français qui se sont fait un nom dans l'histoire depuis les premiers temps de la reformation jusqu'à la reconnaissance du principe de la liberté des cultes par l'Assemblée nationale; ouvrage précéde d'une notice historique sur le ..., Volume 6 (Paris: J. Cherbuliez, 1856), pp. 515-516. Google Books
• Karl Weber, "The Marquis of Langallerie and the King of Madagascar. 1716", in communications from the main state archives in Dresden New Series, Vol. 2 (Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1861), pp. 164-184 Google Books

• Sir Lascelles Wraxall, Remarkable Adventurers and Unrevealed Mysteries, Sir Lascelles Wraxall. The World's Mine Oyster (London: Richard Bentley, 1863), pp. 292-310 Google Books A condensed version of the previous one.

• Hy. B. de Montégut, Philippe de Gentils de Lajonchapt, Marquis de Langallerie, premier Baron de Saintonge, Lieutenant-Général des armées du roi, Feld-maréchal au service d'Autriche, etc., 1661-1717 (Angouléme: Nadaut, 1866) , 36 pages. Google Books
• Kaufmann, in Revue des études juives , 28 (1894), pp. 193-211.
• Hermann von Rotenhan, Philippe de Gentils, marquis de Langalerie, French. Lieutenant General, Austrian General of the Cavalry, allegedly Emperor of Madagascar, Polish General of the Cavalry etc. 1661 to 1717 and history of the Gentils de Langalerie family (Munich: 1895), 95 p. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Munich: Geneal. 85 us.
• Arthur Michel de Boislisle, Les aventures du marquis de Langalerie (1661–1717) (Nogent-le-Rotrou: Daupeley-Gouverneur, 1898), 90 pages.
• N.-M. Gelber, On the Prehistory of Zionism. Jewish state projects in the years 1695-1845 (Vienna: Phaidon, 1927), p. 24.
• N.-M. Gelber, "Quelques documents relatifs aux proects juifs du marquis de Langallerie", Revue des études juives , 89 (1930), 224-36.
• Philipp Losch, "Langallerie und Bernold. The concubines of Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel," Journal of the Association for Hessian History and Regional Studies 59/60 (1934), 141–160.
• John T. O'Connor, "Une conspiration chimérique tramée par un 'comte imaginaire'," in Complots et Conjurations dans l'Europe Moderne , eds. Yves-Marie Bercé and Elena Fasano Guarini (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1996), pp. 411-421.
• Joseph Adler, Restoring the Jews to their Homeland: Nineteen Centuries in the Quest for Zion (J. Aronson, 1997), pp. 95-97. ISBN 1-56821-978-4
• John T. O'Connor, "Exploitation and subversion of Utopian Ideals. The Schemes of Two French Exiles in the Netherlands," EMF Studies in Early Modern France Vol. 5 (1999) 42-59 Google Books
• Olaf Simons, Marteaus Europa or the novel before it became literature. A study of the German and English books on offer from 1710-1720 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001), pp. 617–635, ISBN 90-420-1226-9
• Emmanuel Beeri, "Langallerie, Phillippe Gentil de", in Encyclopaedia Judaica (2008), Jewish Virtual Library .
• Olaf Simons: A general as a religious project planner. The Langallerie case . In: Martin Mulsow (ed.): Criminals, free thinkers, alchemists. Underground spaces in the early modern period . Böhlau, Cologne 2014, pp. 235-263, ISBN 978-3-412-20922-3 .
• Lionel Laborie, Olaf Simons: Project Apocalypse. A History of the Théocratie du verbe incarné ( www.pierre-marteau.com ).

Remarks

1. ↑ The original spelling seems to have been Langalerie, it can also be found on several of the publications he launched. In his later writings, which were no longer printed, there are also the spellings L'Angallerie and Langallerie, the latter used by the authorities in 1716 and 1717 in the surviving investigation files.
2. ↑ Sometimes there is also the indication * La Mothe-Charente, in the Saintonge, Departement Charente , 1656, which, however, is not confirmed by Boisle (1898).
3. ↑ See the Hungarian War Theater. VII, Leipzig, 1716, pp. 173-176.
4. ↑ Rotenhan, p. 17. follows the fictional information from 1743, which assumes a first marriage with Arthenais d'Athis; so does Joe. Hoffmeister. In contrast, the Duchess Liselotte von der Pfalz expressly notes that Simiane Langaleries was the first woman. Letter dated May 3, 1721.
5. ↑ Jeanne Marguerite de Frere, b. June 26, 1686, was the daughter of a Baron von Grafens from Languedoc and Margarethe von Bar. A devastating character judgment can be found in the letters of Lieselotte von der Pfalz, who lives at the French court.
6. ^ Official title Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits , the most important European newspaper, which was known for its liberal position in religious matters as well as for its anti-French position.
7. ↑ Apology: ou il explique les motifs qui l'ont obligé de renoncer à la communion de l'église Romaine. Francfort sur le M., 1711.
8. ↑ See The Marquis de Langalerie's reasons for renouncing the Popish religion; with the discourse addressed to him in the French Church of Frankfort upon the Oder, at his public abjuration of the errors thereof […] Translated from the French. London, 1713.
9. ↑ Samuel Strimesius (* February 2, 1648; † 28 January 1730), professor of theology at the Viadrina. See Strimesius, Sam .. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 40, Leipzig 1744, column 987-991.
10. ↑ to have correspondence with the Maruqise the Landgrave found in the State Archive in Marburg, including a copy of a letter from the Langallerie on March 19, 1716 written to his wife; further files include the financial resources of the marquise, whose children the landgrave adopted as sons on his left hand. For details on this, Philipp Losch (1934).
11. ↑ Cod 6968, page 1129.
12. ↑ July 21st. Cod 6968, page 1211.
13. ^ O'Connor (1999), p. 45 refers to Langallery's diary entries for January 28, 1715 (in ÖNB: Cod. 6971 , p . 1387), to November 25, 1715 (in ÖNB: Cod. 6972 , p. 1688) and on June 9, 1716 (in ÖNB: Cod. 6967 , sheet 611).
14. ↑ The file of the State Archives Aurich offers the text of the project as presented to Linange July 2, 1716 during the interrogation: NLA-StA Aurich: Rep 4 I b 265 , sheet 163-164.
15. ↑ This is reported in the interrogation to which Linange's valet Caesar Menadier is subjected on July 3, 1716, on question 10. NLA-StA Aurich: Rep 4 I b 265 , sheet 153v.
16. ↑ See letter from A. Balich of July 7, 1716 to the Aurich investigating Secret Council NLA-StA Aurich: Rep 4 I b 265 , sheet 106v.
17. ^ In addition, his diary entry for April 6, 1716 ÖNB: Cod. 6972 , p. 1809.
18. ↑ See Jacques Thielens (ed.), La Correspondence de Vincenzo Santini Internonce aux Pays-Bas. 1713–1721 (Institute Historique Belge de Rome, Brussels / Rome 1969).
19. ↑ ASV Fiandra , vol. 108, sheet 175.
20. ^ O'Connor (1999) pp. 49-50, ASV Fiandra , vol. 108, pp. 1781-182.
21. ↑ Langallerie diary May 6, 1716, ÖNB: Cod. 6972 , p. 1823.
22. ^ William Harley McBurney, A Check List of English Prose Fiction. 1700-1739 (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), entry 37, p. 16.