Spiked devil's claw

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Spiked devil's claw
Spiked Devil's Claw (Phyteuma spicatum)

Spiked Devil's Claw ( Phyteuma spicatum )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
Subfamily : Campanuloideae
Genre : Devil's Claws ( Phyteuma )
Type : Spiked devil's claw
Scientific name
Phyteuma spicatum
L.

The spiked devil's claw ( Phyteuma spicatum ), also called white devil's claw or spiked rapunzel , is a species of devil's claws ( Phyteuma ) in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae).

description

illustration

Vegetative characteristics

The eared devil's claw is a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 80 centimeters. The upright stem is bare. The often darkly spotted leaf blade of the long-stalked basal leaves is ovate and blunt, with a deep heart-shaped base and a serrated leaf margin. The basal leaves are still present during the flowering period. The leaf blades of the middle and upper stem leaves are well developed.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to August. The dense, at first egg-shaped to spherical, later cylindrical eared inflorescence can be 6 to 20 centimeters long. The bracts are linear and usually no longer than the width of the inflorescence. The hermaphrodite flowers are fivefold. The petals are fused. The crown is greenish to yellowish white. It is slightly curved in the bud. There are two scars.

The double capsule fruit opens at the top with two pores. The tiny seeds are 1.0 to 1.4 millimeters long and only 0.16 mg in weight.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

Herbarium evidence

ecology

The spiked devil's claw is a hemicryptophyte and a semi-rosette plant with a fleshy, thickened turnip . Your renewal buds are located on the bulbous root neck. Vegetative propagation occurs through root shoots.

From an ecological point of view, it is a "cup flower type", even if in this case the flower axis is elongated. The flowers are pre-male ; the corolla tube rips open with five longitudinal cracks from top to bottom. When only the tips of the petals are connected, these press the dust bag against the stylus brush, where the pollen is emptied. Only after the petals have been completely separated do the scar branches also develop. Pollinators are bees , moths and beetles . Sometimes self-pollination also occurs .

The spiked devil's claw is a wind and animal spreader, with the dry stylus serving as barbs. Fruit ripening is from July to August. The seeds are light and cold germs. The germination is epigeal d. H. the cotyledons unfold above the ground.

The eared devil's claw is attacked by the rust fungi Uromyces caricis-sempervirentis , Uromyces phyteumatum and Coleosporium campanulae .

  • Young plant

  • Young ear and upper leaves

  • Stalked leaf from above

  • Stalked leaf from below

Spiky devil's claw inflorescences ( Phyteuma spicatum )

Occurrence

The range of the species is limited to Europe. In Austria the species occurs moderately in all federal states. In Germany it is widespread and only seldom or absent in the northwest.

The spiked Devil's Claw comes in fresh loam rich deciduous forests and Hochstaudenfluren ago. It is an orderly character of the Fagetalia. In the mountains it reaches the submontane to subalpine altitude level at altitudes of up to 2100 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of up to 2000 meters on the summit of Schochen in Bavaria.

use

The young leaves are eaten as wild vegetables ("forest spinach"). The root beets are also edible; hence the name Rapunzel.

Systematics

The first publication of Phyteuma spicatum was done by Carl von Linné .

Hybrid Phyteuma × adulterinum

Occasionally one finds the hybrid of the eared devil's claw ( Phyteuma spicatum ) with the black devil's claw ( Phyteuma nigrum ) = Phyteuma × adulterinum Wallr. Characteristic of this cross are the sky-blue or blue-green overflowing flowers. The shape of the ear varies from oval to elongated cylindrical. Apparently there are also stabilized hybrid swarms, which in the literature as Phyteuma spicatum subsp. occidentale R.Schulz (sky-blue devil's claw). This hybrid often grows directly between the parent species and is therefore easily noticeable.

  • Habit of Phyteuma × adulterinum

  • Phyteuma × adulterinum with a more ovate inflorescence

  • Phyteuma × adulterinum with an elongated inflorescence

literature

  • Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. 89th edition, Heidelberg 1993, ISBN 3-494-01210-5 .
  • Jürgen Damboldt: Phyteuma L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 95–98 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Spiky Teifel's Claw. Retrieved June 7, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 896 .
  3. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
  4. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Phyteuma - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on February 11, 2018.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 557.

Web links

Commons : Ährige Teufelskralle ( Phyteuma spicatum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Phyteuma × adulterinum  - collection of images, videos and audio files