Black devil's claw
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Black devil's claw ( Phyteuma nigrum ) |
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| Phyteuma nigrum | ||||||||||||
| FW Schmidt |
The black devil's claw or black rapunzel ( Phyteuma nigrum ) is a species of plant that belongs to the genus of devil's claws ( Phyteuma ) in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The black devil's claw is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 70 centimeters. The leaves are lanceolate and about half as wide as they are long. The basal leaves usually only have a shallow heart-shaped base with a notched to sawn leaf edge. The lower stem leaves are eilanzettlich and narrowed at the base, the middle and the upper have only a reduced blade.
Generative characteristics
With a diameter of 1.5 to 3 centimeters, the relatively wide, egg-shaped to cylindrical, spike-like inflorescence has one or two bracts . The bracts are linear to lanceolate.
The hermaphroditic, five-fold flower is clearly curved before opening. The five petals are black-violet or black-blue, rarely white. The petals are first fused to form a tube, which bursts open from bottom to top as it blooms. At the tip, however, the petals stay connected longer and the crown is curved upwards in a claw shape. The style ends in two scar branches.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
ecology
The flowers are pre-male. The petals press the inwardly opening anthers against the stylus brush, which picks up the pollen . The stylus then grows until its tip protrudes over the corolla tube. Then the scar branches open. Pollinators are relatives of bees and hoverflies . The flowering period extends from May to July.
Occurrence
The black devil's claw is only found in Central Europe in the silicate mountains. It can be found in the area of the Bohemian Massif . Its distribution area includes France, Germany, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Austria and Belarus. In Germany, it is particularly widespread in the middle area (including the Eifel , Siebengebirge , Rothaargebirge ). The black devil's claw is rare in Austria, while in Switzerland it only occurs in adventures .
It grows on moderately nutrient-rich, lime-poor clay soils in sunny to partially shaded places. It thrives on fresh, acidic fatty meadows and on forest fringes. It avoids lime and is a clay pointer . It grows from the colline to the montane level . The black devil's claw also grows rather scattered in meadows, parks and light deciduous forests. In Central Europe it is a character species of the Geranio-Trisetetum from the association Polygono-Trisetion, but also occurs in montane arrhenatheretes and in lower altitudes also in Carpinion societies.
natural reserve
This species is on the warning list and is considered to be in need. Erhard Dörr and Wolfgang Lippert report that the species is in decline as a result of intensive management through fertilization, drainage or afforestation and therefore needs conservation. Germany is largely responsible for Art.
Systematics
Phyteuma nigrum was first published in 1794 by Franz Willibald Schmidt .
For the crossing of the black devil's claw ( Phyteuma nigrum ) with the eared devil's claw ( Phyteuma spicatum ) = Phyteuma × adulterinum, see under Eared devil's claw .
literature
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Black Devil's Claw on the website of the University of Marburg.
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 897 .
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Phyteuma - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on February 11, 2018.
- ↑ Editing: BMBF LS5 Internet editorship: Detail page - Rote Liste Rote Liste. Retrieved March 17, 2020 .
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 558.
Web links
- Phyteuma nigrum FW Schmidt, Black Devil's Claw. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Black devil's claw . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Thomas Meyer: Teufelskralle data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Wanted poster with photos at Botanik im Bild , 2003.