Devil's claws
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Hemispherical devil's claw ( Phyteuma hemisphaericum ) |
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Devil's claws ( Phyteuma ) form a genus of plants in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). The common German name Teufelskralle refers to the shape of the individual flowers.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Phyteuma species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . Its main root, which is thickened like a beet, is fleshy. The bare stems are unbranched and leafy.
The alternate leaves are undivided. Stipules are missing.
Generative characteristics
The sessile or almost sessile flowers of the Phyteuma species are arranged in terminal, dense, heady or spike-like inflorescences and surrounded by bracts . The flowers stand individually in the axilla of bracts .
The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and rarely four or mostly five-fold with a double flower envelope . The mostly five sepals are narrowly lanceolate. The usually five petals are only briefly fused. The corolla tube is narrow. The corolla lobes are narrow linear and initially connected in the upper third, later separated. There is a circle with mostly five free stamens . The stamens are greatly broadened at their base. The lower ovary is two- or three-chambered. The hairy style ends in usually two or three, rarely four spreading, at the end rolled back, thread-like scars.
The spherical capsule fruits open with two or three pores near the center.
The basic chromosome numbers are n = 11, 12, 13 or 14.
ecology
The small individual flowers are combined into a conspicuous inflorescence in order to enhance the visual effect on insects, a biological effect.
Occurrence
The genus Phyteuma is restricted to Europe and is mainly found in mountains at altitudes above 600 meters. Only Phyteuma charmelii occurs outside of Europe in Morocco .
Systematics
The genus Phyteuma was established by Carl von Linné . The botanical genus name Phyteuma comes from the Greek word Phyteuo for plant. A synonym for Phyteuma L. is Rapunculus Mill.
Some species, such as the Spiky Devil's Claw ( Phyteuma spicatum ), are divided into many subspecies by some authors. In all blue- (or black-violet) crowned species there are occasionally individuals with a white crown .
There are about 26 species and nature hybrids in the genus Phyteuma :
- Phyteuma × adulterinum Wallr. : This hybrid of Phyteuma nigrum × Phyteuma spicatum is common in Central Europe.
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Ziestblättrige Devil's Claw ( Phyteuma betonicifolium ) Vill. : There are two subspecies:
- Phyteuma betonicifolium subsp. betonicifolium : It thrives in the Alps of France , Italy , Germany , Switzerland , Austria and in the former Yugoslavia .
- Phyteuma betonicifolium subsp. scaposum (Rich.Schulz) Pignatti : It occurs in the Alps of France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria.
- Phyteuma charmelii Vill. : It occurs in Morocco and from Spain via France to north and south-central Italy.
- Dwarf devil's claw , tongue leaf devil's claw ( Phyteuma confusum ) A. Kern. : It occurs from Austria to the northern Balkan Peninsula with the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria and Romania.
- Phyteuma cordatum Balb. : It occurs from southeastern France to northeastern Italy.
- Phyteuma gallicum Rich.Schulz : It occurs in south-central France.
- Globular devil's claw ( Phyteuma globulariifolium ) Sternb. & Hoppe
- Rhaetian devil's claw ( Phyteuma hedraianthifolium ) Rich.Schulz : It occurs from Switzerland to northern Italy.
- Hemispherical devil's claw ( Phyteuma hemisphaericum L. ): It occurs from Spain via France, Germany, western Austria and Switzerland to Italy.
- Low devil's claw ( Phyteuma humile ) Schleich. ex Murith
- Phyteuma × huteri Murr : This hybrid of Phyteuma betonicifolium × Phyteuma ovatum occurs in Austria in the Alps.
- Phyteuma michelii All. : It occurs from southeastern France to northern Italy.
- Black devil's claw ( Phyteuma nigrum ) FWSchmidt
- Phyteuma × obornyanum Hayek : This hybrid of Phyteuma confusum × Phyteuma globulariifolium occurs only in Austria in the Alps.
- Phyteuma × orbiculariforme Domin : This hybrid of Phyteuma nigrum × Phyteuma orbiculare occurs in the Czech Republic .
- Globular devil's claw ( Phyteuma orbiculare ) L.
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Haller's devil's claw ( Phyteuma ovatum ) Honck. : With two subspecies:
- Phyteuma ovatum subsp. ovatum : It occurs from the Pyrenees to the Alps.
- Phyteuma ovatum subsp. pseudospicatum Pignatti : It occurs only in northern Italy.
- Styrian devil's claw ( Phyteuma persicifolium ) Hoppe : It occurs in northern Italy, Austria and Slovenia .
- Phyteuma × pyrenaeum Sennen : This hybrid of Phyteuma ovatum × Phyteuma spicatum thrives in the Pyrenees .
- Phyteuma rupicola Brown-Blanq. : It occurs only in the eastern Pyrenees.
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Scheuchzer's devil's claw ( Phyteuma scheuchzeri ) All. : There are two subspecies:
- Phyteuma Scheuchzeri subsp. columnae (E. Thomas) Bech. : It occurs in the Southern Alps and in the Northern Apennines .
- Phyteuma Scheuchzeri subsp. Scheuchzeri : It occurs in the southern Alps of France, Italy and Switzerland.
- Black salsify-leaved devil's claw ( Phyteuma scorzonerifolium ) Vill. : It occurs in the Southern Alps and in the Northern Apennines.
- Phyteuma serratum Viv. : This endemic occurs only in Corsica .
- Sieber Devil's Claw ( Phyteuma sieberi ) Spreng. : It occurs in the southern Alps of Italy, Austria and the former Yugoslavia.
- Spiked devil's claw ( Phyteuma spicatum ) L.
- Phyteuma tetramerum Schur : It occurs in the eastern and southern Carpathians .
- Phyteuma vagneri A. Kern. : It occurs only in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians.
Not to the genus Phyteuma heard the Schopfige devil's claw ( Phyteuma comosum L. ), now the only species of the genus Physoplexis Schur , Physoplexis comosa (L.) Schur .
The African devil's claw ( Harpagophytum procumbens DC. Ex Meisn. ) Is not at all closely related ; it belongs to the sesame family ( Pedaliaceae ). The genera Proboscidea and Ibicella or the species Ibicella lutea within the chamois horn family ( Martyniaceae ) are also referred to as "devil's claw".
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Hans Ernst Heß, Elias Landolt, Rosmarie Hirzel: Phyteuma L. - Rapunzel . In: Hans Ernst Heß, Elias Landolt, Rosmarie Hirzel (eds.): Flora of Switzerland and adjacent areas . Plumbaginaceae to Compositae. tape 3 . Springer, Cambridge 2013, ISBN 978-3-0348-5382-8 , pp. 368–378 ( Phyteuma L. on pp. 368–378 in the Google book search).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k A. Fedorov, M. Kovanda: Campanulaceae . J. Damboldt: Phyteuma L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). tape 4 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 100-102 ( Phyteuma L. on pp. 95-98 in the Google book search).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Phyteuma. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 10, 2018.
literature
- Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (= Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
- Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
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